Measurer of all things: John Greaves (1602-1652), the great pyramid, and early modern metrology

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 63, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 555-575

  Shalev, Zur ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0041367309     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3654160     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. BL Ms. Add. 34727, f. 63 (March-June, 1638).
2. v).
3. v.
4. This project, together with the plan simultaneously to observe a lunar eclipse in several locations, was conceived by John Bainbridge, Greaves's mentor and predecessor as Savilian Prof. of Astronomy (letter from Constantinople to Turner, 2 Aug. 1638, published in Miscellaneous Works, II, 437); and see G. J. Toomer, Eastern Wisdome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford, 1996), 72-75; and Raymond Mercier, "English Orientalists and Mathematical Astronomy," in The "Arabick" Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth Century England, ed. G. A. Russell (Leiden, 1994), 158-214, here 170.
5. This project, together with the plan simultaneously to observe a lunar eclipse in several locations, was conceived by John Bainbridge, Greaves's mentor and predecessor as Savilian Prof. of Astronomy (letter from Constantinople to Turner, 2 Aug. 1638, published in Miscellaneous Works, II, 437); and see G. J. Toomer, Eastern Wisdome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford, 1996), 72-75; and Raymond Mercier, "English Orientalists and Mathematical Astronomy," in The "Arabick" Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth Century England, ed. G. A. Russell (Leiden, 1994), 158-214, here 170.
6. This project, together with the plan simultaneously to observe a lunar eclipse in several locations, was conceived by John Bainbridge, Greaves's mentor and predecessor as Savilian Prof. of Astronomy (letter from Constantinople to Turner, 2 Aug. 1638, published in Miscellaneous Works, II, 437); and see G. J. Toomer, Eastern Wisdome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford, 1996), 72-75; and Raymond Mercier, "English Orientalists and Mathematical Astronomy," in The "Arabick" Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth Century England, ed. G. A. Russell (Leiden, 1994), 158-214, here 170.
7. John Greaves, Pyramidographia: Or a Description of the Pyramids in AEgypt. By Iohn Greaves, Professor of Astronomy in the University of Oxford (London, 1646). After the first edition there were a shortened French translation in Thevenot's Relations de divers voyages, 1696, a 1706 English edition, a 1737 edition in the Miscellaneous Works, corrected by Birch according to Greaves's own annotated copy (Bodley Savile I 7), and a 1744 reprint in Churchill and Churchill's Collection of Voyages and Travels.
8. John Greaves, Pyramidographia: Or a Description of the Pyramids in AEgypt. By Iohn Greaves, Professor of Astronomy in the University of Oxford (London, 1646). After the first edition there were a shortened French translation in Thevenot's Relations de divers voyages, 1696, a 1706 English edition, a 1737 edition in the Miscellaneous Works, corrected by Birch according to Greaves's own annotated copy (Bodley Savile I 7), and a 1744 reprint in Churchill and Churchill's Collection of Voyages and Travels.
9. John Greaves, Pyramidographia: Or a Description of the Pyramids in AEgypt. By Iohn Greaves, Professor of Astronomy in the University of Oxford (London, 1646). After the first edition there were a shortened French translation in Thevenot's Relations de divers voyages, 1696, a 1706 English edition, a 1737 edition in the Miscellaneous Works, corrected by Birch according to Greaves's own annotated copy (Bodley Savile I 7), and a 1744 reprint in Churchill and Churchill's Collection of Voyages and Travels.
10. John Greaves, Pyramidographia: Or a Description of the Pyramids in AEgypt. By Iohn Greaves, Professor of Astronomy in the University of Oxford (London, 1646). After the first edition there were a shortened French translation in Thevenot's Relations de divers voyages, 1696, a 1706 English edition, a 1737 edition in the Miscellaneous Works, corrected by Birch according to Greaves's own annotated copy (Bodley Savile I 7), and a 1744 reprint in Churchill and Churchill's Collection of Voyages and Travels.
11. See Peter Burke, "The Philosopher as Traveller: Bernier's Orient," in Voyages and Visions: Towards a Cultural History of Travel, eds. J. Elsner and J.-P. Rubiés (London, 1999), 124-37; Daniel Goffman, Britons in the Ottoman Empire: 1642-1660 (Seattle, 1998). Cf. the forum "Orientalism Twenty Years On," American Historical Review, 105 (2000), 1204-49.
12. See Peter Burke, "The Philosopher as Traveller: Bernier's Orient," in Voyages and Visions: Towards a Cultural History of Travel, eds. J. Elsner and J.-P. Rubiés (London, 1999), 124-37; Daniel Goffman, Britons in the Ottoman Empire: 1642-1660 (Seattle, 1998). Cf. the forum "Orientalism Twenty Years On," American Historical Review, 105 (2000), 1204-49.
