Pentadic cartography: Mapping the universe of discourse

Quarterly Journal of Speech

Volumn 87, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 73-95

  Anderson, Floyd D ^a   Prelli, Lawrence J ^b  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Cartography; Criticism; Kenneth Burke; Mapping; Marcuse; Pentad; Technology

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041401272     PISSN: 00335630     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00335630109384319     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. See especially, Kenneth Burke, Grammar of Motives (1945; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society (New York: Vintage Books, 1964) and Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (New York: Knopf, 1964); Eric Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1941); Aldous Huxley, Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited (New York: Harper and Row, 1965); Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984); Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); and Richard M. Weaver, Visions of Order: The Cultural Crisis of Our Time (1964; Bryn Mawr, PA: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1995).
2. See especially, Kenneth Burke, Grammar of Motives (1945; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society (New York: Vintage Books, 1964) and Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (New York: Knopf, 1964); Eric Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1941); Aldous Huxley, Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited (New York: Harper and Row, 1965); Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984); Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); and Richard M. Weaver, Visions of Order: The Cultural Crisis of Our Time (1964; Bryn Mawr, PA: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1995).
3. See especially, Kenneth Burke, Grammar of Motives (1945; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society (New York: Vintage Books, 1964) and Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (New York: Knopf, 1964); Eric Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1941); Aldous Huxley, Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited (New York: Harper and Row, 1965); Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984); Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); and Richard M. Weaver, Visions of Order: The Cultural Crisis of Our Time (1964; Bryn Mawr, PA: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1995).
4. See especially, Kenneth Burke, Grammar of Motives (1945; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society (New York: Vintage Books, 1964) and Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (New York: Knopf, 1964); Eric Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1941); Aldous Huxley, Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited (New York: Harper and Row, 1965); Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984); Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); and Richard M. Weaver, Visions of Order: The Cultural Crisis of Our Time (1964; Bryn Mawr, PA: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1995).
5. See especially, Kenneth Burke, Grammar of Motives (1945; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society (New York: Vintage Books, 1964) and Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (New York: Knopf, 1964); Eric Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1941); Aldous Huxley, Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited (New York: Harper and Row, 1965); Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984); Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); and Richard M. Weaver, Visions of Order: The Cultural Crisis of Our Time (1964; Bryn Mawr, PA: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1995).
6. See especially, Kenneth Burke, Grammar of Motives (1945; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society (New York: Vintage Books, 1964) and Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (New York: Knopf, 1964); Eric Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1941); Aldous Huxley, Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited (New York: Harper and Row, 1965); Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984); Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); and Richard M. Weaver, Visions of Order: The Cultural Crisis of Our Time (1964; Bryn Mawr, PA: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1995).
7. See especially, Kenneth Burke, Grammar of Motives (1945; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society (New York: Vintage Books, 1964) and Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (New York: Knopf, 1964); Eric Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1941); Aldous Huxley, Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited (New York: Harper and Row, 1965); Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984); Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); and Richard M. Weaver, Visions of Order: The Cultural Crisis of Our Time (1964; Bryn Mawr, PA: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1995).
8. See especially, Kenneth Burke, Grammar of Motives (1945; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society (New York: Vintage Books, 1964) and Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (New York: Knopf, 1964); Eric Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1941); Aldous Huxley, Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited (New York: Harper and Row, 1965); Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984); Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); and Richard M. Weaver, Visions of Order: The Cultural Crisis of Our Time (1964; Bryn Mawr, PA: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1995).
9. There is renewed interest in Marcuse's thought with publication of a six volume collection of previously unpublished essays and letters now planned at Routledge Press. The first volume is Technology, War and Fascism: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Vol. 1 (London: Roudedge, 1998). For a review of this volume in terms of its relationship to central themes found in Marcuse's previously published work, see Stanley Aronowitz, "The Unknown Herbert Marcuse," Social Text, 17 (1999), 135-154. Recent works on Marcuse's thought include Barry Katz, Herbert Marcuse and the Art of Liberation (London: New Left Books, 1982); Vincent Geoghegen, Reason and Eros: The Social Theory of Herbert Marcuse (London: Pluto Press, 1981); Douglas Kellner, Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism (London and Berkeley: Macmillan Press and the University of California Press, 1984); Timothy J. Lukes, The Flight Into Inwardness: An Exposition and Critique of Herbert Marcuse's Theory of Liberative Aesthetics (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1986); Robert Pippin, et al., eds., Marcuse: Critical Theory and the Promise of Utopia (South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, 1988); and John Bokina and Timothy J. Lukes, eds., Marcuse: From the New Left to the Next Left (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1994).
10. There is renewed interest in Marcuse's thought with publication of a six volume collection of previously unpublished essays and letters now planned at Routledge Press. The first volume is Technology, War and Fascism: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Vol. 1 (London: Roudedge, 1998). For a review of this volume in terms of its relationship to central themes found in Marcuse's previously published work, see Stanley Aronowitz, "The Unknown Herbert Marcuse," Social Text, 17 (1999), 135-154. Recent works on Marcuse's thought include Barry Katz, Herbert Marcuse and the Art of Liberation (London: New Left Books, 1982); Vincent Geoghegen, Reason and Eros: The Social Theory of Herbert Marcuse (London: Pluto Press, 1981); Douglas Kellner, Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism (London and Berkeley: Macmillan Press and the University of California Press, 1984); Timothy J. Lukes, The Flight Into Inwardness: An Exposition and Critique of Herbert Marcuse's Theory of Liberative Aesthetics (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1986); Robert Pippin, et al., eds., Marcuse: Critical Theory and the Promise of Utopia (South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, 1988); and John Bokina and Timothy J. Lukes, eds., Marcuse: From the New Left to the Next Left (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1994).
11. There is renewed interest in Marcuse's thought with publication of a six volume collection of previously unpublished essays and letters now planned at Routledge Press. The first volume is Technology, War and Fascism: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Vol. 1 (London: Roudedge, 1998). For a review of this volume in terms of its relationship to central themes found in Marcuse's previously published work, see Stanley Aronowitz, "The Unknown Herbert Marcuse," Social Text, 17 (1999), 135-154. Recent works on Marcuse's thought include Barry Katz, Herbert Marcuse and the Art of Liberation (London: New Left Books, 1982); Vincent Geoghegen, Reason and Eros: The Social Theory of Herbert Marcuse (London: Pluto Press, 1981); Douglas Kellner, Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism (London and Berkeley: Macmillan Press and the University of California Press, 1984); Timothy J. Lukes, The Flight Into Inwardness: An Exposition and Critique of Herbert Marcuse's Theory of Liberative Aesthetics (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1986); Robert Pippin, et al., eds., Marcuse: Critical Theory and the Promise of Utopia (South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, 1988); and John Bokina and Timothy J. Lukes, eds., Marcuse: From the New Left to the Next Left (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1994).
12. There is renewed interest in Marcuse's thought with publication of a six volume collection of previously unpublished essays and letters now planned at Routledge Press. The first volume is Technology, War and Fascism: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Vol. 1 (London: Roudedge, 1998). For a review of this volume in terms of its relationship to central themes found in Marcuse's previously published work, see Stanley Aronowitz, "The Unknown Herbert Marcuse," Social Text, 17 (1999), 135-154. Recent works on Marcuse's thought include Barry Katz, Herbert Marcuse and the Art of Liberation (London: New Left Books, 1982); Vincent Geoghegen, Reason and Eros: The Social Theory of Herbert Marcuse (London: Pluto Press, 1981); Douglas Kellner, Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism (London and Berkeley: Macmillan Press and the University of California Press, 1984); Timothy J. Lukes, The Flight Into Inwardness: An Exposition and Critique of Herbert Marcuse's Theory of Liberative Aesthetics (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1986); Robert Pippin, et al., eds., Marcuse: Critical Theory and the Promise of Utopia (South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, 1988); and John Bokina and Timothy J. Lukes, eds., Marcuse: From the New Left to the Next Left (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1994).
13. There is renewed interest in Marcuse's thought with publication of a six volume collection of previously unpublished essays and letters now planned at Routledge Press. The first volume is Technology, War and Fascism: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Vol. 1 (London: Roudedge, 1998). For a review of this volume in terms of its relationship to central themes found in Marcuse's previously published work, see Stanley Aronowitz, "The Unknown Herbert Marcuse," Social Text, 17 (1999), 135-154. Recent works on Marcuse's thought include Barry Katz, Herbert Marcuse and the Art of Liberation (London: New Left Books, 1982); Vincent Geoghegen, Reason and Eros: The Social Theory of Herbert Marcuse (London: Pluto Press, 1981); Douglas Kellner, Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism (London and Berkeley: Macmillan Press and the University of California Press, 1984); Timothy J. Lukes, The Flight Into Inwardness: An Exposition and Critique of Herbert Marcuse's Theory of Liberative Aesthetics (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1986); Robert Pippin, et al., eds., Marcuse: Critical Theory and the Promise of Utopia (South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, 1988); and John Bokina and Timothy J. Lukes, eds., Marcuse: From the New Left to the Next Left (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1994).
14. There is renewed interest in Marcuse's thought with publication of a six volume collection of previously unpublished essays and letters now planned at Routledge Press. The first volume is Technology, War and Fascism: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Vol. 1 (London: Roudedge, 1998). For a review of this volume in terms of its relationship to central themes found in Marcuse's previously published work, see Stanley Aronowitz, "The Unknown Herbert Marcuse," Social Text, 17 (1999), 135-154. Recent works on Marcuse's thought include Barry Katz, Herbert Marcuse and the Art of Liberation (London: New Left Books, 1982); Vincent Geoghegen, Reason and Eros: The Social Theory of Herbert Marcuse (London: Pluto Press, 1981); Douglas Kellner, Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism (London and Berkeley: Macmillan Press and the University of California Press, 1984); Timothy J. Lukes, The Flight Into Inwardness: An Exposition and Critique of Herbert Marcuse's Theory of Liberative Aesthetics (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1986); Robert Pippin, et al., eds., Marcuse: Critical Theory and the Promise of Utopia (South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, 1988); and John Bokina and Timothy J. Lukes, eds., Marcuse: From the New Left to the Next Left (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1994).
