The strategic relevance of artificial intelligence for corporate success in the energy market

International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 194-217

  Gebhardt, Christiane ^a  

^a MZSG Management   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Artificial intelligence; Energy sector; National innovation system; Science and technology policy

Indexed keywords

ECONOMICS; INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY; PUBLIC POLICY;

NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM;

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE;

EID: 0041379541     PISSN: 14684322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2002.001765     Document Type: Review

References (57)

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7. IT programs in the 1980s (US: approx. 100 mil. DM/year since 1982 have been funded by SCI, NSF, NASA; Europe: approx. 50 mil. DM/year since 1983 have been funded through ESPRIT; additionally programs: UK 33 mil. DM/Year through ALVEY, France: 30 mil. DM/year federal funding, Germany: 15 mil. DM/year since 1984 have been spent by the BMFT; Japan: 50 mil. DM/year since 1982 have been spent in the context of the 5th Generation of Computer Systems. Since the mid 1980s US companies have funded AI in AI start-ups (in 1984 DEC invested US$ 2.0 mil., Boeing 1985 US$ 1.6 mil. in die Carnegie Group; General Electric 1985 US$ 1.0 mil. in Perceptron, General Motors 1984 US$ 3.0 mil. in Teknowledge, 1985 US$ 3.0 mil. in Automatix and others; in 1982 Honeywell funded Votan with US$ 3.5 mil.; in 1998 Texas Instruments spent US$ 500,000 for LISP Machine and US$ 5.0 mil. for Carnegie Group; Lockheed (1984) invested US$ 6.0 mil. in Interference Corp.; Lotus invested US$ 700,000 in Arity. In 1984 Wang and Xerox invested US$ 1.5 mil. and US$ 2.5 mil. respectively in Kurzweil AI etc.). DEC, Xerox, DuPont, Bell, IBM were active in funding AI start-ups. Interview DEC and IBM 1993. In Germany IT-spending on industry raised from 5 to 9 mil. DM in the 1980s. From 1984 to 1993 47% of the total federal spending in IT went to corporate research labs (Siemens-Nixdorf: 45%, Philips: 25%, AEG:23%, Triumph-Adler: 10%, Daimler-Benz: 7%. AI-Trends Annual Report 1991.
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23. Spending in the context of Very high speed Integrated Circuits Program of the Pentagon: 1988: US$ 101 mil.; 1989: US$ 85 mil. Phase I foresaw the participation of Honeywell, Hughes, Perkin-Elmer, IBM, TI, TRW, Motorola, Sperry, Westinghouse, National Semiconductor, CD, Harris, Carnegie Mellon. In phase II Honeywell, IBM and TRW participated. Kubbig [22, p.576].
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31. Main recipients: MIT and University of Massachusetts.
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45. An expert system is a computer program that simulates the judgement and behaviour of a human or an organisation that has expert knowledge and experience in a certain field.
46. A logic chip designed to perform arithmetic and logic operations
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