13. See Peter Burke, "The Philosopher as Traveller: Bernier's Orient," in Voyages and Visions: Towards a Cultural History of Travel, eds. J. Elsner and J.-P. Rubiés (London, 1999), 124-37; Daniel Goffman, Britons in the Ottoman Empire: 1642-1660 (Seattle, 1998). Cf. the forum "Orientalism Twenty Years On," American Historical Review, 105 (2000), 1204-49.
14. See Ann Blair, The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science (Princeton, 1997).
15. See Birch's biographical account in Greaves, Miscellaneous Works (based mostly on A. Wood's Athenae Oxonienses, and on T. Smith's Vitae quorundam eruditissimorum et illustrium virorum). Birch's manuscript working notes for this edition are kept as BLAdd. 4243. See Toomer, 127-42, 167-79, and see Mercier.
16. See Birch's biographical account in Greaves, Miscellaneous Works (based mostly on A. Wood's Athenae Oxonienses, and on T. Smith's Vitae quorundam eruditissimorum et illustrium virorum). Birch's manuscript working notes for this edition are kept as BLAdd. 4243. See Toomer, 127-42, 167-79, and see Mercier.
17. See Birch's biographical account in Greaves, Miscellaneous Works (based mostly on A. Wood's Athenae Oxonienses, and on T. Smith's Vitae quorundam eruditissimorum et illustrium virorum). Birch's manuscript working notes for this edition are kept as BLAdd. 4243. See Toomer, 127-42, 167-79, and see Mercier.
18. See for example, John Wortham, The Genesis of British Egyptology, 1549-1906 (Norman, 1971), 19-23; and Leslie Greener, The Discovery of Egypt (London, 1966), 54; cf. Helen Whitehouse, "Towards a Kind of Egyptology: The Graphic Documentation of Ancient Egypt, 1587-1666," in Documentary Culture: Florence and Rome from Grand-Duke Ferdinand I to Pope Alexander VII, ed. Elizabeth Cropper et al. (Bologna, 1992), 63-79.
19. See for example, John Wortham, The Genesis of British Egyptology, 1549-1906 (Norman, 1971), 19-23; and Leslie Greener, The Discovery of Egypt (London, 1966), 54; cf. Helen Whitehouse, "Towards a Kind of Egyptology: The Graphic Documentation of Ancient Egypt, 1587-1666," in Documentary Culture: Florence and Rome from Grand-Duke Ferdinand I to Pope Alexander VII, ed. Elizabeth Cropper et al. (Bologna, 1992), 63-79.
20. See for example, John Wortham, The Genesis of British Egyptology, 1549-1906 (Norman, 1971), 19-23; and Leslie Greener, The Discovery of Egypt (London, 1966), 54; cf. Helen Whitehouse, "Towards a Kind of Egyptology: The Graphic Documentation of Ancient Egypt, 1587-1666," in Documentary Culture: Florence and Rome from Grand-Duke Ferdinand I to Pope Alexander VII, ed. Elizabeth Cropper et al. (Bologna, 1992), 63-79.
21. Cf. Graham Parry, The Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians in the Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 1995), 291, where John Aubrey's Monumenta Britannica is described as the first recognizable archaeological study written in Britain, although Aubrey was aware of Greaves's Pyramidographia: "Of Mausolea," in Monumenta Britannica: Or, a Miscellany of British Antiquities, ed. John Fowles (Sherborne, 1980), 672-73.
22. Cf. Graham Parry, The Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians in the Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 1995), 291, where John Aubrey's Monumenta Britannica is described as the first recognizable archaeological study written in Britain, although Aubrey was aware of Greaves's Pyramidographia: "Of Mausolea," in Monumenta Britannica: Or, a Miscellany of British Antiquities, ed. John Fowles (Sherborne, 1980), 672-73.
23. Cf. Graham Parry, The Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians in the Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 1995), 291, where John Aubrey's Monumenta Britannica is described as the first recognizable archaeological study written in Britain, although Aubrey was aware of Greaves's Pyramidographia: "Of Mausolea," in Monumenta Britannica: Or, a Miscellany of British Antiquities, ed. John Fowles (Sherborne, 1980), 672-73.