15. There is renewed interest in Marcuse's thought with publication of a six volume collection of previously unpublished essays and letters now planned at Routledge Press. The first volume is Technology, War and Fascism: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Vol. 1 (London: Roudedge, 1998). For a review of this volume in terms of its relationship to central themes found in Marcuse's previously published work, see Stanley Aronowitz, "The Unknown Herbert Marcuse," Social Text, 17 (1999), 135-154. Recent works on Marcuse's thought include Barry Katz, Herbert Marcuse and the Art of Liberation (London: New Left Books, 1982); Vincent Geoghegen, Reason and Eros: The Social Theory of Herbert Marcuse (London: Pluto Press, 1981); Douglas Kellner, Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism (London and Berkeley: Macmillan Press and the University of California Press, 1984); Timothy J. Lukes, The Flight Into Inwardness: An Exposition and Critique of Herbert Marcuse's Theory of Liberative Aesthetics (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1986); Robert Pippin, et al., eds., Marcuse: Critical Theory and the Promise of Utopia (South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, 1988); and John Bokina and Timothy J. Lukes, eds., Marcuse: From the New Left to the Next Left (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1994).
16. There is renewed interest in Marcuse's thought with publication of a six volume collection of previously unpublished essays and letters now planned at Routledge Press. The first volume is Technology, War and Fascism: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Vol. 1 (London: Roudedge, 1998). For a review of this volume in terms of its relationship to central themes found in Marcuse's previously published work, see Stanley Aronowitz, "The Unknown Herbert Marcuse," Social Text, 17 (1999), 135-154. Recent works on Marcuse's thought include Barry Katz, Herbert Marcuse and the Art of Liberation (London: New Left Books, 1982); Vincent Geoghegen, Reason and Eros: The Social Theory of Herbert Marcuse (London: Pluto Press, 1981); Douglas Kellner, Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism (London and Berkeley: Macmillan Press and the University of California Press, 1984); Timothy J. Lukes, The Flight Into Inwardness: An Exposition and Critique of Herbert Marcuse's Theory of Liberative Aesthetics (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1986); Robert Pippin, et al., eds., Marcuse: Critical Theory and the Promise of Utopia (South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, 1988); and John Bokina and Timothy J. Lukes, eds., Marcuse: From the New Left to the Next Left (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1994).
17. See Barbara A. Biesecker, Addressing Postmodernity: Kenneth Burke, Rhetoric, and a Theory of Social Change (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1997); and Robert Wess, Kenneth Burke: Rhetoric, Subjectivity, Postmodernism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
18. See Barbara A. Biesecker, Addressing Postmodernity: Kenneth Burke, Rhetoric, and a Theory of Social Change (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1997); and Robert Wess, Kenneth Burke: Rhetoric, Subjectivity, Postmodernism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
19. Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man, p. 172.
20. One-Dimensional Man, p. 172.
21. One-Dimensional Man, p. 97.
22. One-Dimensional Man, p. 12.
23. One-Dimensional Man, p. 13.
24. One-Dimensional Man, p. 98; also see pp. 88 and 100.
25. One-Dimensional Man, pp. 85ff.
26. One-Dimensional Man, p. 85.
27. One-Dimensional Man, p. 14.
28. One-Dimensional Man, p. 14.
29. One-Dimensional Man, p. 14.
30. One-Dimensional Man, p. 87.
31. One-Dimensional Man, p. 85.
32. One-Dimensional Man, p. 85.
33. One-Dimensional Man, p. 14.
34. One-Dimensional Man, p. 88 (our emphasis).
35. Daniel Boorstin, The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America (1961; New York: Harper & Row, 1964).
36. Ellul, Propaganda, pp. 62-70.
37. Jean Bethke Elshtain argues that the radically individualist habits and inclinations of the consumer are seriously eroding qualities that define the democratic ethos of citizens capable of meeting their obligations to civil society. Social scientists and other experts now stand-in for informed citizens. As Richard Weaver observed nearly forty years ago, these exhorters conceal political agendas behind the trappings of technical insight and scientific learning. Included among them today is that army of experts who promote a cradle-to-grave therapeutic ethos, and transform citizens into dependent clients who require their professional guidance to live what the experts presume to be, without argument, the substance of a good life. As Baritz would have put it, they are the new "servants of power," since their efforts, ultimately, leave political relationships unchanged while inducing people to adjust and feel more contented with their circumstances and, thus, become more capable employees and consumers. Reliance on expertise reflects the technological view that politics, understood as the democratic organization of self-reliant free actors, is meaningless. See Elshtain's Democracy on Trial (New York: Basic Books, 1995) , and Weaver's "Concealed Rhetoric in Scientistic Sociology," in Richard L. Johannesen, Rennard Strickland, and Ralph T. Eubanks, (eds.), Language is Sermonic: Richard M. Weaver on the Nature of Rhetoric (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University, 1970), pp. 139-158. For insight on the emergence of therapeutic culture see Christopher Lasch, Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy (New York: Norton, 1995). Also see Loren Baritz's interesting study, Servants of Power (Wesleyan University Press, 1960).
38. Jean Bethke Elshtain argues that the radically individualist habits and inclinations of the consumer are seriously eroding qualities that define the democratic ethos of citizens capable of meeting their obligations to civil society. Social scientists and other experts now stand-in for informed citizens. As Richard Weaver observed nearly forty years ago, these exhorters conceal political agendas behind the trappings of technical insight and scientific learning. Included among them today is that army of experts who promote a cradle-to-grave therapeutic ethos, and transform citizens into dependent clients who require their professional guidance to live what the experts presume to be, without argument, the substance of a good life. As Baritz would have put it, they are the new "servants of power," since their efforts, ultimately, leave political relationships unchanged while inducing people to adjust and feel more contented with their circumstances and, thus, become more capable employees and consumers. Reliance on expertise reflects the technological view that politics, understood as the democratic organization of self-reliant free actors, is meaningless. See Elshtain's Democracy on Trial (New York: Basic Books, 1995) , and Weaver's "Concealed Rhetoric in Scientistic Sociology," in Richard L. Johannesen, Rennard Strickland, and Ralph T. Eubanks, (eds.), Language is Sermonic: Richard M. Weaver on the Nature of Rhetoric (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University, 1970), pp. 139-158. For insight on the emergence of therapeutic culture see Christopher Lasch, Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy (New York: Norton, 1995). Also see Loren Baritz's interesting study, Servants of Power (Wesleyan University Press, 1960).
39. Jean Bethke Elshtain argues that the radically individualist habits and inclinations of the consumer are seriously eroding qualities that define the democratic ethos of citizens capable of meeting their obligations to civil society. Social scientists and other experts now stand-in for informed citizens. As Richard Weaver observed nearly forty years ago, these exhorters conceal political agendas behind the trappings of technical insight and scientific learning. Included among them today is that army of experts who promote a cradle-to-grave therapeutic ethos, and transform citizens into dependent clients who require their professional guidance to live what the experts presume to be, without argument, the substance of a good life. As Baritz would have put it, they are the new "servants of power," since their efforts, ultimately, leave political relationships unchanged while inducing people to adjust and feel more contented with their circumstances and, thus, become more capable employees and consumers. Reliance on expertise reflects the technological view that politics, understood as the democratic organization of self-reliant free actors, is meaningless. See Elshtain's Democracy on Trial (New York: Basic Books, 1995) , and Weaver's "Concealed Rhetoric in Scientistic Sociology," in Richard L. Johannesen, Rennard Strickland, and Ralph T. Eubanks, (eds.), Language is Sermonic: Richard M. Weaver on the Nature of Rhetoric (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University, 1970), pp. 139-158. For insight on the emergence of therapeutic culture see Christopher Lasch, Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy (New York: Norton, 1995). Also see Loren Baritz's interesting study, Servants of Power (Wesleyan University Press, 1960).
40. Jean Bethke Elshtain argues that the radically individualist habits and inclinations of the consumer are seriously eroding qualities that define the democratic ethos of citizens capable of meeting their obligations to civil society. Social scientists and other experts now stand-in for informed citizens. As Richard Weaver observed nearly forty years ago, these exhorters conceal political agendas behind the trappings of technical insight and scientific learning. Included among them today is that army of experts who promote a cradle-to-grave therapeutic ethos, and transform citizens into dependent clients who require their professional guidance to live what the experts presume to be, without argument, the substance of a good life. As Baritz would have put it, they are the new "servants of power," since their efforts, ultimately, leave political relationships unchanged while inducing people to adjust and feel more contented with their circumstances and, thus, become more capable employees and consumers. Reliance on expertise reflects the technological view that politics, understood as the democratic organization of self-reliant free actors, is meaningless. See Elshtain's Democracy on Trial (New York: Basic Books, 1995) , and Weaver's "Concealed Rhetoric in Scientistic Sociology," in Richard L. Johannesen, Rennard Strickland, and Ralph T. Eubanks, (eds.), Language is Sermonic: Richard M. Weaver on the Nature of Rhetoric (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University, 1970), pp. 139-158. For insight on the emergence of therapeutic culture see Christopher Lasch, Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy (New York: Norton, 1995). Also see Loren Baritz's interesting study, Servants of Power (Wesleyan University Press, 1960).
41. Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man, pp. 142-143.
42. One-Dimensional Man, p. 4.
43. One-Dimensional Man, p. 4.
44. One-Dimensional Man, p. 4.
45. Alasdair MacIntyre contends that Marcuse is a pre-Marxist thinker who resembles Ludwig Feuerbach and the Young or Left Hegelians, and generally dismisses his work as empty idealism that nowhere intersects empirical reality. Eliseo Vivas challenges almost all major features of Marcuse's thought in a more feverish polemical work. MacIntyre, Herbert Marcuse: An Exposition and Polemic (New York: Vintage Press, 1970); Vivas, Contra Marcuse (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1971).
