APD from a Methodological Point of View

Studies in American Political Development

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 82-102

  Gerring, John ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041376897     PISSN: 0898588X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0898588x03000026     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. To be sure, APD-ers have engaged methodological debates; but they have not engaged in methodological debates about APD. When APD has been debated the focus has been substantive - on models and theories used to reconstruct and explain the past - not methodological.
2. James A. Morone, "Get Lost! Find Your Own Wittgenstein!: On Politics, History, and Political Science." CLIO 10 (1999-2000).
3. We must define our subject loosely, since APD is not a well-bounded subfield. At minimum, APD refers to work by political scientists who study American political history. It is clearly more than that, but the additional attributes are more difficult to identify and have also changed considerably since the inception of the subfield, as we shall see. Thus, we fall back on an ostensive definition. APD is what people say it is; that is, it includes those who identify with the label and those who are commonly identified with the label. For further reflections on the utility and disutility of APD as a moniker for work on American political history, see John Gerring, "From APD to APH?," CLIO 12 (2001-2002):37-39.
4. Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970); William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party System: Stages of Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967); V. O. Key Jr., "A Theory of Critical Elections," Journal of Politics 17 (1955); Theodore Lowi, "Party, Policy, and Constitution in America," in The American Party System, 238-76; E. E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign. People (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960); J. David Greenstone, Labor in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1977); John J. S. Laslett, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Failure of a Dream?: Essays in the History of American Socialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974); Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Basic Books, 1963); Lipset, Agrarian Socialism: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan. A Study in Political Sociology (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1968); Lipset, "Radicalism in North America: A Comparative View of the Party Systems in Canada and the United States," Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, vol. 14 (1976); Lipset, "Why No Socialism in the United States?" in Sources of Contemporary Radicalism, vol. 1, ed. Seweryn Bialer (Boulder, CO: West-view Press, 1977).
5. Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970); William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party System: Stages of Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967); V. O. Key Jr., "A Theory of Critical Elections," Journal of Politics 17 (1955); Theodore Lowi, "Party, Policy, and Constitution in America," in The American Party System, 238-76; E. E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign. People (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960); J. David Greenstone, Labor in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1977); John J. S. Laslett, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Failure of a Dream?: Essays in the History of American Socialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974); Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Basic Books, 1963); Lipset, Agrarian Socialism: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan. A Study in Political Sociology (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1968); Lipset, "Radicalism in North America: A Comparative View of the Party Systems in Canada and the United States," Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, vol. 14 (1976); Lipset, "Why No Socialism in the United States?" in Sources of Contemporary Radicalism, vol. 1, ed. Seweryn Bialer (Boulder, CO: West-view Press, 1977).
6. Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970); William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party System: Stages of Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967); V. O. Key Jr., "A Theory of Critical Elections," Journal of Politics 17 (1955); Theodore Lowi, "Party, Policy, and Constitution in America," in The American Party System, 238-76; E. E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign. People (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960); J. David Greenstone, Labor in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1977); John J. S. Laslett, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Failure of a Dream?: Essays in the History of American Socialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974); Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Basic Books, 1963); Lipset, Agrarian Socialism: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan. A Study in Political Sociology (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1968); Lipset, "Radicalism in North America: A Comparative View of the Party Systems in Canada and the United States," Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, vol. 14 (1976); Lipset, "Why No Socialism in the United States?" in Sources of Contemporary Radicalism, vol. 1, ed. Seweryn Bialer (Boulder, CO: West-view Press, 1977).
7. Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970); William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party System: Stages of Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967); V. O. Key Jr., "A Theory of Critical Elections," Journal of Politics 17 (1955); Theodore Lowi, "Party, Policy, and Constitution in America," in The American Party System, 238-76; E. E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign. People (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960); J. David Greenstone, Labor in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1977); John J. S. Laslett, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Failure of a Dream?: Essays in the History of American Socialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974); Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Basic Books, 1963); Lipset, Agrarian Socialism: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan. A Study in Political Sociology (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1968); Lipset, "Radicalism in North America: A Comparative View of the Party Systems in Canada and the United States," Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, vol. 14 (1976); Lipset, "Why No Socialism in the United States?" in Sources of Contemporary Radicalism, vol. 1, ed. Seweryn Bialer (Boulder, CO: West-view Press, 1977).
8. Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970); William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party System: Stages of Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967); V. O. Key Jr., "A Theory of Critical Elections," Journal of Politics 17 (1955); Theodore Lowi, "Party, Policy, and Constitution in America," in The American Party System, 238-76; E. E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign. People (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960); J. David Greenstone, Labor in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1977); John J. S. Laslett, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Failure of a Dream?: Essays in the History of American Socialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974); Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Basic Books, 1963); Lipset, Agrarian Socialism: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan. A Study in Political Sociology (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1968); Lipset, "Radicalism in North America: A Comparative View of the Party Systems in Canada and the United States," Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, vol. 14 (1976); Lipset, "Why No Socialism in the United States?" in Sources of Contemporary Radicalism, vol. 1, ed. Seweryn Bialer (Boulder, CO: West-view Press, 1977).
9. Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970); William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party System: Stages of Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967); V. O. Key Jr., "A Theory of Critical Elections," Journal of Politics 17 (1955); Theodore Lowi, "Party, Policy, and Constitution in America," in The American Party System, 238-76; E. E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign. People (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960); J. David Greenstone, Labor in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1977); John J. S. Laslett, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Failure of a Dream?: Essays in the History of American Socialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974); Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Basic Books, 1963); Lipset, Agrarian Socialism: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan. A Study in Political Sociology (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1968); Lipset, "Radicalism in North America: A Comparative View of the Party Systems in Canada and the United States," Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, vol. 14 (1976); Lipset, "Why No Socialism in the United States?" in Sources of Contemporary Radicalism, vol. 1, ed. Seweryn Bialer (Boulder, CO: West-view Press, 1977).
10. Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970); William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party System: Stages of Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967); V. O. Key Jr., "A Theory of Critical Elections," Journal of Politics 17 (1955); Theodore Lowi, "Party, Policy, and Constitution in America," in The American Party System, 238-76; E. E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign. People (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960); J. David Greenstone, Labor in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1977); John J. S. Laslett, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Failure of a Dream?: Essays in the History of American Socialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974); Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Basic Books, 1963); Lipset, Agrarian Socialism: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan. A Study in Political Sociology (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1968); Lipset, "Radicalism in North America: A Comparative View of the Party Systems in Canada and the United States," Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, vol. 14 (1976); Lipset, "Why No Socialism in the United States?" in Sources of Contemporary Radicalism, vol. 1, ed. Seweryn Bialer (Boulder, CO: West-view Press, 1977).
11. Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970); William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party System: Stages of Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967); V. O. Key Jr., "A Theory of Critical Elections," Journal of Politics 17 (1955); Theodore Lowi, "Party, Policy, and Constitution in America," in The American Party System, 238-76; E. E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign. People (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960); J. David Greenstone, Labor in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1977); John J. S. Laslett, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Failure of a Dream?: Essays in the History of American Socialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974); Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Basic Books, 1963); Lipset, Agrarian Socialism: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan. A Study in Political Sociology (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1968); Lipset, "Radicalism in North America: A Comparative View of the Party Systems in Canada and the United States," Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, vol. 14 (1976); Lipset, "Why No Socialism in the United States?" in Sources of Contemporary Radicalism, vol. 1, ed. Seweryn Bialer (Boulder, CO: West-view Press, 1977).
12. Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970); William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party System: Stages of Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967); V. O. Key Jr., "A Theory of Critical Elections," Journal of Politics 17 (1955); Theodore Lowi, "Party, Policy, and Constitution in America," in The American Party System, 238-76; E. E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign. People (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960); J. David Greenstone, Labor in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1977); John J. S. Laslett, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Failure of a Dream?: Essays in the History of American Socialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974); Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Basic Books, 1963); Lipset, Agrarian Socialism: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan. A Study in Political Sociology (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1968); Lipset, "Radicalism in North America: A Comparative View of the Party Systems in Canada and the United States," Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, vol. 14 (1976); Lipset, "Why No Socialism in the United States?" in Sources of Contemporary Radicalism, vol. 1, ed. Seweryn Bialer (Boulder, CO: West-view Press, 1977).
13. Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970); William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party System: Stages of Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967); V. O. Key Jr., "A Theory of Critical Elections," Journal of Politics 17 (1955); Theodore Lowi, "Party, Policy, and Constitution in America," in The American Party System, 238-76; E. E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign. People (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960); J. David Greenstone, Labor in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1977); John J. S. Laslett, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Failure of a Dream?: Essays in the History of American Socialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974); Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Basic Books, 1963); Lipset, Agrarian Socialism: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan. A Study in Political Sociology (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1968); Lipset, "Radicalism in North America: A Comparative View of the Party Systems in Canada and the United States," Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, vol. 14 (1976); Lipset, "Why No Socialism in the United States?" in Sources of Contemporary Radicalism, vol. 1, ed. Seweryn Bialer (Boulder, CO: West-view Press, 1977).
14. Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970); William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party System: Stages of Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967); V. O. Key Jr., "A Theory of Critical Elections," Journal of Politics 17 (1955); Theodore Lowi, "Party, Policy, and Constitution in America," in The American Party System, 238-76; E. E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign. People (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960); J. David Greenstone, Labor in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1977); John J. S. Laslett, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Failure of a Dream?: Essays in the History of American Socialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974); Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Basic Books, 1963); Lipset, Agrarian Socialism: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan. A Study in Political Sociology (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1968); Lipset, "Radicalism in North America: A Comparative View of the Party Systems in Canada and the United States," Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, vol. 14 (1976); Lipset, "Why No Socialism in the United States?" in Sources of Contemporary Radicalism, vol. 1, ed. Seweryn Bialer (Boulder, CO: West-view Press, 1977).
15. David Greenstone, "Political Culture and American Political Development: Liberty, Union, and the Liberal Bipolarity," Studies in American Political Development 1 (1986); Greenstone, The Lincoln Persuasion: Remaking American Liberalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
16. David Greenstone, "Political Culture and American Political Development: Liberty, Union, and the Liberal Bipolarity," Studies in American Political Development 1 (1986); Greenstone, The Lincoln Persuasion: Remaking American Liberalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
17. Martin Shefter, "Party and Patronage: Germany, England, and Italy," and "Party, Bureaucracy, and Political Change in the United States," in Political Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Ira Katznelson, Black Men, White Cities: Race, Politics, and Migration in the United States, 1900-30 and Britain, 1948-68 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Stephen Skowronek, Building A New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities 1877-1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Amy Bridges, A City in the Republic: Antebellum New York and the Origins of Machine Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984); Richard Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984).
18. Martin Shefter, "Party and Patronage: Germany, England, and Italy," and "Party, Bureaucracy, and Political Change in the United States," in Political Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Ira Katznelson, Black Men, White Cities: Race, Politics, and Migration in the United States, 1900-30 and Britain, 1948-68 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Stephen Skowronek, Building A New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities 1877-1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Amy Bridges, A City in the Republic: Antebellum New York and the Origins of Machine Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984); Richard Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984).
19. Martin Shefter, "Party and Patronage: Germany, England, and Italy," and "Party, Bureaucracy, and Political Change in the United States," in Political Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Ira Katznelson, Black Men, White Cities: Race, Politics, and Migration in the United States, 1900-30 and Britain, 1948-68 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Stephen Skowronek, Building A New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities 1877-1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Amy Bridges, A City in the Republic: Antebellum New York and the Origins of Machine Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984); Richard Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984).
20. Martin Shefter, "Party and Patronage: Germany, England, and Italy," and "Party, Bureaucracy, and Political Change in the United States," in Political Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Ira Katznelson, Black Men, White Cities: Race, Politics, and Migration in the United States, 1900-30 and Britain, 1948-68 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Stephen Skowronek, Building A New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities 1877-1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Amy Bridges, A City in the Republic: Antebellum New York and the Origins of Machine Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984); Richard Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984).
21. Martin Shefter, "Party and Patronage: Germany, England, and Italy," and "Party, Bureaucracy, and Political Change in the United States," in Political Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Ira Katznelson, Black Men, White Cities: Race, Politics, and Migration in the United States, 1900-30 and Britain, 1948-68 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Stephen Skowronek, Building A New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities 1877-1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Amy Bridges, A City in the Republic: Antebellum New York and the Origins of Machine Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984); Richard Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984).
22. Martin Shefter, "Party and Patronage: Germany, England, and Italy," and "Party, Bureaucracy, and Political Change in the United States," in Political Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Ira Katznelson, Black Men, White Cities: Race, Politics, and Migration in the United States, 1900-30 and Britain, 1948-68 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Stephen Skowronek, Building A New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities 1877-1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Amy Bridges, A City in the Republic: Antebellum New York and the Origins of Machine Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984); Richard Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984).
23. Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Reinhard Bendix, Nation-building and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State," Socialist Revolution 33 (1977):6-28; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (New York: Praeger, 1962); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978); Nicos Poulantzas, Political and Social Class (London: New Left Books, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Charles Tilly, The Vendee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). To this list one might add the various edited volumes devoted to the interrelated topics of crisis, sequence, and political development: Gabriel Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert Mundt, eds., Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Joseph LaPolombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).
24. Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Reinhard Bendix, Nation-building and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State," Socialist Revolution 33 (1977):6-28; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (New York: Praeger, 1962); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978); Nicos Poulantzas, Political and Social Class (London: New Left Books, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Charles Tilly, The Vendee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). To this list one might add the various edited volumes devoted to the interrelated topics of crisis, sequence, and political development: Gabriel Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert Mundt, eds., Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Joseph LaPolombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).
25. Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Reinhard Bendix, Nation-building and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State," Socialist Revolution 33 (1977):6-28; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (New York: Praeger, 1962); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978); Nicos Poulantzas, Political and Social Class (London: New Left Books, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Charles Tilly, The Vendee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). To this list one might add the various edited volumes devoted to the interrelated topics of crisis, sequence, and political development: Gabriel Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert Mundt, eds., Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Joseph LaPolombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).
26. Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Reinhard Bendix, Nation-building and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State," Socialist Revolution 33 (1977):6-28; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (New York: Praeger, 1962); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978); Nicos Poulantzas, Political and Social Class (London: New Left Books, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Charles Tilly, The Vendee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). To this list one might add the various edited volumes devoted to the interrelated topics of crisis, sequence, and political development: Gabriel Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert Mundt, eds., Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Joseph LaPolombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).
27. Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Reinhard Bendix, Nation-building and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State," Socialist Revolution 33 (1977):6-28; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (New York: Praeger, 1962); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978); Nicos Poulantzas, Political and Social Class (London: New Left Books, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Charles Tilly, The Vendee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). To this list one might add the various edited volumes devoted to the interrelated topics of crisis, sequence, and political development: Gabriel Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert Mundt, eds., Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Joseph LaPolombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).
28. Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Reinhard Bendix, Nation-building and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State," Socialist Revolution 33 (1977):6-28; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (New York: Praeger, 1962); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978); Nicos Poulantzas, Political and Social Class (London: New Left Books, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Charles Tilly, The Vendee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). To this list one might add the various edited volumes devoted to the interrelated topics of crisis, sequence, and political development: Gabriel Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert Mundt, eds., Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Joseph LaPolombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).
29. Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Reinhard Bendix, Nation-building and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State," Socialist Revolution 33 (1977):6-28; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (New York: Praeger, 1962); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978); Nicos Poulantzas, Political and Social Class (London: New Left Books, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Charles Tilly, The Vendee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). To this list one might add the various edited volumes devoted to the interrelated topics of crisis, sequence, and political development: Gabriel Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert Mundt, eds., Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Joseph LaPolombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).
30. Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Reinhard Bendix, Nation-building and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State," Socialist Revolution 33 (1977):6-28; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (New York: Praeger, 1962); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978); Nicos Poulantzas, Political and Social Class (London: New Left Books, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Charles Tilly, The Vendee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). To this list one might add the various edited volumes devoted to the interrelated topics of crisis, sequence, and political development: Gabriel Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert Mundt, eds., Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Joseph LaPolombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).
31. Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Reinhard Bendix, Nation-building and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State," Socialist Revolution 33 (1977):6-28; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (New York: Praeger, 1962); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978); Nicos Poulantzas, Political and Social Class (London: New Left Books, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Charles Tilly, The Vendee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). To this list one might add the various edited volumes devoted to the interrelated topics of crisis, sequence, and political development: Gabriel Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert Mundt, eds., Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Joseph LaPolombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).
32. Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Reinhard Bendix, Nation-building and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State," Socialist Revolution 33 (1977):6-28; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (New York: Praeger, 1962); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978); Nicos Poulantzas, Political and Social Class (London: New Left Books, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Charles Tilly, The Vendee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). To this list one might add the various edited volumes devoted to the interrelated topics of crisis, sequence, and political development: Gabriel Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert Mundt, eds., Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Joseph LaPolombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).
33. Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Reinhard Bendix, Nation-building and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State," Socialist Revolution 33 (1977):6-28; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (New York: Praeger, 1962); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978); Nicos Poulantzas, Political and Social Class (London: New Left Books, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Charles Tilly, The Vendee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). To this list one might add the various edited volumes devoted to the interrelated topics of crisis, sequence, and political development: Gabriel Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert Mundt, eds., Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Joseph LaPolombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).
34. Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Reinhard Bendix, Nation-building and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State," Socialist Revolution 33 (1977):6-28; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (New York: Praeger, 1962); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978); Nicos Poulantzas, Political and Social Class (London: New Left Books, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Charles Tilly, The Vendee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). To this list one might add the various edited volumes devoted to the interrelated topics of crisis, sequence, and political development: Gabriel Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert Mundt, eds., Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Joseph LaPolombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).
35. Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Reinhard Bendix, Nation-building and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State," Socialist Revolution 33 (1977):6-28; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (New York: Praeger, 1962); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978); Nicos Poulantzas, Political and Social Class (London: New Left Books, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Charles Tilly, The Vendee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). To this list one might add the various edited volumes devoted to the interrelated topics of crisis, sequence, and political development: Gabriel Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert Mundt, eds., Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Joseph LaPolombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).
36. Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Reinhard Bendix, Nation-building and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State," Socialist Revolution 33 (1977):6-28; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (New York: Praeger, 1962); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978); Nicos Poulantzas, Political and Social Class (London: New Left Books, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Charles Tilly, The Vendee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). To this list one might add the various edited volumes devoted to the interrelated topics of crisis, sequence, and political development: Gabriel Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert Mundt, eds., Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Joseph LaPolombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).
37. Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Reinhard Bendix, Nation-building and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State," Socialist Revolution 33 (1977):6-28; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (New York: Praeger, 1962); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978); Nicos Poulantzas, Political and Social Class (London: New Left Books, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Charles Tilly, The Vendee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). To this list one might add the various edited volumes devoted to the interrelated topics of crisis, sequence, and political development: Gabriel Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert Mundt, eds., Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Joseph LaPolombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).
38. Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Reinhard Bendix, Nation-building and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Fred Block, "The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State," Socialist Revolution 33 (1977):6-28; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (New York: Praeger, 1962); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978); Nicos Poulantzas, Political and Social Class (London: New Left Books, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Charles Tilly, The Vendee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). To this list one might add the various edited volumes devoted to the interrelated topics of crisis, sequence, and political development: Gabriel Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert Mundt, eds., Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Joseph LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Joseph LaPolombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).
39. James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, eds., Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
40. Ellis W. Hawley, The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966); Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977); Leonard D. White, The Federalists: A. Study in Administrative History (New York; Macmillan, 1948); White, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1801-1829 (New York: Macmillan, 1951); White, The Jacksonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1829-1861 (New York: Macmillan, 1954); White, The Republican Era: A Study in Administrative History, 1869-1901 (New York: Macmillan, 1958).
41. Ellis W. Hawley, The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966); Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977); Leonard D. White, The Federalists: A. Study in Administrative History (New York; Macmillan, 1948); White, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1801-1829 (New York: Macmillan, 1951); White, The Jacksonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1829-1861 (New York: Macmillan, 1954); White, The Republican Era: A Study in Administrative History, 1869-1901 (New York: Macmillan, 1958).
42. Ellis W. Hawley, The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966); Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977); Leonard D. White, The Federalists: A. Study in Administrative History (New York; Macmillan, 1948); White, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1801-1829 (New York: Macmillan, 1951); White, The Jacksonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1829-1861 (New York: Macmillan, 1954); White, The Republican Era: A Study in Administrative History, 1869-1901 (New York: Macmillan, 1958).