24. 2); James S. Curl, Egyptomania: the Egyptian Revival, a Recurring Theme in the History of Taste (Manchester, 1994); Sydney Aufrère, La momie et la tempête: Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc et la curiosité égyptienne en Provence au début du XVII siècle (Avignon, 1990); Brian Curran, "Ancient Egypt and Egyptian Antiquities in Italian Renaissance Art and Culture" (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1997). On pyramids see John Paoletti, "Renaissance," in Pyramidal Influence in Art (Dayton, Ohio, 1980), 27-35; Harry Bober, "The Eclipse of the Pyramids in the Middle Ages," ibid., 5-18; Jeannine Guérin Dalle Mese, Égypte: la mémoire et le rêve, itineraires d'un voyage, 1320-1601 (Florence, 1991), 524-49.
25. 2); James S. Curl, Egyptomania: the Egyptian Revival, a Recurring Theme in the History of Taste (Manchester, 1994); Sydney Aufrère, La momie et la tempête: Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc et la curiosité égyptienne en Provence au début du XVII siècle (Avignon, 1990); Brian Curran, "Ancient Egypt and Egyptian Antiquities in Italian Renaissance Art and Culture" (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1997). On pyramids see John Paoletti, "Renaissance," in Pyramidal Influence in Art (Dayton, Ohio, 1980), 27-35; Harry Bober, "The Eclipse of the Pyramids in the Middle Ages," ibid., 5-18; Jeannine Guérin Dalle Mese, Égypte: la mémoire et le rêve, itineraires d'un voyage, 1320-1601 (Florence, 1991), 524-49.
26. 2); James S. Curl, Egyptomania: the Egyptian Revival, a Recurring Theme in the History of Taste (Manchester, 1994); Sydney Aufrère, La momie et la tempête: Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc et la curiosité égyptienne en Provence au début du XVII siècle (Avignon, 1990); Brian Curran, "Ancient Egypt and Egyptian Antiquities in Italian Renaissance Art and Culture" (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1997). On pyramids see John Paoletti, "Renaissance," in Pyramidal Influence in Art (Dayton, Ohio, 1980), 27-35; Harry Bober, "The Eclipse of the Pyramids in the Middle Ages," ibid., 5-18; Jeannine Guérin Dalle Mese, Égypte: la mémoire et le rêve, itineraires d'un voyage, 1320-1601 (Florence, 1991), 524-49.
27. 2); James S. Curl, Egyptomania: the Egyptian Revival, a Recurring Theme in the History of Taste (Manchester, 1994); Sydney Aufrère, La momie et la tempête: Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc et la curiosité égyptienne en Provence au début du XVII siècle (Avignon, 1990); Brian Curran, "Ancient Egypt and Egyptian Antiquities in Italian Renaissance Art and Culture" (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1997). On pyramids see John Paoletti, "Renaissance," in Pyramidal Influence in Art (Dayton, Ohio, 1980), 27-35; Harry Bober, "The Eclipse of the Pyramids in the Middle Ages," ibid., 5-18; Jeannine Guérin Dalle Mese, Égypte: la mémoire et le rêve, itineraires d'un voyage, 1320-1601 (Florence, 1991), 524-49.
28. 2); James S. Curl, Egyptomania: the Egyptian Revival, a Recurring Theme in the History of Taste (Manchester, 1994); Sydney Aufrère, La momie et la tempête: Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc et la curiosité égyptienne en Provence au début du XVII siècle (Avignon, 1990); Brian Curran, "Ancient Egypt and Egyptian Antiquities in Italian Renaissance Art and Culture" (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1997). On pyramids see John Paoletti, "Renaissance," in Pyramidal Influence in Art (Dayton, Ohio, 1980), 27-35; Harry Bober, "The Eclipse of the Pyramids in the Middle Ages," ibid., 5-18; Jeannine Guérin Dalle Mese, Égypte: la mémoire et le rêve, itineraires d'un voyage, 1320-1601 (Florence, 1991), 524-49.
29. 2); James S. Curl, Egyptomania: the Egyptian Revival, a Recurring Theme in the History of Taste (Manchester, 1994); Sydney Aufrère, La momie et la tempête: Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc et la curiosité égyptienne en Provence au début du XVII siècle (Avignon, 1990); Brian Curran, "Ancient Egypt and Egyptian Antiquities in Italian Renaissance Art and Culture" (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1997). On pyramids see John Paoletti, "Renaissance," in Pyramidal Influence in Art (Dayton, Ohio, 1980), 27-35; Harry Bober, "The Eclipse of the Pyramids in the Middle Ages," ibid., 5-18; Jeannine Guérin Dalle Mese, Égypte: la mémoire et le rêve, itineraires d'un voyage, 1320-1601 (Florence, 1991), 524-49.