46. Alasdair MacIntyre contends that Marcuse is a pre-Marxist thinker who resembles Ludwig Feuerbach and the Young or Left Hegelians, and generally dismisses his work as empty idealism that nowhere intersects empirical reality. Eliseo Vivas challenges almost all major features of Marcuse's thought in a more feverish polemical work. MacIntyre, Herbert Marcuse: An Exposition and Polemic (New York: Vintage Press, 1970); Vivas, Contra Marcuse (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1971).
47. For the constraining features of terms see Burke's essay, "Terministic screens," Language as Symbolic Action (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), pp. 44-62. For a discussion of orientation, or a system of terms, see especially Part I of Burke's Permanence and Change (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), pp. 5-66; also see Lawrence J. Prelli, A Rhetoric of Science: Inventing Scientific Discourse (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989), pp. 17-21.
48. For the constraining features of terms see Burke's essay, "Terministic screens," Language as Symbolic Action (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), pp. 44-62. For a discussion of orientation, or a system of terms, see especially Part I of Burke's Permanence and Change (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), pp. 5-66; also see Lawrence J. Prelli, A Rhetoric of Science: Inventing Scientific Discourse (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989), pp. 17-21.
49. For the constraining features of terms see Burke's essay, "Terministic screens," Language as Symbolic Action (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), pp. 44-62. For a discussion of orientation, or a system of terms, see especially Part I of Burke's Permanence and Change (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), pp. 5-66; also see Lawrence J. Prelli, A Rhetoric of Science: Inventing Scientific Discourse (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989), pp. 17-21.
50. Burke, Permanence and Change, p. 40.
51. Grammar of Motives, p. 113.
52. Grammar of Motives, p. 113.
53. Burke, Permanence and Change, p. 44.
54. Permanence and Change, p. 44.
55. Charles I. Glicksberg, "Kenneth Burke: The Critic's Critic," in William H. Rueckert, (ed.), Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke: 1924-1966 (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1966), pp. 71-80.
56. Philosophy of Literary Form (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), p. 444.
57. Charles Morris, "The Strategy of Kenneth Burke," in Rueckert, (ed.), Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, p. 89.
58. Michael A. Overington, "Kenneth Burke and the Method of Dramatism," Theory and Society 4 (Spring, 1977), pp. 136-137.
59. Overington, p. 137.
60. Burke, Philosophy of Literary Form, p. 444.
61. See especially Kenneth Burke, Counter-Statement (Los Angeles and Berkeley, 1968), pp. 107-122.
62. Burke, Permanence and Change, p. 65.
63. William H. Rueckert, Kenneth Burke and the Drama of Human Relations (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1963), p. 38.
64. Rueckert, Kenneth Burke and the Drama of Human Relations, p. 38.
65. For Burke's discussion of the pentad see "The Study of Symbolic Action," The Chimera 1 (1942), 7-16; and his two-part essay, "The Tactics of Motivation," The Chimera 1 (1943), 21-33, and The Chimera 2 (1943), 37-53; and A Grammar of Motives. Burke considered enlarging the pentad into a "hexad." Since we agree with Burke that the sixth term, attitude, is implied by agent or by act, we do not include that term in our analysis, but hexadic cartography will produce the same results. See especially Burke's "Questions and Answers about the Pentad," College Composition and Communication, 29 (1978), 330-335. Also see his Dramatism and Development (Barre: Clark University Press, 1972), p. 23, and Grammar of Motives, p. 20. For useful commentaries on the pentad as a critical method see Francis Fergusson, "Kenneth Burke's 'Grammar of Motives,'" in Rueckert, (ed.), Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, pp. 173-182; Hugh Dalziel Duncan, Communication and Social Order (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), esp. pp. 431-438; and Vito Signorile, "Ratios and Causes: The Pentad as an Etiological Scheme in Sociological Explanation," in Herbert Simons and Trevor Melia, eds., The Legacy of Kenneth Burke (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), pp. 74-98.
66. For Burke's discussion of the pentad see "The Study of Symbolic Action," The Chimera 1 (1942), 7-16; and his two-part essay, "The Tactics of Motivation," The Chimera 1 (1943), 21-33, and The Chimera 2 (1943), 37-53; and A Grammar of Motives. Burke considered enlarging the pentad into a "hexad." Since we agree with Burke that the sixth term, attitude, is implied by agent or by act, we do not include that term in our analysis, but hexadic cartography will produce the same results. See especially Burke's "Questions and Answers about the Pentad," College Composition and Communication, 29 (1978), 330-335. Also see his Dramatism and Development (Barre: Clark University Press, 1972), p. 23, and Grammar of Motives, p. 20. For useful commentaries on the pentad as a critical method see Francis Fergusson, "Kenneth Burke's 'Grammar of Motives,'" in Rueckert, (ed.), Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, pp. 173-182; Hugh Dalziel Duncan, Communication and Social Order (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), esp. pp. 431-438; and Vito Signorile, "Ratios and Causes: The Pentad as an Etiological Scheme in Sociological Explanation," in Herbert Simons and Trevor Melia, eds., The Legacy of Kenneth Burke (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), pp. 74-98.
67. For Burke's discussion of the pentad see "The Study of Symbolic Action," The Chimera 1 (1942), 7-16; and his two-part essay, "The Tactics of Motivation," The Chimera 1 (1943), 21-33, and The Chimera 2 (1943), 37-53; and A Grammar of Motives. Burke considered enlarging the pentad into a "hexad." Since we agree with Burke that the sixth term, attitude, is implied by agent or by act, we do not include that term in our analysis, but hexadic cartography will produce the same results. See especially Burke's "Questions and Answers about the Pentad," College Composition and Communication, 29 (1978), 330-335. Also see his Dramatism and Development (Barre: Clark University Press, 1972), p. 23, and Grammar of Motives, p. 20. For useful commentaries on the pentad as a critical method see Francis Fergusson, "Kenneth Burke's 'Grammar of Motives,'" in Rueckert, (ed.), Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, pp. 173-182; Hugh Dalziel Duncan, Communication and Social Order (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), esp. pp. 431-438; and Vito Signorile, "Ratios and Causes: The Pentad as an Etiological Scheme in Sociological Explanation," in Herbert Simons and Trevor Melia, eds., The Legacy of Kenneth Burke (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), pp. 74-98.
68. For Burke's discussion of the pentad see "The Study of Symbolic Action," The Chimera 1 (1942), 7-16; and his two-part essay, "The Tactics of Motivation," The Chimera 1 (1943), 21-33, and The Chimera 2 (1943), 37-53; and A Grammar of Motives. Burke considered enlarging the pentad into a "hexad." Since we agree with Burke that the sixth term, attitude, is implied by agent or by act, we do not include that term in our analysis, but hexadic cartography will produce the same results. See especially Burke's "Questions and Answers about the Pentad," College Composition and Communication, 29 (1978), 330-335. Also see his Dramatism and Development (Barre: Clark University Press, 1972), p. 23, and Grammar of Motives, p. 20. For useful commentaries on the pentad as a critical method see Francis Fergusson, "Kenneth Burke's 'Grammar of Motives,'" in Rueckert, (ed.), Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, pp. 173-182; Hugh Dalziel Duncan, Communication and Social Order (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), esp. pp. 431-438; and Vito Signorile, "Ratios and Causes: The Pentad as an Etiological Scheme in Sociological Explanation," in Herbert Simons and Trevor Melia, eds., The Legacy of Kenneth Burke (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), pp. 74-98.
69. For Burke's discussion of the pentad see "The Study of Symbolic Action," The Chimera 1 (1942), 7-16; and his two-part essay, "The Tactics of Motivation," The Chimera 1 (1943), 21-33, and The Chimera 2 (1943), 37-53; and A Grammar of Motives. Burke considered enlarging the pentad into a "hexad." Since we agree with Burke that the sixth term, attitude, is implied by agent or by act, we do not include that term in our analysis, but hexadic cartography will produce the same results. See especially Burke's "Questions and Answers about the Pentad," College Composition and Communication, 29 (1978), 330-335. Also see his Dramatism and Development (Barre: Clark University Press, 1972), p. 23, and Grammar of Motives, p. 20. For useful commentaries on the pentad as a critical method see Francis Fergusson, "Kenneth Burke's 'Grammar of Motives,'" in Rueckert, (ed.), Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, pp. 173-182; Hugh Dalziel Duncan, Communication and Social Order (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), esp. pp. 431-438; and Vito Signorile, "Ratios and Causes: The Pentad as an Etiological Scheme in Sociological Explanation," in Herbert Simons and Trevor Melia, eds., The Legacy of Kenneth Burke (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), pp. 74-98.
70. For Burke's discussion of the pentad see "The Study of Symbolic Action," The Chimera 1 (1942), 7-16; and his two-part essay, "The Tactics of Motivation," The Chimera 1 (1943), 21-33, and The Chimera 2 (1943), 37-53; and A Grammar of Motives. Burke considered enlarging the pentad into a "hexad." Since we agree with Burke that the sixth term, attitude, is implied by agent or by act, we do not include that term in our analysis, but hexadic cartography will produce the same results. See especially Burke's "Questions and Answers about the Pentad," College Composition and Communication, 29 (1978), 330-335. Also see his Dramatism and Development (Barre: Clark University Press, 1972), p. 23, and Grammar of Motives, p. 20. For useful commentaries on the pentad as a critical method see Francis Fergusson, "Kenneth Burke's 'Grammar of Motives,'" in Rueckert, (ed.), Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, pp. 173-182; Hugh Dalziel Duncan, Communication and Social Order (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), esp. pp. 431-438; and Vito Signorile, "Ratios and Causes: The Pentad as an Etiological Scheme in Sociological Explanation," in Herbert Simons and Trevor Melia, eds., The Legacy of Kenneth Burke (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), pp. 74-98.