43. Ellis W. Hawley, The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966); Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977); Leonard D. White, The Federalists: A. Study in Administrative History (New York; Macmillan, 1948); White, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1801-1829 (New York: Macmillan, 1951); White, The Jacksonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1829-1861 (New York: Macmillan, 1954); White, The Republican Era: A Study in Administrative History, 1869-1901 (New York: Macmillan, 1958).
44. Ellis W. Hawley, The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966); Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977); Leonard D. White, The Federalists: A. Study in Administrative History (New York; Macmillan, 1948); White, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1801-1829 (New York: Macmillan, 1951); White, The Jacksonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1829-1861 (New York: Macmillan, 1954); White, The Republican Era: A Study in Administrative History, 1869-1901 (New York: Macmillan, 1958).
45. Ellis W. Hawley, The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966); Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977); Leonard D. White, The Federalists: A. Study in Administrative History (New York; Macmillan, 1948); White, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1801-1829 (New York: Macmillan, 1951); White, The Jacksonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1829-1861 (New York: Macmillan, 1954); White, The Republican Era: A Study in Administrative History, 1869-1901 (New York: Macmillan, 1958).
46. John Gerring, Social Science Methodology: A Criterial Framework (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
47. Emile Durkheim, The Rules of Sociological Method (1895; New York: The Free Press, 1964) 34.
48. There are other important elements of falsifiability as well. See Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934; New York: Harper & Row, 1968).
49. For further discussion, see Gerring, Social Science Methodology, chap. 7.
50. Skowronek, Building a New American State; Richard Franklin Bensel, Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859-1877 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997).
51. Skowronek, Building a New American State; Richard Franklin Bensel, Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859-1877 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997).
52. Lewis L. Gould, Reform and Regulation: American Politics, 1900-1916 (New York: Wiley, 1978), Ari Hoogenboom, Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1968); Keller, Affairs of State; White, The Republican Era.
53. Lewis L. Gould, Reform and Regulation: American Politics, 1900-1916 (New York: Wiley, 1978), Ari Hoogenboom, Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1968); Keller, Affairs of State; White, The Republican Era.
54. Lewis L. Gould, Reform and Regulation: American Politics, 1900-1916 (New York: Wiley, 1978), Ari Hoogenboom, Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1968); Keller, Affairs of State; White, The Republican Era.
55. Lewis L. Gould, Reform and Regulation: American Politics, 1900-1916 (New York: Wiley, 1978), Ari Hoogenboom, Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1968); Keller, Affairs of State; White, The Republican Era.
56. Alexander L. George and Andrew Bennett, Case Studies and Theory Development (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, forthcoming).
57. Matthew Josephson, The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861-1901 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1934).
58. Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992).
59. "Modern American state building progressed by replacing courts and parties with a national bureaucracy," Skowronek writes near the end of the book (287). Does this mean that courts are less powerful today than in the late-nineteenth century?
60. Even so, in the epilogue and elsewhere in the text Skowronek seems to embrace a functionalist logic (e.g., 130, 288). The phrase 'developmental imperative' is ubiquitous.
61. E. E. Schattschneider, Party Government (New York: Rinehart, 1942).
62. Shefter, "Party and Patronage"; "Party, Bureaucracy, and Political Change in the United States." See also Skowronek, Building A New American State, 9.
63. Shefter, "Party and Patronage"; "Party, Bureaucracy, and Political Change in the United States." See also Skowronek, Building A New American State, 9.
64. Richard Franklin Bensel, The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1877-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
65. Perry Anderson's work on European statemaking, which contrasted Western and Eastern models of absolutism, seems relevant here. See Perry Anderson, The Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974).
66. See also Rogers M. Smith, Liberalism and American Constitutional Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); "Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal, and Hartz: The Multiple Traditions in America," American Political Science Review 87 (1993):549-66.
67. See also Rogers M. Smith, Liberalism and American Constitutional Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); "Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal, and Hartz: The Multiple Traditions in America," American Political Science Review 87 (1993):549-66.
68. Daniel T. Rodgers, "Republicanism: The Career of a Concept," Journal of American History 79 (1992):11-38.
69. Intimations of this argument have been discovered in W. E. B. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward and Autobiography of a Race Concept (1940; New York: Schocken Books, 1968). See Jacqueline Stevens, "Beyond Tocqueville, Please!" American Political Science Review 89 (1995):987-90. However, Smith is the first to present this argument in all its fullness and complexity.
70. Intimations of this argument have been discovered in W. E. B. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward and Autobiography of a Race Concept (1940; New York: Schocken Books, 1968). See Jacqueline Stevens, "Beyond Tocqueville, Please!" American Political Science Review 89 (1995):987-90. However, Smith is the first to present this argument in all its fullness and complexity.
71. Joyce Appleby, "Recovering America's Historic Diversity: Beyond Exceptionalism," Journal of American History 79 (1992); Herbert Gans, Middle American Individualism (London: Collier Macmillan, 1988): J. David Greenstone, "Political Culture and American Political Development," and The Lincoln Persuasion; Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Michael Kammen, People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization (1972; New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996); James Morone, The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government (New York: Basic Books, 1990); Herbert McClosky and John Zaller, The American Ethos (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); Michael Paul Rogin, Ronald Reagan: The Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (New York: Vintage Books, 1948); The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).
72. Joyce Appleby, "Recovering America's Historic Diversity: Beyond Exceptionalism," Journal of American History 79 (1992); Herbert Gans, Middle American Individualism (London: Collier Macmillan, 1988): J. David Greenstone, "Political Culture and American Political Development," and The Lincoln Persuasion; Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Michael Kammen, People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization (1972; New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996); James Morone, The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government (New York: Basic Books, 1990); Herbert McClosky and John Zaller, The American Ethos (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); Michael Paul Rogin, Ronald Reagan: The Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (New York: Vintage Books, 1948); The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).
73. Joyce Appleby, "Recovering America's Historic Diversity: Beyond Exceptionalism," Journal of American History 79 (1992); Herbert Gans, Middle American Individualism (London: Collier Macmillan, 1988): J. David Greenstone, "Political Culture and American Political Development," and The Lincoln Persuasion; Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Michael Kammen, People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization (1972; New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996); James Morone, The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government (New York: Basic Books, 1990); Herbert McClosky and John Zaller, The American Ethos (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); Michael Paul Rogin, Ronald Reagan: The Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (New York: Vintage Books, 1948); The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).
74. Joyce Appleby, "Recovering America's Historic Diversity: Beyond Exceptionalism," Journal of American History 79 (1992); Herbert Gans, Middle American Individualism (London: Collier Macmillan, 1988): J. David Greenstone, "Political Culture and American Political Development," and The Lincoln Persuasion; Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Michael Kammen, People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization (1972; New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996); James Morone, The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government (New York: Basic Books, 1990); Herbert McClosky and John Zaller, The American Ethos (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); Michael Paul Rogin, Ronald Reagan: The Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (New York: Vintage Books, 1948); The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).