30. 2); James S. Curl, Egyptomania: the Egyptian Revival, a Recurring Theme in the History of Taste (Manchester, 1994); Sydney Aufrère, La momie et la tempête: Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc et la curiosité égyptienne en Provence au début du XVII siècle (Avignon, 1990); Brian Curran, "Ancient Egypt and Egyptian Antiquities in Italian Renaissance Art and Culture" (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1997). On pyramids see John Paoletti, "Renaissance," in Pyramidal Influence in Art (Dayton, Ohio, 1980), 27-35; Harry Bober, "The Eclipse of the Pyramids in the Middle Ages," ibid., 5-18; Jeannine Guérin Dalle Mese, Égypte: la mémoire et le rêve, itineraires d'un voyage, 1320-1601 (Florence, 1991), 524-49.
31. 2); James S. Curl, Egyptomania: the Egyptian Revival, a Recurring Theme in the History of Taste (Manchester, 1994); Sydney Aufrère, La momie et la tempête: Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc et la curiosité égyptienne en Provence au début du XVII siècle (Avignon, 1990); Brian Curran, "Ancient Egypt and Egyptian Antiquities in Italian Renaissance Art and Culture" (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1997). On pyramids see John Paoletti, "Renaissance," in Pyramidal Influence in Art (Dayton, Ohio, 1980), 27-35; Harry Bober, "The Eclipse of the Pyramids in the Middle Ages," ibid., 5-18; Jeannine Guérin Dalle Mese, Égypte: la mémoire et le rêve, itineraires d'un voyage, 1320-1601 (Florence, 1991), 524-49.
32. 2); James S. Curl, Egyptomania: the Egyptian Revival, a Recurring Theme in the History of Taste (Manchester, 1994); Sydney Aufrère, La momie et la tempête: Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc et la curiosité égyptienne en Provence au début du XVII siècle (Avignon, 1990); Brian Curran, "Ancient Egypt and Egyptian Antiquities in Italian Renaissance Art and Culture" (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1997). On pyramids see John Paoletti, "Renaissance," in Pyramidal Influence in Art (Dayton, Ohio, 1980), 27-35; Harry Bober, "The Eclipse of the Pyramids in the Middle Ages," ibid., 5-18; Jeannine Guérin Dalle Mese, Égypte: la mémoire et le rêve, itineraires d'un voyage, 1320-1601 (Florence, 1991), 524-49.
33. er, eagerly consumed the oil skimmed off boiled mummy flesh, known for its curative effect. Dannenfeldt, 17-21.
34. Page numbers within the text refer to the Pyramidographia. 14 Miscellaneous Works, II, 516-21.
35. v, passim.
36. Kircher's theories were first published in his Prodromus coptus (1636). Birch refers to a meeting between the two (Miscellaneous Works, I, vi). Though I could not find reference to it in Greaves's travel notes, such a meeting is more than likely to have happened; we know that Kircher later used the notes of Tito Livio Burattini (1617-81), "an ingenious young man (86)" who was Greaves's companion in the Pyramid: Whitehouse, 68.
37. Miscellaneous Works, II, 523-24.
38. See Henry Blount, Voyage into the Levant (London, 1636), 45,
39. and Jean Coppin, Le Bouclier de l'Europe (Puy, 1686), 179-82. See also Aufrère, 100-104.
40. Miscellaneous Works, II, 521-22. On Santo Seghezzi see Aufrère, 89-98.
41. On Casaubon's Exercitationes see Yates, 398ff; Frederick Purnell, Jr., "Francesco Patrizi and the Critics of Hermes Trismegistus," Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 6 (1976), 155-78; and Anthony Grafton, "Protestant Versus Prophet: Isaac Casaubon on Hermes Trismegistus," in Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450-1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 145-61. Greaves referred to the Exercitationes in the context of weights and measures in A Discourse of the Romane Foot (London, 1647), 58.
42. On Casaubon's Exercitationes see Yates, 398ff; Frederick Purnell, Jr., "Francesco Patrizi and the Critics of Hermes Trismegistus," Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 6 (1976), 155-78; and Anthony Grafton, "Protestant Versus Prophet: Isaac Casaubon on Hermes Trismegistus," in Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450-1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 145-61. Greaves referred to the Exercitationes in the context of weights and measures in A Discourse of the Romane Foot (London, 1647), 58.
43. On Casaubon's Exercitationes see Yates, 398ff; Frederick Purnell, Jr., "Francesco Patrizi and the Critics of Hermes Trismegistus," Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 6 (1976), 155-78; and Anthony Grafton, "Protestant Versus Prophet: Isaac Casaubon on Hermes Trismegistus," in Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450-1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 145-61. Greaves referred to the Exercitationes in the context of weights and measures in A Discourse of the Romane Foot (London, 1647), 58.