71. For Burke's discussion of the pentad see "The Study of Symbolic Action," The Chimera 1 (1942), 7-16; and his two-part essay, "The Tactics of Motivation," The Chimera 1 (1943), 21-33, and The Chimera 2 (1943), 37-53; and A Grammar of Motives. Burke considered enlarging the pentad into a "hexad." Since we agree with Burke that the sixth term, attitude, is implied by agent or by act, we do not include that term in our analysis, but hexadic cartography will produce the same results. See especially Burke's "Questions and Answers about the Pentad," College Composition and Communication, 29 (1978), 330-335. Also see his Dramatism and Development (Barre: Clark University Press, 1972), p. 23, and Grammar of Motives, p. 20. For useful commentaries on the pentad as a critical method see Francis Fergusson, "Kenneth Burke's 'Grammar of Motives,'" in Rueckert, (ed.), Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, pp. 173-182; Hugh Dalziel Duncan, Communication and Social Order (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), esp. pp. 431-438; and Vito Signorile, "Ratios and Causes: The Pentad as an Etiological Scheme in Sociological Explanation," in Herbert Simons and Trevor Melia, eds., The Legacy of Kenneth Burke (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), pp. 74-98.
72. For Burke's discussion of the pentad see "The Study of Symbolic Action," The Chimera 1 (1942), 7-16; and his two-part essay, "The Tactics of Motivation," The Chimera 1 (1943), 21-33, and The Chimera 2 (1943), 37-53; and A Grammar of Motives. Burke considered enlarging the pentad into a "hexad." Since we agree with Burke that the sixth term, attitude, is implied by agent or by act, we do not include that term in our analysis, but hexadic cartography will produce the same results. See especially Burke's "Questions and Answers about the Pentad," College Composition and Communication, 29 (1978), 330-335. Also see his Dramatism and Development (Barre: Clark University Press, 1972), p. 23, and Grammar of Motives, p. 20. For useful commentaries on the pentad as a critical method see Francis Fergusson, "Kenneth Burke's 'Grammar of Motives,'" in Rueckert, (ed.), Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, pp. 173-182; Hugh Dalziel Duncan, Communication and Social Order (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), esp. pp. 431-438; and Vito Signorile, "Ratios and Causes: The Pentad as an Etiological Scheme in Sociological Explanation," in Herbert Simons and Trevor Melia, eds., The Legacy of Kenneth Burke (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), pp. 74-98.
73. For Burke's discussion of the pentad see "The Study of Symbolic Action," The Chimera 1 (1942), 7-16; and his two-part essay, "The Tactics of Motivation," The Chimera 1 (1943), 21-33, and The Chimera 2 (1943), 37-53; and A Grammar of Motives. Burke considered enlarging the pentad into a "hexad." Since we agree with Burke that the sixth term, attitude, is implied by agent or by act, we do not include that term in our analysis, but hexadic cartography will produce the same results. See especially Burke's "Questions and Answers about the Pentad," College Composition and Communication, 29 (1978), 330-335. Also see his Dramatism and Development (Barre: Clark University Press, 1972), p. 23, and Grammar of Motives, p. 20. For useful commentaries on the pentad as a critical method see Francis Fergusson, "Kenneth Burke's 'Grammar of Motives,'" in Rueckert, (ed.), Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, pp. 173-182; Hugh Dalziel Duncan, Communication and Social Order (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), esp. pp. 431-438; and Vito Signorile, "Ratios and Causes: The Pentad as an Etiological Scheme in Sociological Explanation," in Herbert Simons and Trevor Melia, eds., The Legacy of Kenneth Burke (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), pp. 74-98.
74. For Burke's discussion of the pentad see "The Study of Symbolic Action," The Chimera 1 (1942), 7-16; and his two-part essay, "The Tactics of Motivation," The Chimera 1 (1943), 21-33, and The Chimera 2 (1943), 37-53; and A Grammar of Motives. Burke considered enlarging the pentad into a "hexad." Since we agree with Burke that the sixth term, attitude, is implied by agent or by act, we do not include that term in our analysis, but hexadic cartography will produce the same results. See especially Burke's "Questions and Answers about the Pentad," College Composition and Communication, 29 (1978), 330-335. Also see his Dramatism and Development (Barre: Clark University Press, 1972), p. 23, and Grammar of Motives, p. 20. For useful commentaries on the pentad as a critical method see Francis Fergusson, "Kenneth Burke's 'Grammar of Motives,'" in Rueckert, (ed.), Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, pp. 173-182; Hugh Dalziel Duncan, Communication and Social Order (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), esp. pp. 431-438; and Vito Signorile, "Ratios and Causes: The Pentad as an Etiological Scheme in Sociological Explanation," in Herbert Simons and Trevor Melia, eds., The Legacy of Kenneth Burke (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), pp. 74-98.
75. Grammar of Motives, p. xv.
76. Grammar of Motives, p. 15.
77. According to Burke, "a mode of thought in keeping with the scene-agent ratio would situate in the scene certain potentialities that were said to be actualized in the agent. And conversely, the agent-scene ratio would situate in the agent potentialities actualized in the scene. And so with other ratios." See Grammar of Motives, p. 263.
78. Grammar of Motives, p. 402.
79. Grammar of Motives, p. 127.
80. Grammar of Motives, p. 128. Francis Fergusson points out that Burke's dialectical analysis of the terminologies of various philosophical schools is Aristotelian in spirit: "His five terms operate rather like Aristotle's four causes, which enable him to account for the analogous schools of his time without completely dismissing any of them. Mr. Burke enables one to read the modern schools at once sympathetically and critically, and to see them in relation to each other." Francis Fergusson, "Kenneth Burke's 'Grammar of Motives,'" p. 178. For a thorough discussion of relationships between Aristotle's four causes and Burke's pentad see Signorile, "Ratios and Causes," pp. 74-98.
81. Grammar of Motives, p. 128. Francis Fergusson points out that Burke's dialectical analysis of the terminologies of various philosophical schools is Aristotelian in spirit: "His five terms operate rather like Aristotle's four causes, which enable him to account for the analogous schools of his time without completely dismissing any of them. Mr. Burke enables one to read the modern schools at once sympathetically and critically, and to see them in relation to each other." Francis Fergusson, "Kenneth Burke's 'Grammar of Motives,'" p. 178. For a thorough discussion of relationships between Aristotle's four causes and Burke's pentad see Signorile, "Ratios and Causes," pp. 74-98.
82. Grammar of Motives, p. 128. Francis Fergusson points out that Burke's dialectical analysis of the terminologies of various philosophical schools is Aristotelian in spirit: "His five terms operate rather like Aristotle's four causes, which enable him to account for the analogous schools of his time without completely dismissing any of them. Mr. Burke enables one to read the modern schools at once sympathetically and critically, and to see them in relation to each other." Francis Fergusson, "Kenneth Burke's 'Grammar of Motives,'" p. 178. For a thorough discussion of relationships between Aristotle's four causes and Burke's pentad see Signorile, "Ratios and Causes," pp. 74-98.
83. Each of the major schools of Western philosophic thought that Burke examined featured one of the pentadic terms, but the question remains whether the pentad itself encompasses all schools of philosophic thought. For example, close examination of relevant texts and practices might reveal that Buddhism features attitude rather than the original pentadic terms and, thus, requires revision of the pentad into a hexad for full inclusion. Burke himself acknowledged such possibilities and his openness to revision further confirms his endorsement of a dialectical pluralism. However, to our knowledge, the case for this or some other amendment to the original pentad has not yet been made at the level of sophisticated terminological analysis that is found in Burke's Grammar. A detailed and textured case that shows a Buddhist philosophy, a Hindu system of thought, or some other philosophical school (nonWestern or Western) features a term and corresponding vocabulary of motives that differs from those included in the original pentad would be an important contribution to rhetorical studies.
84. For a very different reading of the Grammar of Motives from our own see Biesecker, Addressing Postmodernity: Kenneth Burke, Rhetoric, and a Theory of Social Change . Also see Maurice Charland's review in Quarterly Journal of Speech, 84 (1998), 514-517. Our reading stresses the pentad as method, while Biesecker's reading deemphasizes methodological implications. As Charland points out, "She reads those chapters in the Grammar on specific philosophical schools not as illustrations of a method, but as an ongoing inquiry into the very nature of motive" (p. 516). Biesecker's insightful reading serves as a counterstatement and needed corrective to ours, and vice versa. A number of previous studies have either developed or made exemplary use of Burke's pentad as a critical method. These include: David A. Ling, "A Pentadic Analysis of Senator Edward Kennedy's Address to the People of Massachusetts, July 25, 1969," Central States Speech Journal, 21 (Summer, 1970), 81-86; Barry Brummett, "A Pentadic Analysis of Ideologies in Two Gay Rights Controversies," Central States Speech Journal, 30 (1979), 250-261; Jeanne Fisher, "A Burkean Analysis of the Rhetorical Dimensions of Multiple Murder and Suicide," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 60 (1974), 175-189; William J. Hamlin and Harold H. Nichols, "The Interest Value of Rhetorical Strategies Derived from Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Western Speech 37 (1973), 97-102; Jane Blankenship, Edward Murphy, and Marie Rossenwasser, "Pivotal Terms in the Early Works of Kenneth Burke," Philosophy and Rhetoric 7 (1974), 1-24; Jane Blankenship, Marlene Fine, and Leslie K. Davis, "The 1980 Republican Primary Debates: The Transformation of Actor into Scene," Quarterly Journal of Speech 69 (1983), 25-36; Charles Conrad, "Phases, Pentad and Dramatistic Critical Process," Central States Speech Journal 35 (1984), 94-104; Robert L. King, "Transforming Scandal into Tragedy: The Rhetoric of Political Apology," Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (1985), 289-301; David S. Birdsell, "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and Interpretation in the Application of Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987), 267-79; Mari Boor Tonn, Valerie A. Endress, and John N. Diamond, "Hunting and Heritage on Trial: A Dramatistic Debate over Tragedy, Tradition, and Territory," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70 (1993) 165-181.