75. Joyce Appleby, "Recovering America's Historic Diversity: Beyond Exceptionalism," Journal of American History 79 (1992); Herbert Gans, Middle American Individualism (London: Collier Macmillan, 1988): J. David Greenstone, "Political Culture and American Political Development," and The Lincoln Persuasion; Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Michael Kammen, People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization (1972; New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996); James Morone, The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government (New York: Basic Books, 1990); Herbert McClosky and John Zaller, The American Ethos (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); Michael Paul Rogin, Ronald Reagan: The Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (New York: Vintage Books, 1948); The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).
76. Joyce Appleby, "Recovering America's Historic Diversity: Beyond Exceptionalism," Journal of American History 79 (1992); Herbert Gans, Middle American Individualism (London: Collier Macmillan, 1988): J. David Greenstone, "Political Culture and American Political Development," and The Lincoln Persuasion; Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Michael Kammen, People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization (1972; New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996); James Morone, The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government (New York: Basic Books, 1990); Herbert McClosky and John Zaller, The American Ethos (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); Michael Paul Rogin, Ronald Reagan: The Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (New York: Vintage Books, 1948); The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).
77. Joyce Appleby, "Recovering America's Historic Diversity: Beyond Exceptionalism," Journal of American History 79 (1992); Herbert Gans, Middle American Individualism (London: Collier Macmillan, 1988): J. David Greenstone, "Political Culture and American Political Development," and The Lincoln Persuasion; Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Michael Kammen, People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization (1972; New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996); James Morone, The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government (New York: Basic Books, 1990); Herbert McClosky and John Zaller, The American Ethos (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); Michael Paul Rogin, Ronald Reagan: The Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (New York: Vintage Books, 1948); The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).
78. Joyce Appleby, "Recovering America's Historic Diversity: Beyond Exceptionalism," Journal of American History 79 (1992); Herbert Gans, Middle American Individualism (London: Collier Macmillan, 1988): J. David Greenstone, "Political Culture and American Political Development," and The Lincoln Persuasion; Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Michael Kammen, People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization (1972; New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996); James Morone, The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government (New York: Basic Books, 1990); Herbert McClosky and John Zaller, The American Ethos (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); Michael Paul Rogin, Ronald Reagan: The Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (New York: Vintage Books, 1948); The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).
79. Joyce Appleby, "Recovering America's Historic Diversity: Beyond Exceptionalism," Journal of American History 79 (1992); Herbert Gans, Middle American Individualism (London: Collier Macmillan, 1988): J. David Greenstone, "Political Culture and American Political Development," and The Lincoln Persuasion; Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Michael Kammen, People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization (1972; New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996); James Morone, The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government (New York: Basic Books, 1990); Herbert McClosky and John Zaller, The American Ethos (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); Michael Paul Rogin, Ronald Reagan: The Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (New York: Vintage Books, 1948); The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).
80. Joyce Appleby, "Recovering America's Historic Diversity: Beyond Exceptionalism," Journal of American History 79 (1992); Herbert Gans, Middle American Individualism (London: Collier Macmillan, 1988): J. David Greenstone, "Political Culture and American Political Development," and The Lincoln Persuasion; Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Michael Kammen, People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization (1972; New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996); James Morone, The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government (New York: Basic Books, 1990); Herbert McClosky and John Zaller, The American Ethos (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); Michael Paul Rogin, Ronald Reagan: The Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (New York: Vintage Books, 1948); The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).
81. Joyce Appleby, "Recovering America's Historic Diversity: Beyond Exceptionalism," Journal of American History 79 (1992); Herbert Gans, Middle American Individualism (London: Collier Macmillan, 1988): J. David Greenstone, "Political Culture and American Political Development," and The Lincoln Persuasion; Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Michael Kammen, People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization (1972; New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996); James Morone, The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government (New York: Basic Books, 1990); Herbert McClosky and John Zaller, The American Ethos (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); Michael Paul Rogin, Ronald Reagan: The Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (New York: Vintage Books, 1948); The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).
82. Philip Gleason, "American Identity and Americanization," in Concepts of Ethnicity, ed. W. Petersen, M. Novak, and P. Gleason (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982).
83. Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1955).
84. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904-1905; New York: Charles Scribner's, 1958). See also S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Protestant Ethic and Modernization: A Comparative View (New York: Basic Books, 1969). Seymour Martin Lipset and Gabriel Salman Lenz, "Corruption, Culture, and Markets," in Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, ed. Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington (New York: Basic Books, 2000); Wayne Sandholtz and William Koetzle, "Accounting for Corruption: Economic Structure, Democracy, and Trade," International Studies Quarterly 44 (2002):31-35; Daniel Treisman, "The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-National Study," Journal of Public Economics 76 (2000):399-57.
85. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904-1905; New York: Charles Scribner's, 1958). See also S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Protestant Ethic and Modernization: A Comparative View (New York: Basic Books, 1969). Seymour Martin Lipset and Gabriel Salman Lenz, "Corruption, Culture, and Markets," in Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, ed. Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington (New York: Basic Books, 2000); Wayne Sandholtz and William Koetzle, "Accounting for Corruption: Economic Structure, Democracy, and Trade," International Studies Quarterly 44 (2002):31-35; Daniel Treisman, "The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-National Study," Journal of Public Economics 76 (2000):399-57.
86. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904-1905; New York: Charles Scribner's, 1958). See also S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Protestant Ethic and Modernization: A Comparative View (New York: Basic Books, 1969). Seymour Martin Lipset and Gabriel Salman Lenz, "Corruption, Culture, and Markets," in Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, ed. Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington (New York: Basic Books, 2000); Wayne Sandholtz and William Koetzle, "Accounting for Corruption: Economic Structure, Democracy, and Trade," International Studies Quarterly 44 (2002):31-35; Daniel Treisman, "The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-National Study," Journal of Public Economics 76 (2000):399-57.
87. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904-1905; New York: Charles Scribner's, 1958). See also S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Protestant Ethic and Modernization: A Comparative View (New York: Basic Books, 1969). Seymour Martin Lipset and Gabriel Salman Lenz, "Corruption, Culture, and Markets," in Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, ed. Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington (New York: Basic Books, 2000); Wayne Sandholtz and William Koetzle, "Accounting for Corruption: Economic Structure, Democracy, and Trade," International Studies Quarterly 44 (2002):31-35; Daniel Treisman, "The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-National Study," Journal of Public Economics 76 (2000):399-57.
88. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904-1905; New York: Charles Scribner's, 1958). See also S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Protestant Ethic and Modernization: A Comparative View (New York: Basic Books, 1969). Seymour Martin Lipset and Gabriel Salman Lenz, "Corruption, Culture, and Markets," in Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, ed. Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington (New York: Basic Books, 2000); Wayne Sandholtz and William Koetzle, "Accounting for Corruption: Economic Structure, Democracy, and Trade," International Studies Quarterly 44 (2002):31-35; Daniel Treisman, "The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-National Study," Journal of Public Economics 76 (2000):399-57.
89. This of course is one of the core truths of the interpretivist canon. See, e.g., Paul Rabinow and William M. Sullivan, eds., Interpretive Social Science: A Reader (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).
90. Here one stumbles over the question of how to define culture (and its near-synonyms, tradition and ideology), on the one hand, and institutions on the other. Smith, in common with many culturalists, refuses to separate the two. Tradition, for him, is "(1) a world view or ideology that defines basic political and economic institutions, the persons eligible to participate in them, and the roles or rights to which they are entitled, and (2) institutions and practices embodying and reproducing such precepts" (507). Traditions, he concludes, are "not merely sets of ideas" (507). Institutions, by the same token, refer to any structure "thought to shape the conduct of political actors,... including biological, physical, and psychological systems, economic and political arrangements, kinship and civil associations, and ongoing structures of ideas, including religious beliefs and political ideologies" (510). If we take these definitions seriously, we are at pains to determine whether liberalism, republicanism, and ascriptivism should be regarded as traditions, institutions, or both. But we must sympathize with Smith and other culturalists on this point. There is no clear terminological choice for phenomena that combine ideational and non-ideational elements; conventionally, they are cultures (or traditions). This should not be regarded as a fundamental flaw in Smith's argument, therefore, although it does give the reader pause.
91. The recent spate of rational-choice critiques is a healthy corrective to this errant conclusion. See, e.g., Jeffrey Friedman (ed.), The Rational Choice Controversy: Economic Models of Politics Reconsidered (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996); Donald P. Green and Ian Shapiro, Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994). Other fields could doubtless be subjected to similar deconstruction.
92. The recent spate of rational-choice critiques is a healthy corrective to this errant conclusion. See, e.g., Jeffrey Friedman (ed.), The Rational Choice Controversy: Economic Models of Politics Reconsidered (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996); Donald P. Green and Ian Shapiro, Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994). Other fields could doubtless be subjected to similar deconstruction.
93. On causal and descriptive propositions, and their different criteria of adequacy, see Gerring, Social Science Methodology, chaps. 5-7.
94. Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers. It would take a good deal of time to parse these causal claims, and readers should infer no argument on this point here.
95. John Gerring, Party Ideologies in America, 1828-1996 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
96. For an extensive, often critical, discussion of realignment theory see David R. Mayhew, Electoral Realignments: A Critique of an American Genre (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002).
97. Richard John, Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).
98. Joel H. Silbey, "Beyond Realignment and Realignment Theory," in The End of Realignment?: Interpreting American Electoral Eras, ed. Byron E. Shafer (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991).
99. David R. Mayhew, Placing Parties in American Politics: Organization, Electoral Settings, and Government Activity in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986); America's Congress: Actions in the Public Sphere, James Madison through Newt Gingrich (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000).
100. David R. Mayhew, Placing Parties in American Politics: Organization, Electoral Settings, and Government Activity in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986); America's Congress: Actions in the Public Sphere, James Madison through Newt Gingrich (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000).
101. Ronald P. Formisano, "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789-1840," American Journal of Political Science 68 (1974).
102. J. Morgan Kousser, The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974).
103. Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
104. Richard Jensen, The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971).
105. Jeffrey G. Williamson, American Inequality: A Macroeconomic History (New York: Academic Press, 1980).
106. Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000); Theda Skocpol, and Morris Fiorina, eds., Civic Engagement in American Democracy (Washington, DC: Brookings, 2000).
107. Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000); Theda Skocpol, and Morris Fiorina, eds., Civic Engagement in American Democracy (Washington, DC: Brookings, 2000).
108. Gerring, Social Science Methodology, chap. 6; Gary King, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba, Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), chap. 2.
109. Gerring, Social Science Methodology, chap. 6; Gary King, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba, Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), chap. 2.
110. A case refers to any observation, or set of observations, that provides independent evidence for a proposition. Cases should be comparable to other cases in the sample, or such incomparabilities must be controlled, in order for valid comparisons to take place. A case need not be quantifiable, although at a certain point it may become necessary to count cases, if only to keep track of them. See Gerring, Social Science Methodology, chap. 9.
111. See John Gerring, "What is a Case Study and What is it Good For?" (unpublished manuscript, Dept. of Political Science, Boston University).
112. Bensel is conscious of this problem, referring to his study as "one case of revolutionary state formation" (10). Yet, it is unclear what the other cases might be, and certainly no explicit analysis is carried forth. Earlier, Bensel calls our attention to the Soviet Union, India, and Canada, which also evidenced significant separatist pressure. Does this mean that Bensel's generalizations are intended to apply to nation-states with significant (how much?) separatist pressure? If so, what is the variation (within this class of nation-states) that Bensel is seeking to explain?
113. What does the multiple-traditions thesis mean, in the absence of crossnational analysis? Can we examine a topic simply by reference to a definition, or to standard understandings? This does not seem like a very sound way of going about business. To be sure, if it is asserted that event X never occurred, and we can find evidence of its occurrence, we shall not need to resort to an extensive examination of other cases. But most academic disputes and, a fortiori, most disputes over American political culture, are not this simple. They hinge on delicate questions of definition and classification, e.g., what is liberalism, and is X properly understood as an example of it? These are precisely the sort of questions of judgment that require comparative cases.
114. Gleason, "American Identity and Americanization,"62-63 (qtd. in Smith, Civil Ideals, 14-15). Following this passage - and, indeed, throughout the rest of the essay - Gleason qualifies the decisive quality of the universalist American ideology: About eight out of ten white Americans were actually of British derivation in 1790, and there was a latent predisposition toward an ethnically defined concept of nationality. Indeed, universalism had its limits from the beginning, because it did not include either blacks or Indians, and in time other racial and cultural groups were regarded as falling outside the range of American nationality. Yet such exclusiveness ran contrary to the logic of the defining principles, and the official commitment to those principles has worked historically to overcome exclusions and to make the practical boundaries of American identity more congruent with its theoretical universalism. (ibid.) Thus, the passage quoted by Smith offers a somewhat misleading depiction of Gleason's argument. Universalism, Gleason argues, was a strong influence on questions of immigration and ethnicity, but it was by no means the only influence.
115. Gleason, "American Identity and Americanization,"62-63 (qtd. in Smith, Civil Ideals, 14-15). Following this passage - and, indeed, throughout the rest of the essay - Gleason qualifies the decisive quality of the universalist American ideology: About eight out of ten white Americans were actually of British derivation in 1790, and there was a latent predisposition toward an ethnically defined concept of nationality. Indeed, universalism had its limits from the beginning, because it did not include either blacks or Indians, and in time other racial and cultural groups were regarded as falling outside the range of American nationality. Yet such exclusiveness ran contrary to the logic of the defining principles, and the official commitment to those principles has worked historically to overcome exclusions and to make the practical boundaries of American identity more congruent with its theoretical universalism. (ibid.) Thus, the passage quoted by Smith offers a somewhat misleading depiction of Gleason's argument. Universalism, Gleason argues, was a strong influence on questions of immigration and ethnicity, but it was by no means the only influence.