85. For a very different reading of the Grammar of Motives from our own see Biesecker, Addressing Postmodernity: Kenneth Burke, Rhetoric, and a Theory of Social Change . Also see Maurice Charland's review in Quarterly Journal of Speech, 84 (1998), 514-517. Our reading stresses the pentad as method, while Biesecker's reading deemphasizes methodological implications. As Charland points out, "She reads those chapters in the Grammar on specific philosophical schools not as illustrations of a method, but as an ongoing inquiry into the very nature of motive" (p. 516). Biesecker's insightful reading serves as a counterstatement and needed corrective to ours, and vice versa. A number of previous studies have either developed or made exemplary use of Burke's pentad as a critical method. These include: David A. Ling, "A Pentadic Analysis of Senator Edward Kennedy's Address to the People of Massachusetts, July 25, 1969," Central States Speech Journal, 21 (Summer, 1970), 81-86; Barry Brummett, "A Pentadic Analysis of Ideologies in Two Gay Rights Controversies," Central States Speech Journal, 30 (1979), 250-261; Jeanne Fisher, "A Burkean Analysis of the Rhetorical Dimensions of Multiple Murder and Suicide," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 60 (1974), 175-189; William J. Hamlin and Harold H. Nichols, "The Interest Value of Rhetorical Strategies Derived from Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Western Speech 37 (1973), 97-102; Jane Blankenship, Edward Murphy, and Marie Rossenwasser, "Pivotal Terms in the Early Works of Kenneth Burke," Philosophy and Rhetoric 7 (1974), 1-24; Jane Blankenship, Marlene Fine, and Leslie K. Davis, "The 1980 Republican Primary Debates: The Transformation of Actor into Scene," Quarterly Journal of Speech 69 (1983), 25-36; Charles Conrad, "Phases, Pentad and Dramatistic Critical Process," Central States Speech Journal 35 (1984), 94-104; Robert L. King, "Transforming Scandal into Tragedy: The Rhetoric of Political Apology," Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (1985), 289-301; David S. Birdsell, "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and Interpretation in the Application of Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987), 267-79; Mari Boor Tonn, Valerie A. Endress, and John N. Diamond, "Hunting and Heritage on Trial: A Dramatistic Debate over Tragedy, Tradition, and Territory," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70 (1993) 165-181.
86. For a very different reading of the Grammar of Motives from our own see Biesecker, Addressing Postmodernity: Kenneth Burke, Rhetoric, and a Theory of Social Change . Also see Maurice Charland's review in Quarterly Journal of Speech, 84 (1998), 514-517. Our reading stresses the pentad as method, while Biesecker's reading deemphasizes methodological implications. As Charland points out, "She reads those chapters in the Grammar on specific philosophical schools not as illustrations of a method, but as an ongoing inquiry into the very nature of motive" (p. 516). Biesecker's insightful reading serves as a counterstatement and needed corrective to ours, and vice versa. A number of previous studies have either developed or made exemplary use of Burke's pentad as a critical method. These include: David A. Ling, "A Pentadic Analysis of Senator Edward Kennedy's Address to the People of Massachusetts, July 25, 1969," Central States Speech Journal, 21 (Summer, 1970), 81-86; Barry Brummett, "A Pentadic Analysis of Ideologies in Two Gay Rights Controversies," Central States Speech Journal, 30 (1979), 250-261; Jeanne Fisher, "A Burkean Analysis of the Rhetorical Dimensions of Multiple Murder and Suicide," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 60 (1974), 175-189; William J. Hamlin and Harold H. Nichols, "The Interest Value of Rhetorical Strategies Derived from Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Western Speech 37 (1973), 97-102; Jane Blankenship, Edward Murphy, and Marie Rossenwasser, "Pivotal Terms in the Early Works of Kenneth Burke," Philosophy and Rhetoric 7 (1974), 1-24; Jane Blankenship, Marlene Fine, and Leslie K. Davis, "The 1980 Republican Primary Debates: The Transformation of Actor into Scene," Quarterly Journal of Speech 69 (1983), 25-36; Charles Conrad, "Phases, Pentad and Dramatistic Critical Process," Central States Speech Journal 35 (1984), 94-104; Robert L. King, "Transforming Scandal into Tragedy: The Rhetoric of Political Apology," Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (1985), 289-301; David S. Birdsell, "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and Interpretation in the Application of Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987), 267-79; Mari Boor Tonn, Valerie A. Endress, and John N. Diamond, "Hunting and Heritage on Trial: A Dramatistic Debate over Tragedy, Tradition, and Territory," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70 (1993) 165-181.
87. For a very different reading of the Grammar of Motives from our own see Biesecker, Addressing Postmodernity: Kenneth Burke, Rhetoric, and a Theory of Social Change . Also see Maurice Charland's review in Quarterly Journal of Speech, 84 (1998), 514-517. Our reading stresses the pentad as method, while Biesecker's reading deemphasizes methodological implications. As Charland points out, "She reads those chapters in the Grammar on specific philosophical schools not as illustrations of a method, but as an ongoing inquiry into the very nature of motive" (p. 516). Biesecker's insightful reading serves as a counterstatement and needed corrective to ours, and vice versa. A number of previous studies have either developed or made exemplary use of Burke's pentad as a critical method. These include: David A. Ling, "A Pentadic Analysis of Senator Edward Kennedy's Address to the People of Massachusetts, July 25, 1969," Central States Speech Journal, 21 (Summer, 1970), 81-86; Barry Brummett, "A Pentadic Analysis of Ideologies in Two Gay Rights Controversies," Central States Speech Journal, 30 (1979), 250-261; Jeanne Fisher, "A Burkean Analysis of the Rhetorical Dimensions of Multiple Murder and Suicide," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 60 (1974), 175-189; William J. Hamlin and Harold H. Nichols, "The Interest Value of Rhetorical Strategies Derived from Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Western Speech 37 (1973), 97-102; Jane Blankenship, Edward Murphy, and Marie Rossenwasser, "Pivotal Terms in the Early Works of Kenneth Burke," Philosophy and Rhetoric 7 (1974), 1-24; Jane Blankenship, Marlene Fine, and Leslie K. Davis, "The 1980 Republican Primary Debates: The Transformation of Actor into Scene," Quarterly Journal of Speech 69 (1983), 25-36; Charles Conrad, "Phases, Pentad and Dramatistic Critical Process," Central States Speech Journal 35 (1984), 94-104; Robert L. King, "Transforming Scandal into Tragedy: The Rhetoric of Political Apology," Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (1985), 289-301; David S. Birdsell, "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and Interpretation in the Application of Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987), 267-79; Mari Boor Tonn, Valerie A. Endress, and John N. Diamond, "Hunting and Heritage on Trial: A Dramatistic Debate over Tragedy, Tradition, and Territory," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70 (1993) 165-181.
88. For a very different reading of the Grammar of Motives from our own see Biesecker, Addressing Postmodernity: Kenneth Burke, Rhetoric, and a Theory of Social Change . Also see Maurice Charland's review in Quarterly Journal of Speech, 84 (1998), 514-517. Our reading stresses the pentad as method, while Biesecker's reading deemphasizes methodological implications. As Charland points out, "She reads those chapters in the Grammar on specific philosophical schools not as illustrations of a method, but as an ongoing inquiry into the very nature of motive" (p. 516). Biesecker's insightful reading serves as a counterstatement and needed corrective to ours, and vice versa. A number of previous studies have either developed or made exemplary use of Burke's pentad as a critical method. These include: David A. Ling, "A Pentadic Analysis of Senator Edward Kennedy's Address to the People of Massachusetts, July 25, 1969," Central States Speech Journal, 21 (Summer, 1970), 81-86; Barry Brummett, "A Pentadic Analysis of Ideologies in Two Gay Rights Controversies," Central States Speech Journal, 30 (1979), 250-261; Jeanne Fisher, "A Burkean Analysis of the Rhetorical Dimensions of Multiple Murder and Suicide," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 60 (1974), 175-189; William J. Hamlin and Harold H. Nichols, "The Interest Value of Rhetorical Strategies Derived from Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Western Speech 37 (1973), 97-102; Jane Blankenship, Edward Murphy, and Marie Rossenwasser, "Pivotal Terms in the Early Works of Kenneth Burke," Philosophy and Rhetoric 7 (1974), 1-24; Jane Blankenship, Marlene Fine, and Leslie K. Davis, "The 1980 Republican Primary Debates: The Transformation of Actor into Scene," Quarterly Journal of Speech 69 (1983), 25-36; Charles Conrad, "Phases, Pentad and Dramatistic Critical Process," Central States Speech Journal 35 (1984), 94-104; Robert L. King, "Transforming Scandal into Tragedy: The Rhetoric of Political Apology," Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (1985), 289-301; David S. Birdsell, "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and
89. For a very different reading of the Grammar of Motives from our own see Biesecker, Addressing Postmodernity: Kenneth Burke, Rhetoric, and a Theory of Social Change . Also see Maurice Charland's review in Quarterly Journal of Speech, 84 (1998), 514-517. Our reading stresses the pentad as method, while Biesecker's reading deemphasizes methodological implications. As Charland points out, "She reads those chapters in the Grammar on specific philosophical schools not as illustrations of a method, but as an ongoing inquiry into the very nature of motive" (p. 516). Biesecker's insightful reading serves as a counterstatement and needed corrective to ours, and vice versa. A number of previous studies have either developed or made exemplary use of Burke's pentad as a critical method. These include: David A. Ling, "A Pentadic Analysis of Senator Edward Kennedy's Address to the People of Massachusetts, July 25, 1969," Central States Speech Journal, 21 (Summer, 1970), 81-86; Barry Brummett, "A Pentadic Analysis of Ideologies in Two Gay Rights Controversies," Central States Speech Journal, 30 (1979), 250-261; Jeanne Fisher, "A Burkean Analysis of the Rhetorical Dimensions of Multiple Murder and Suicide," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 60 (1974), 175-189; William J. Hamlin and Harold H. Nichols, "The Interest Value of Rhetorical Strategies Derived from Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Western Speech 37 (1973), 97-102; Jane Blankenship, Edward Murphy, and Marie Rossenwasser, "Pivotal Terms in the Early Works of Kenneth Burke," Philosophy and Rhetoric 7 (1974), 1-24; Jane Blankenship, Marlene Fine, and Leslie K. Davis, "The 1980 Republican Primary Debates: The Transformation of Actor into Scene," Quarterly Journal of Speech 69 (1983), 25-36; Charles Conrad, "Phases, Pentad and Dramatistic Critical Process," Central States Speech Journal 35 (1984), 94-104; Robert L. King, "Transforming Scandal into Tragedy: The Rhetoric of Political Apology," Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (1985), 289-301; David S. Birdsell, "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and Interpretation in the Application of Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987), 267-79; Mari Boor Tonn, Valerie A. Endress, and John N. Diamond, "Hunting and Heritage on Trial: A Dramatistic Debate over Tragedy, Tradition, and Territory," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70 (1993) 165-181.
90. For a very different reading of the Grammar of Motives from our own see Biesecker, Addressing Postmodernity: Kenneth Burke, Rhetoric, and a Theory of Social Change . Also see Maurice Charland's review in Quarterly Journal of Speech, 84 (1998), 514-517. Our reading stresses the pentad as method, while Biesecker's reading deemphasizes methodological implications. As Charland points out, "She reads those chapters in the Grammar on specific philosophical schools not as illustrations of a method, but as an ongoing inquiry into the very nature of motive" (p. 516). Biesecker's insightful reading serves as a counterstatement and needed corrective to ours, and vice versa. A number of previous studies have either developed or made exemplary use of Burke's pentad as a critical method. These include: David A. Ling, "A Pentadic Analysis of Senator Edward Kennedy's Address to the People of Massachusetts, July 25, 1969," Central States Speech Journal, 21 (Summer, 1970), 81-86; Barry Brummett, "A Pentadic Analysis of Ideologies in Two Gay Rights Controversies," Central States Speech Journal, 30 (1979), 250-261; Jeanne Fisher, "A Burkean Analysis of the Rhetorical Dimensions of Multiple Murder and Suicide," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 60 (1974), 175-189; William J. Hamlin and Harold H. Nichols, "The Interest Value of Rhetorical Strategies Derived from Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Western Speech 37 (1973), 97-102; Jane Blankenship, Edward Murphy, and Marie Rossenwasser, "Pivotal Terms in the Early Works of Kenneth Burke," Philosophy and Rhetoric 7 (1974), 1-24; Jane Blankenship, Marlene Fine, and Leslie K. Davis, "The 1980 Republican Primary Debates: The Transformation of Actor into Scene," Quarterly Journal of Speech 69 (1983), 25-36; Charles Conrad, "Phases, Pentad and Dramatistic Critical Process," Central States Speech Journal 35 (1984), 94-104; Robert L. King, "Transforming Scandal into Tragedy: The Rhetoric of Political Apology," Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (1985), 289-301; David S. Birdsell, "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and Interpretation in the Application of Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987), 267-79; Mari Boor Tonn, Valerie A. Endress, and John N. Diamond, "Hunting and Heritage on Trial: A Dramatistic Debate over Tragedy, Tradition, and Territory," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70 (1993) 165-181.
91. For a very different reading of the Grammar of Motives from our own see Biesecker, Addressing Postmodernity: Kenneth Burke, Rhetoric, and a Theory of Social Change . Also see Maurice Charland's review in Quarterly Journal of Speech, 84 (1998), 514-517. Our reading stresses the pentad as method, while Biesecker's reading deemphasizes methodological implications. As Charland points out, "She reads those chapters in the Grammar on specific philosophical schools not as illustrations of a method, but as an ongoing inquiry into the very nature of motive" (p. 516). Biesecker's insightful reading serves as a counterstatement and needed corrective to ours, and vice versa. A number of previous studies have either developed or made exemplary use of Burke's pentad as a critical method. These include: David A. Ling, "A Pentadic Analysis of Senator Edward Kennedy's Address to the People of Massachusetts, July 25, 1969," Central States Speech Journal, 21 (Summer, 1970), 81-86; Barry Brummett, "A Pentadic Analysis of Ideologies in Two Gay Rights Controversies," Central States Speech Journal, 30 (1979), 250-261; Jeanne Fisher, "A Burkean Analysis of the Rhetorical Dimensions of Multiple Murder and Suicide," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 60 (1974), 175-189; William J. Hamlin and Harold H. Nichols, "The Interest Value of Rhetorical Strategies Derived from Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Western Speech 37 (1973), 97-102; Jane Blankenship, Edward Murphy, and Marie Rossenwasser, "Pivotal Terms in the Early Works of Kenneth Burke," Philosophy and Rhetoric 7 (1974), 1-24; Jane Blankenship, Marlene Fine, and Leslie K. Davis, "The 1980 Republican Primary Debates: The Transformation of Actor into Scene," Quarterly Journal of Speech 69 (1983), 25-36; Charles Conrad, "Phases, Pentad and Dramatistic Critical Process," Central States Speech Journal 35 (1984), 94-104; Robert L. King, "Transforming Scandal into Tragedy: The Rhetoric of Political Apology," Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (1985), 289-301; David S. Birdsell, "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and Interpretation in the Application of Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987), 267-79; Mari Boor Tonn, Valerie A. Endress, and John N. Diamond, "Hunting and Heritage on Trial: A Dramatistic Debate over Tragedy, Tradition, and Territory," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70 (1993) 165-181.
92. For a very different reading of the Grammar of Motives from our own see Biesecker, Addressing Postmodernity: Kenneth Burke, Rhetoric, and a Theory of Social Change . Also see Maurice Charland's review in Quarterly Journal of Speech, 84 (1998), 514-517. Our reading stresses the pentad as method, while Biesecker's reading deemphasizes methodological implications. As Charland points out, "She reads those chapters in the Grammar on specific philosophical schools not as illustrations of a method, but as an ongoing inquiry into the very nature of motive" (p. 516). Biesecker's insightful reading serves as a counterstatement and needed corrective to ours, and vice versa. A number of previous studies have either developed or made exemplary use of Burke's pentad as a critical method. These include: David A. Ling, "A Pentadic Analysis of Senator Edward Kennedy's Address to the People of Massachusetts, July 25, 1969," Central States Speech Journal, 21 (Summer, 1970), 81-86; Barry Brummett, "A Pentadic Analysis of Ideologies in Two Gay Rights Controversies," Central States Speech Journal, 30 (1979), 250-261; Jeanne Fisher, "A Burkean Analysis of the Rhetorical Dimensions of Multiple Murder and Suicide," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 60 (1974), 175-189; William J. Hamlin and Harold H. Nichols, "The Interest Value of Rhetorical Strategies Derived from Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Western Speech 37 (1973), 97-102; Jane Blankenship, Edward Murphy, and Marie Rossenwasser, "Pivotal Terms in the Early Works of Kenneth Burke," Philosophy and Rhetoric 7 (1974), 1-24; Jane Blankenship, Marlene Fine, and Leslie K. Davis, "The 1980 Republican Primary Debates: The Transformation of Actor into Scene," Quarterly Journal of Speech 69 (1983), 25-36; Charles Conrad, "Phases, Pentad and Dramatistic Critical Process," Central States Speech Journal 35 (1984), 94-104; Robert L. King, "Transforming Scandal into Tragedy: The Rhetoric of Political Apology," Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (1985), 289-301; David S. Birdsell, "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and Interpretation in the Application of Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987), 267-79; Mari Boor Tonn, Valerie A. Endress, and John N. Diamond, "Hunting and Heritage on Trial: A Dramatistic Debate over Tragedy, Tradition, and Territory," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70 (1993) 165-181.
93. For a very different reading of the Grammar of Motives from our own see Biesecker, Addressing Postmodernity: Kenneth Burke, Rhetoric, and a Theory of Social Change . Also see Maurice Charland's review in Quarterly Journal of Speech, 84 (1998), 514-517. Our reading stresses the pentad as method, while Biesecker's reading deemphasizes methodological implications. As Charland points out, "She reads those chapters in the Grammar on specific philosophical schools not as illustrations of a method, but as an ongoing inquiry into the very nature of motive" (p. 516). Biesecker's insightful reading serves as a counterstatement and needed corrective to ours, and vice versa. A number of previous studies have either developed or made exemplary use of Burke's pentad as a critical method. These include: David A. Ling, "A Pentadic Analysis of Senator Edward Kennedy's Address to the People of Massachusetts, July 25, 1969," Central States Speech Journal, 21 (Summer, 1970), 81-86; Barry Brummett, "A Pentadic Analysis of Ideologies in Two Gay Rights Controversies," Central States Speech Journal, 30 (1979), 250-261; Jeanne Fisher, "A Burkean Analysis of the Rhetorical Dimensions of Multiple Murder and Suicide," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 60 (1974), 175-189; William J. Hamlin and Harold H. Nichols, "The Interest Value of Rhetorical Strategies Derived from Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Western Speech 37 (1973), 97-102; Jane Blankenship, Edward Murphy, and Marie Rossenwasser, "Pivotal Terms in the Early Works of Kenneth Burke," Philosophy and Rhetoric 7 (1974), 1-24; Jane Blankenship, Marlene Fine, and Leslie K. Davis, "The 1980 Republican Primary Debates: The Transformation of Actor into Scene," Quarterly Journal of Speech 69 (1983), 25-36; Charles Conrad, "Phases, Pentad and Dramatistic Critical Process," Central States Speech Journal 35 (1984), 94-104; Robert L. King, "Transforming Scandal into Tragedy: The Rhetoric of Political Apology," Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (1985), 289-301; David S. Birdsell, "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and Interpretation in the Application of Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987), 267-79; Mari Boor Tonn, Valerie A. Endress, and John N. Diamond, "Hunting and Heritage on Trial: A Dramatistic Debate over Tragedy, Tradition, and Territory," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70 (1993) 165-181.