116. Bernard Sternsher, Consensus, Conflict, and American Historians (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1975); Benjamin Ginsberg, The Consequences of Consent: Elections, Citizen Control and Popular Acquiescence (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982).
117. Bernard Sternsher, Consensus, Conflict, and American Historians (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1975); Benjamin Ginsberg, The Consequences of Consent: Elections, Citizen Control and Popular Acquiescence (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982).
118. Vito Tanzi and Ludger Schuknecht, Public Spending in the 20th Century: A Global Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
119. Ibid., 6-7.
120. Ibid., 26.
121. Ibid., 28.
122. Ibid., 38.
123. Ibid., chap. 2.
124. Exceptions are notable, and perhaps define a current trend towards longer temporal horizons. See, Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984); Louis Fisher, Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the President (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1985); Gerald Gamm and Robert D, Putnam, Civic Associations in American History (forthcoming); Gerring, Party Ideologies in America; John Mark Hansen, "Taxation and the Political Economy of the Tariff" International Organization 44 (1990):527-51; Richard Harris and Daniel Tichenor, A Question of Representational Bias: The Development of American Interest Group Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming; Keyssar, The Right to Vote; David E. Kyvig, Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776-1995 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Mayhew, America's Congress; Keith T. Poole and Howard Reiter, Politics Within Parties: Factionalism in the Presidential Nominating Process, 1831-2000 (forthcoming); Eric Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Peter Trubowitz and Nicole Mellow, "Bipartisanship in American Politics: Politics by Other Means," presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA (August-September 2002); Wallis, "American Government Finance in the Long Run."
125. Exceptions are notable, and perhaps define a current trend towards longer temporal horizons. See, Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984); Louis Fisher, Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the President (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1985); Gerald Gamm and Robert D, Putnam, Civic Associations in American History (forthcoming); Gerring, Party Ideologies in America; John Mark Hansen, "Taxation and the Political Economy of the Tariff" International Organization 44 (1990):527-51; Richard Harris and Daniel Tichenor, A Question of Representational Bias: The Development of American Interest Group Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming; Keyssar, The Right to Vote; David E. Kyvig, Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776-1995 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Mayhew, America's Congress; Keith T. Poole and Howard Reiter, Politics Within Parties: Factionalism in the Presidential Nominating Process, 1831-2000 (forthcoming); Eric Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Peter Trubowitz and Nicole Mellow, "Bipartisanship in American Politics: Politics by Other Means," presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA (August-September 2002); Wallis, "American Government Finance in the Long Run."
126. Exceptions are notable, and perhaps define a current trend towards longer temporal horizons. See, Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984); Louis Fisher, Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the President (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1985); Gerald Gamm and Robert D, Putnam, Civic Associations in American History (forthcoming); Gerring, Party Ideologies in America; John Mark Hansen, "Taxation and the Political Economy of the Tariff" International Organization 44 (1990):527-51; Richard Harris and Daniel Tichenor, A Question of Representational Bias: The Development of American Interest Group Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming; Keyssar, The Right to Vote; David E. Kyvig, Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776-1995 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Mayhew, America's Congress; Keith T. Poole and Howard Reiter, Politics Within Parties: Factionalism in the Presidential Nominating Process, 1831-2000 (forthcoming); Eric Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Peter Trubowitz and Nicole Mellow, "Bipartisanship in American Politics: Politics by Other Means," presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA (August-September 2002); Wallis, "American Government Finance in the Long Run."
127. Exceptions are notable, and perhaps define a current trend towards longer temporal horizons. See, Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984); Louis Fisher, Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the President (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1985); Gerald Gamm and Robert D, Putnam, Civic Associations in American History (forthcoming); Gerring, Party Ideologies in America; John Mark Hansen, "Taxation and the Political Economy of the Tariff" International Organization 44 (1990):527-51; Richard Harris and Daniel Tichenor, A Question of Representational Bias: The Development of American Interest Group Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming; Keyssar, The Right to Vote; David E. Kyvig, Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776-1995 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Mayhew, America's Congress; Keith T. Poole and Howard Reiter, Politics Within Parties: Factionalism in the Presidential Nominating Process, 1831-2000 (forthcoming); Eric Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Peter Trubowitz and Nicole Mellow, "Bipartisanship in American Politics: Politics by Other Means," presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA (August-September 2002); Wallis, "American Government Finance in the Long Run."
128. Exceptions are notable, and perhaps define a current trend towards longer temporal horizons. See, Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984); Louis Fisher, Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the President (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1985); Gerald Gamm and Robert D, Putnam, Civic Associations in American History (forthcoming); Gerring, Party Ideologies in America; John Mark Hansen, "Taxation and the Political Economy of the Tariff" International Organization 44 (1990):527-51; Richard Harris and Daniel Tichenor, A Question of Representational Bias: The Development of American Interest Group Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming; Keyssar, The Right to Vote; David E. Kyvig, Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776-1995 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Mayhew, America's Congress; Keith T. Poole and Howard Reiter, Politics Within Parties: Factionalism in the Presidential Nominating Process, 1831-2000 (forthcoming); Eric Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Peter Trubowitz and Nicole Mellow, "Bipartisanship in American Politics: Politics by Other Means," presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA (August-September 2002); Wallis, "American Government Finance in the Long Run."
129. Exceptions are notable, and perhaps define a current trend towards longer temporal horizons. See, Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984); Louis Fisher, Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the President (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1985); Gerald Gamm and Robert D, Putnam, Civic Associations in American History (forthcoming); Gerring, Party Ideologies in America; John Mark Hansen, "Taxation and the Political Economy of the Tariff" International Organization 44 (1990):527-51; Richard Harris and Daniel Tichenor, A Question of Representational Bias: The Development of American Interest Group Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming; Keyssar, The Right to Vote; David E. Kyvig, Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776-1995 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Mayhew, America's Congress; Keith T. Poole and Howard Reiter, Politics Within Parties: Factionalism in the Presidential Nominating Process, 1831-2000 (forthcoming); Eric Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Peter Trubowitz and Nicole Mellow, "Bipartisanship in American Politics: Politics by Other Means," presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA (August-September 2002); Wallis, "American Government Finance in the Long Run."
130. Exceptions are notable, and perhaps define a current trend towards longer temporal horizons. See, Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984); Louis Fisher, Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the President (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1985); Gerald Gamm and Robert D, Putnam, Civic Associations in American History (forthcoming); Gerring, Party Ideologies in America; John Mark Hansen, "Taxation and the Political Economy of the Tariff" International Organization 44 (1990):527-51; Richard Harris and Daniel Tichenor, A Question of Representational Bias: The Development of American Interest Group Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming; Keyssar, The Right to Vote; David E. Kyvig, Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776-1995 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Mayhew, America's Congress; Keith T. Poole and Howard Reiter, Politics Within Parties: Factionalism in the Presidential Nominating Process, 1831-2000 (forthcoming); Eric Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Peter Trubowitz and Nicole Mellow, "Bipartisanship in American Politics: Politics by Other Means," presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA (August-September 2002); Wallis, "American Government Finance in the Long Run."