94. For a very different reading of the Grammar of Motives from our own see Biesecker, Addressing Postmodernity: Kenneth Burke, Rhetoric, and a Theory of Social Change . Also see Maurice Charland's review in Quarterly Journal of Speech, 84 (1998), 514-517. Our reading stresses the pentad as method, while Biesecker's reading deemphasizes methodological implications. As Charland points out, "She reads those chapters in the Grammar on specific philosophical schools not as illustrations of a method, but as an ongoing inquiry into the very nature of motive" (p. 516). Biesecker's insightful reading serves as a counterstatement and needed corrective to ours, and vice versa. A number of previous studies have either developed or made exemplary use of Burke's pentad as a critical method. These include: David A. Ling, "A Pentadic Analysis of Senator Edward Kennedy's Address to the People of Massachusetts, July 25, 1969," Central States Speech Journal, 21 (Summer, 1970), 81-86; Barry Brummett, "A Pentadic Analysis of Ideologies in Two Gay Rights Controversies," Central States Speech Journal, 30 (1979), 250-261; Jeanne Fisher, "A Burkean Analysis of the Rhetorical Dimensions of Multiple Murder and Suicide," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 60 (1974), 175-189; William J. Hamlin and Harold H. Nichols, "The Interest Value of Rhetorical Strategies Derived from Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Western Speech 37 (1973), 97-102; Jane Blankenship, Edward Murphy, and Marie Rossenwasser, "Pivotal Terms in the Early Works of Kenneth Burke," Philosophy and Rhetoric 7 (1974), 1-24; Jane Blankenship, Marlene Fine, and Leslie K. Davis, "The 1980 Republican Primary Debates: The Transformation of Actor into Scene," Quarterly Journal of Speech 69 (1983), 25-36; Charles Conrad, "Phases, Pentad and Dramatistic Critical Process," Central States Speech Journal 35 (1984), 94-104; Robert L. King, "Transforming Scandal into Tragedy: The Rhetoric of Political Apology," Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (1985), 289-301; David S. Birdsell, "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and Interpretation in the Application of Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987), 267-79; Mari Boor Tonn, Valerie A. Endress, and John N. Diamond, "Hunting and Heritage on Trial: A Dramatistic Debate over Tragedy, Tradition, and Territory," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70 (1993) 165-181.
95. For a very different reading of the Grammar of Motives from our own see Biesecker, Addressing Postmodernity: Kenneth Burke, Rhetoric, and a Theory of Social Change . Also see Maurice Charland's review in Quarterly Journal of Speech, 84 (1998), 514-517. Our reading stresses the pentad as method, while Biesecker's reading deemphasizes methodological implications. As Charland points out, "She reads those chapters in the Grammar on specific philosophical schools not as illustrations of a method, but as an ongoing inquiry into the very nature of motive" (p. 516). Biesecker's insightful reading serves as a counterstatement and needed corrective to ours, and vice versa. A number of previous studies have either developed or made exemplary use of Burke's pentad as a critical method. These include: David A. Ling, "A Pentadic Analysis of Senator Edward Kennedy's Address to the People of Massachusetts, July 25, 1969," Central States Speech Journal, 21 (Summer, 1970), 81-86; Barry Brummett, "A Pentadic Analysis of Ideologies in Two Gay Rights Controversies," Central States Speech Journal, 30 (1979), 250-261; Jeanne Fisher, "A Burkean Analysis of the Rhetorical Dimensions of Multiple Murder and Suicide," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 60 (1974), 175-189; William J. Hamlin and Harold H. Nichols, "The Interest Value of Rhetorical Strategies Derived from Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Western Speech 37 (1973), 97-102; Jane Blankenship, Edward Murphy, and Marie Rossenwasser, "Pivotal Terms in the Early Works of Kenneth Burke," Philosophy and Rhetoric 7 (1974), 1-24; Jane Blankenship, Marlene Fine, and Leslie K. Davis, "The 1980 Republican Primary Debates: The Transformation of Actor into Scene," Quarterly Journal of Speech 69 (1983), 25-36; Charles Conrad, "Phases, Pentad and Dramatistic Critical Process," Central States Speech Journal 35 (1984), 94-104; Robert L. King, "Transforming Scandal into Tragedy: The Rhetoric of Political Apology," Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (1985), 289-301; David S. Birdsell, "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and Interpretation in the Application of Kenneth Burke's Pentad," Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987), 267-79; Mari Boor Tonn, Valerie A. Endress, and John N. Diamond, "Hunting and Heritage on Trial: A Dramatistic Debate over Tragedy, Tradition, and Territory," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70 (1993) 165-181.
96. For a useful critical discussion of that relationship see Wess, Kenneth Burke: Rhetoric, Subjectivity, Postmodernism, pp. 136-185.
97. Grammar of Motives, p. 317.
98. Grammar of Motives, p. xix.
99. Grammar of Motives, p. xviii. Our use of "coordinate term" is influenced to some degree by those of Birdsell in "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada," pp. 271-273, and Tonn, Endress, and Diamond, "Hunting and Heritage on Trial," pp. 168-169.
100. Grammar of Motives, p. xviii. Our use of "coordinate term" is influenced to some degree by those of Birdsell in "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada," pp. 271-273, and Tonn, Endress, and Diamond, "Hunting and Heritage on Trial," pp. 168-169.
101. Grammar of Motives, p. xviii. Our use of "coordinate term" is influenced to some degree by those of Birdsell in "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada," pp. 271-273, and Tonn, Endress, and Diamond, "Hunting and Heritage on Trial," pp. 168-169.
102. Grammar of Motives, p. 127.
103. Grammar of Motives, pp. 127-28.
104. Richard Weaver aptly expressed this relationship in his description of the technological fanatic. Fanaticism he describes "as redoubling one's efforts after one's aim has been forgotten," which he links with the "fallacy of technology" that concludes "because a thing can be done, it must be done." "Means absorb completely," and people become so "blind to the very concept of ends" that all meaningful thought about ends is correlated with the availability of means. See Richard M. Weaver, Ideas Have Consequences (1948; rpt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), p. 60.
105. Grammar of Motives, p. 59.
106. Grammar of Motives, p. 77.
107. Grammar of Motives, p. 85.
108. Grammar of Motives, p. 87.
109. Burke devotes most of his discussion of circumference to vocabularies that feature scene (Grammar of Motives, pp. 77-85), but that concept applies to terminologies that feature any one of the five pentadic terms. Burke explicitly evokes "circumference" during discussion of agent (Grammar of Motives, p. 181) and agency (Grammar of Motives, p. 283), as Wess has observed. Moreover, Burke suggests that scope or circumference is implied by selection of any vocabulary (Grammar of Motives, p. 59), so those concepts should apply also to vocabularies that feature act and purpose. See Wess, Kenneth Burke: Rhetoric, Subjectivity, Postmodernism, p. 151.
110. Burke devotes most of his discussion of circumference to vocabularies that feature scene (Grammar of Motives, pp. 77-85), but that concept applies to terminologies that feature any one of the five pentadic terms. Burke explicitly evokes "circumference" during discussion of agent (Grammar of Motives, p. 181) and agency (Grammar of Motives, p. 283), as Wess has observed. Moreover, Burke suggests that scope or circumference is implied by selection of any vocabulary (Grammar of Motives, p. 59), so those concepts should apply also to vocabularies that feature act and purpose. See Wess, Kenneth Burke: Rhetoric, Subjectivity, Postmodernism, p. 151.
111. Burke devotes most of his discussion of circumference to vocabularies that feature scene (Grammar of Motives, pp. 77-85), but that concept applies to terminologies that feature any one of the five pentadic terms. Burke explicitly evokes "circumference" during discussion of agent (Grammar of Motives, p. 181) and agency (Grammar of Motives, p. 283), as Wess has observed. Moreover, Burke suggests that scope or circumference is implied by selection of any vocabulary (Grammar of Motives, p. 59), so those concepts should apply also to vocabularies that feature act and purpose. See Wess, Kenneth Burke: Rhetoric, Subjectivity, Postmodernism, p. 151.
112. Burke devotes most of his discussion of circumference to vocabularies that feature scene (Grammar of Motives, pp. 77-85), but that concept applies to terminologies that feature any one of the five pentadic terms. Burke explicitly evokes "circumference" during discussion of agent (Grammar of Motives, p. 181) and agency (Grammar of Motives, p. 283), as Wess has observed. Moreover, Burke suggests that scope or circumference is implied by selection of any vocabulary (Grammar of Motives, p. 59), so those concepts should apply also to vocabularies that feature act and purpose. See Wess, Kenneth Burke: Rhetoric, Subjectivity, Postmodernism, p. 151.
113. Burke devotes most of his discussion of circumference to vocabularies that feature scene (Grammar of Motives, pp. 77-85), but that concept applies to terminologies that feature any one of the five pentadic terms. Burke explicitly evokes "circumference" during discussion of agent (Grammar of Motives, p. 181) and agency (Grammar of Motives, p. 283), as Wess has observed. Moreover, Burke suggests that scope or circumference is implied by selection of any vocabulary (Grammar of Motives, p. 59), so those concepts should apply also to vocabularies that feature act and purpose. See Wess, Kenneth Burke: Rhetoric, Subjectivity, Postmodernism, p. 151.
114. Grammar of Motives, pp. 96-97.
115. Grammar of Motives, p. 96.
116. Grammar of Motives, p. 97.
117. Grammar of Motives, pp. 286-287.
118. Grammar of Motives, p. 286.
119. Grammar of Motives, p. xx.
120. Grammar of Motives, pp. 3-9.
121. Grammar of Motives, pp. 77-78.
122. Grammar of Motives, pp. 55-56.
123. When critics issue counterstatements to open, however partially, a closed universe of discourse they do so through bringing equally legitimate but potentially incongruous perspectives into contact. See Burke's Permanence and Change, pp. 69-163.
124. See Burke's discussion in Counter-Statement, pp. 107-122.
125. Grammar of Motives, p. 15.
126. Burke, Counter-Statement, p. 113.
127. Grammar of Motives, p. 57.
128. Quoted in Lyotard, Post-Modern Condition, p. 40.
129. Post-Modern Condition, p. 40.
130. Grammar of Motives, p. xix.
131. Michel Foucault, The Archeology of Knowledge and The Discourse on Language, A.M. Sheridan Smith trans. (New York: Pantheon, 1972), pp. 47-49.
132. Michael Calvin McGee, "A Materialist's Conception of Rhetoric," in Ray E. McKerrow (ed.), Explorations in Rhetoric: Studies in Honor of Douglas Ehninger (Glenview, ILL: Scott, Foresman, 1982), pp. 23-48.
133. For more detailed discussion of cartographic concepts see Mark Monmonier, How to Lie With Maps, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), pp. 5-42, and 187-189; and Mark Monmonier and George A. Schnell, Map Appreciation (Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988), pp. 9-35.
134. For more detailed discussion of cartographic concepts see Mark Monmonier, How to Lie With Maps, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), pp. 5-42, and 187-189; and Mark Monmonier and George A. Schnell, Map Appreciation (Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988), pp. 9-35.
135. See Denis Wood, The Power of Maps (New York: Guilford Press, 1992); and Monmonier, How to Lie with Maps.
136. See Denis Wood, The Power of Maps (New York: Guilford Press, 1992); and Monmonier, How to Lie with Maps.
137. Grammar of Motives, p. 56.
138. Grammar of Motives, pp. 108-117.
139. Grammar of Motives, pp. 115-116.
140. Grammar of Motives, p. 116.
141. Grammar of Motives, p. 113.
142. Grammar of Motives, pp. 87-90.
143. Burke makes this point about "naive readers" of monographic writers, but we believe this framing of the problem also applies at the more global level when an entire society's universe of discourse is closed. See Grammar of Motives, p. 90.
144. Burke, "The Tactics of Motivation," p. 21.
145. For discussion of representative anecdote see Burke's Grammar of Motives, pp. 59-62, 323-325. For an interesting critical application of this idea see Barry Brummett, "Burke's Representative Anecdote as a Method in Media Criticism," Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 1 (1984), 161-176.
146. For discussion of representative anecdote see Burke's Grammar of Motives, pp. 59-62, 323-325. For an interesting critical application of this idea see Barry Brummett, "Burke's Representative Anecdote as a Method in Media Criticism," Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 1 (1984), 161-176.
147. Burke did not design the pentad as a method for invention of discourse, but he did not rule out its generative potential. Indeed, occasionally he alludes to the pentad's strategic rhetorical usage, as illustrated in the remarks that follow: "Though our concern here is with the Grammar of Motives, we may note a related resource of Rhetoric: One may deflect attention from scenic matters by situating the motives of an act in the agent (as were one to account for wars purely on the basis of a "warlike instinct" in people): or conversely, one may deflect attention from the criticism of personal motives by deriving an act or attitude not from traits of the agent but from the nature of the situation." See Grammar of Motives, p. 17, and Burke's "Questions and Answers about the Pentad," pp. 330-35. For discussion of the pentad as a possible method of invention see Charles W. Kneupper and Floyd D. Anderson, "Uniting Wisdom and Eloquence: The Need For Rhetorical Invention," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 66 (1980), pp. 323-324; Charles W. Kneupper, "Dramatistic Invention: The Pentad as Heuristic Procedure," Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 9 (1979), 130-136; and Phillip M. Keith, "Burke for the Composition Class," College Composition and Communication, 28 (1977), 348-351.
148. Burke did not design the pentad as a method for invention of discourse, but he did not rule out its generative potential. Indeed, occasionally he alludes to the pentad's strategic rhetorical usage, as illustrated in the remarks that follow: "Though our concern here is with the Grammar of Motives, we may note a related resource of Rhetoric: One may deflect attention from scenic matters by situating the motives of an act in the agent (as were one to account for wars purely on the basis of a "warlike instinct" in people): or conversely, one may deflect attention from the criticism of personal motives by deriving an act or attitude not from traits of the agent but from the nature of the situation." See Grammar of Motives, p. 17, and Burke's "Questions and Answers about the Pentad," pp. 330-35. For discussion of the pentad as a possible method of invention see Charles W. Kneupper and Floyd D. Anderson, "Uniting Wisdom and Eloquence: The Need For Rhetorical Invention," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 66 (1980), pp. 323-324; Charles W. Kneupper, "Dramatistic Invention: The Pentad as Heuristic Procedure," Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 9 (1979), 130-136; and Phillip M. Keith, "Burke for the Composition Class," College Composition and Communication, 28 (1977), 348-351.
149. Burke did not design the pentad as a method for invention of discourse, but he did not rule out its generative potential. Indeed, occasionally he alludes to the pentad's strategic rhetorical usage, as illustrated in the remarks that follow: "Though our concern here is with the Grammar of Motives, we may note a related resource of Rhetoric: One may deflect attention from scenic matters by situating the motives of an act in the agent (as were one to account for wars purely on the basis of a "warlike instinct" in people): or conversely, one may deflect attention from the criticism of personal motives by deriving an act or attitude not from traits of the agent but from the nature of the situation." See Grammar of Motives, p. 17, and Burke's "Questions and Answers about the Pentad," pp. 330-35. For discussion of the pentad as a possible method of invention see Charles W. Kneupper and Floyd D. Anderson, "Uniting Wisdom and Eloquence: The Need For Rhetorical Invention," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 66 (1980), pp. 323-324; Charles W. Kneupper, "Dramatistic Invention: The Pentad as Heuristic Procedure," Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 9 (1979), 130-136; and Phillip M. Keith, "Burke for the Composition Class," College Composition and Communication, 28 (1977), 348-351.
150. Burke did not design the pentad as a method for invention of discourse, but he did not rule out its generative potential. Indeed, occasionally he alludes to the pentad's strategic rhetorical usage, as illustrated in the remarks that follow: "Though our concern here is with the Grammar of Motives, we may note a related resource of Rhetoric: One may deflect attention from scenic matters by situating the motives of an act in the agent (as were one to account for wars purely on the basis of a "warlike instinct" in people): or conversely, one may deflect attention from the criticism of personal motives by deriving an act or attitude not from traits of the agent but from the nature of the situation." See Grammar of Motives, p. 17, and Burke's "Questions and Answers about the Pentad," pp. 330-35. For discussion of the pentad as a possible method of invention see Charles W. Kneupper and Floyd D. Anderson, "Uniting Wisdom and Eloquence: The Need For Rhetorical Invention," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 66 (1980), pp. 323-324; Charles W. Kneupper, "Dramatistic Invention: The Pentad as Heuristic Procedure," Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 9 (1979), 130-136; and Phillip M. Keith, "Burke for the Composition Class," College Composition and Communication, 28 (1977), 348-351.
151. Burke did not design the pentad as a method for invention of discourse, but he did not rule out its generative potential. Indeed, occasionally he alludes to the pentad's strategic rhetorical usage, as illustrated in the remarks that follow: "Though our concern here is with the Grammar of Motives, we may note a related resource of Rhetoric: One may deflect attention from scenic matters by situating the motives of an act in the agent (as were one to account for wars purely on the basis of a "warlike instinct" in people): or conversely, one may deflect attention from the criticism of personal motives by deriving an act or attitude not from traits of the agent but from the nature of the situation." See Grammar of Motives, p. 17, and Burke's "Questions and Answers about the Pentad," pp. 330-35. For discussion of the pentad as a possible method of invention see Charles W. Kneupper and Floyd D. Anderson, "Uniting Wisdom and Eloquence: The Need For Rhetorical Invention," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 66 (1980), pp. 323-324; Charles W. Kneupper, "Dramatistic Invention: The Pentad as Heuristic Procedure," Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 9 (1979), 130-136; and Phillip M. Keith, "Burke for the Composition Class," College Composition and Communication, 28 (1977), 348-351.
152. One need not shift a featured term to challenge a closed universe of discourse, although this is the most obvious critical strategy. The critic also can narrow or broaden a featured term's circumference of meaning. For example, the critic could challenge a vocabulary of motives that features the individual consumer as agent with a vocabulary rooted in the supernatural moral agent of God, thus widening that term's circumference of meaning. Of course, the opposite also applies. One might challenge a vocabulary rooted in God as superagent with one that features individuals and their desires for earthly satisfaction as central, thus narrowing the circumference of meaning.
153. Application of pentadic cartography to critical discourses might actually comport more closely with Burke's initial use of the pentad than mapping speeches or other public discourses. In Grammar of Motives, Burke initially spun out the terms of the pentad and traced their implications through study primarily of philosophical texts. Our mapping of critical discourse is less typical than usual uses of the pentad, but we contend it is at least as justifiable a use.
154. Our previous discussion of Marcuse puts us in a position to provide a thorough, more detailed map, but our immediate need is to furnish an example of small scaled mapping.
155. Duncan, Communication and Social Order, p. 436.
156. Grammar of Motives, p. 89.
157. See McGee's "Another Philippic: Notes on the Ideological Turn in Criticism," Central States Speech Journal, 35 (Spring, 1984), 43-50; also see McGee's "Materialist Conception of Rhetoric."
158. See McGee's "Another Philippic: Notes on the Ideological Turn in Criticism," Central States Speech Journal, 35 (Spring, 1984), 43-50; also see McGee's "Materialist Conception of Rhetoric."
159. Lyotard, Post-Modern Condition, p. 60.
160. Foucault, Archeology of Knowledge, p. 229.
161. For an analysis that supports our assessment, see Hayden White's discussion of Foucault and other postmodernist writers in The Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), pp. 230-282.