131. Exceptions are notable, and perhaps define a current trend towards longer temporal horizons. See, Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984); Louis Fisher, Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the President (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1985); Gerald Gamm and Robert D, Putnam, Civic Associations in American History (forthcoming); Gerring, Party Ideologies in America; John Mark Hansen, "Taxation and the Political Economy of the Tariff" International Organization 44 (1990):527-51; Richard Harris and Daniel Tichenor, A Question of Representational Bias: The Development of American Interest Group Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming; Keyssar, The Right to Vote; David E. Kyvig, Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776-1995 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Mayhew, America's Congress; Keith T. Poole and Howard Reiter, Politics Within Parties: Factionalism in the Presidential Nominating Process, 1831-2000 (forthcoming); Eric Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Peter Trubowitz and Nicole Mellow, "Bipartisanship in American Politics: Politics by Other Means," presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA (August-September 2002); Wallis, "American Government Finance in the Long Run."
132. Exceptions are notable, and perhaps define a current trend towards longer temporal horizons. See, Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984); Louis Fisher, Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the President (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1985); Gerald Gamm and Robert D, Putnam, Civic Associations in American History (forthcoming); Gerring, Party Ideologies in America; John Mark Hansen, "Taxation and the Political Economy of the Tariff" International Organization 44 (1990):527-51; Richard Harris and Daniel Tichenor, A Question of Representational Bias: The Development of American Interest Group Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming; Keyssar, The Right to Vote; David E. Kyvig, Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776-1995 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Mayhew, America's Congress; Keith T. Poole and Howard Reiter, Politics Within Parties: Factionalism in the Presidential Nominating Process, 1831-2000 (forthcoming); Eric Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Peter Trubowitz and Nicole Mellow, "Bipartisanship in American Politics: Politics by Other Means," presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA (August-September 2002); Wallis, "American Government Finance in the Long Run."
133. Exceptions are notable, and perhaps define a current trend towards longer temporal horizons. See, Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984); Louis Fisher, Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the President (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1985); Gerald Gamm and Robert D, Putnam, Civic Associations in American History (forthcoming); Gerring, Party Ideologies in America; John Mark Hansen, "Taxation and the Political Economy of the Tariff" International Organization 44 (1990):527-51; Richard Harris and Daniel Tichenor, A Question of Representational Bias: The Development of American Interest Group Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming; Keyssar, The Right to Vote; David E. Kyvig, Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776-1995 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Mayhew, America's Congress; Keith T. Poole and Howard Reiter, Politics Within Parties: Factionalism in the Presidential Nominating Process, 1831-2000 (forthcoming); Eric Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Peter Trubowitz and Nicole Mellow, "Bipartisanship in American Politics: Politics by Other Means," presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA (August-September 2002); Wallis, "American Government Finance in the Long Run."
134. Exceptions are notable, and perhaps define a current trend towards longer temporal horizons. See, Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984); Louis Fisher, Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the President (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1985); Gerald Gamm and Robert D, Putnam, Civic Associations in American History (forthcoming); Gerring, Party Ideologies in America; John Mark Hansen, "Taxation and the Political Economy of the Tariff" International Organization 44 (1990):527-51; Richard Harris and Daniel Tichenor, A Question of Representational Bias: The Development of American Interest Group Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming; Keyssar, The Right to Vote; David E. Kyvig, Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776-1995 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Mayhew, America's Congress; Keith T. Poole and Howard Reiter, Politics Within Parties: Factionalism in the Presidential Nominating Process, 1831-2000 (forthcoming); Eric Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Peter Trubowitz and Nicole Mellow, "Bipartisanship in American Politics: Politics by Other Means," presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA (August-September 2002); Wallis, "American Government Finance in the Long Run."
135. Exceptions are notable, and perhaps define a current trend towards longer temporal horizons. See, Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984); Louis Fisher, Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the President (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1985); Gerald Gamm and Robert D, Putnam, Civic Associations in American History (forthcoming); Gerring, Party Ideologies in America; John Mark Hansen, "Taxation and the Political Economy of the Tariff" International Organization 44 (1990):527-51; Richard Harris and Daniel Tichenor, A Question of Representational Bias: The Development of American Interest Group Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming; Keyssar, The Right to Vote; David E. Kyvig, Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776-1995 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Mayhew, America's Congress; Keith T. Poole and Howard Reiter, Politics Within Parties: Factionalism in the Presidential Nominating Process, 1831-2000 (forthcoming); Eric Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Peter Trubowitz and Nicole Mellow, "Bipartisanship in American Politics: Politics by Other Means," presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA (August-September 2002); Wallis, "American Government Finance in the Long Run."
136. Exceptions are notable, and perhaps define a current trend towards longer temporal horizons. See, Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984); Louis Fisher, Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the President (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1985); Gerald Gamm and Robert D, Putnam, Civic Associations in American History (forthcoming); Gerring, Party Ideologies in America; John Mark Hansen, "Taxation and the Political Economy of the Tariff" International Organization 44 (1990):527-51; Richard Harris and Daniel Tichenor, A Question of Representational Bias: The Development of American Interest Group Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming; Keyssar, The Right to Vote; David E. Kyvig, Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776-1995 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Mayhew, America's Congress; Keith T. Poole and Howard Reiter, Politics Within Parties: Factionalism in the Presidential Nominating Process, 1831-2000 (forthcoming); Eric Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Peter Trubowitz and Nicole Mellow, "Bipartisanship in American Politics: Politics by Other Means," presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA (August-September 2002); Wallis, "American Government Finance in the Long Run."
137. Sidney M. Milkis, The President and the. Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the Nan Deal (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). Barthulemew Sparrow, From, the Outside In: World War II and the American State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996).
138. Sidney M. Milkis, The President and the. Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the Nan Deal (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). Barthulemew Sparrow, From, the Outside In: World War II and the American State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996).
139. Efforts toward a more comprehensive history of the American state can be found in John Joseph Wallis, "American Government Finance in the Long Run: 1790-1990, "Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 (2000):61-82.
140. See Ira Katznelson, "Structure and Configuration in Comparative Politics," in Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure, ed. Mark Irving Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Charles C. Ragin, The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies (Berkeley: University of California, 1987); Theda Skocpol and Margaret Somers, "The Uses of Comparative History in Macrosocial Inquiry," Comparative Studies in Society and History 22 (1980).
141. See Ira Katznelson, "Structure and Configuration in Comparative Politics," in Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure, ed. Mark Irving Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Charles C. Ragin, The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies (Berkeley: University of California, 1987); Theda Skocpol and Margaret Somers, "The Uses of Comparative History in Macrosocial Inquiry," Comparative Studies in Society and History 22 (1980).
142. See Ira Katznelson, "Structure and Configuration in Comparative Politics," in Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure, ed. Mark Irving Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Charles C. Ragin, The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies (Berkeley: University of California, 1987); Theda Skocpol and Margaret Somers, "The Uses of Comparative History in Macrosocial Inquiry," Comparative Studies in Society and History 22 (1980).
143. Granted, synthesis cannot proceed without the empirical groundwork