44. On Casaubon's Exercitationes see Yates, 398ff; Frederick Purnell, Jr., "Francesco Patrizi and the Critics of Hermes Trismegistus," Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 6 (1976), 155-78; and Anthony Grafton, "Protestant Versus Prophet: Isaac Casaubon on Hermes Trismegistus," in Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450-1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 145-61. Greaves referred to the Exercitationes in the context of weights and measures in A Discourse of the Romane Foot (London, 1647), 58.
45. E.g. "I shall limit this uncertainty between 420 and 430 years, which is sufficient latitude" (34).
46. The currently agreed upon date is c. 2500 BC, in the fourth dynasty: Mark Lehner, The Complete Pyramids (London, 1997), 108;
47. and see Mary T. Brück, "Can the Great Pyramid Be Astronomically Dated?" Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 105 (1995), 161-64,
48. and Allan B. Lloyd, Herodotus, Book II: Introduction and Commentary (3 vols.; Leiden, 1975-88), I, 185-90, III, 60-73.
49. Joseph Mede, Clavis apocalyptica (Cambridge, 1627); tr. Richard More as Key of the Revelation (London, 1643). Note schematic chart opp. 26. See Paul Christianson, Reformers and Babylon: English Apocalyptic Visions from the Reformation to the Eve of the Civil War (Toronto, 1978), 124-29.
50. Joseph Mede, Clavis apocalyptica (Cambridge, 1627); tr. Richard More as Key of the Revelation (London, 1643). Note schematic chart opp. 26. See Paul Christianson, Reformers and Babylon: English Apocalyptic Visions from the Reformation to the Eve of the Civil War (Toronto, 1978), 124-29.
51. Joseph Mede, Clavis apocalyptica (Cambridge, 1627); tr. Richard More as Key of the Revelation (London, 1643). Note schematic chart opp. 26. See Paul Christianson, Reformers and Babylon: English Apocalyptic Visions from the Reformation to the Eve of the Civil War (Toronto, 1978), 124-29.
52. Paolo Rossi, The Dark Abyss of Time: The History of the Earth & the History of Nations from Hooke to Vico, tr. Lydia Cochrane (Chicago, 1984), 151.
53. See William Adler, Time Immemorial: Archaic History and Its Sources in Christian Chronography from Julius Africanus to George Syncellus (Washington, D.C., 1989), and Anthony Grafton, "Joseph Scaliger and Historical Chronology: The Rise and Fall of a Discipline," History and Theory, 14 (1975), 156-85; Joseph Scaliger: A Study in the History of Classical Scholarship (2 vols.; Oxford, 1983-93), II, also Don Cameron Allen, The Legend of Noah: Renaissance Rationalism in Art, Science, and Letters (Urabana, 1949).
54. See William Adler, Time Immemorial: Archaic History and Its Sources in Christian Chronography from Julius Africanus to George Syncellus (Washington, D.C., 1989), and Anthony Grafton, "Joseph Scaliger and Historical Chronology: The Rise and Fall of a Discipline," History and Theory, 14 (1975), 156-85; Joseph Scaliger: A Study in the History of Classical Scholarship (2 vols.; Oxford, 1983-93), II, also Don Cameron Allen, The Legend of Noah: Renaissance Rationalism in Art, Science, and Letters (Urabana, 1949).
55. See William Adler, Time Immemorial: Archaic History and Its Sources in Christian Chronography from Julius Africanus to George Syncellus (Washington, D.C., 1989), and Anthony Grafton, "Joseph Scaliger and Historical Chronology: The Rise and Fall of a Discipline," History and Theory, 14 (1975), 156-85; Joseph Scaliger: A Study in the History of Classical Scholarship (2 vols.; Oxford, 1983-93), II, also Don Cameron Allen, The Legend of Noah: Renaissance Rationalism in Art, Science, and Letters (Urabana, 1949).
56. See William Adler, Time Immemorial: Archaic History and Its Sources in Christian Chronography from Julius Africanus to George Syncellus (Washington, D.C., 1989), and Anthony Grafton, "Joseph Scaliger and Historical Chronology: The Rise and Fall of a Discipline," History and Theory, 14 (1975), 156-85; Joseph Scaliger: A Study in the History of Classical Scholarship (2 vols.; Oxford, 1983-93), II, also Don Cameron Allen, The Legend of Noah: Renaissance Rationalism in Art, Science, and Letters (Urabana, 1949).
57. Bodley Ms. Smith 15, f. 9. Ulug Beg, Epochae Celebriores, Astronomis, Historicis, Chronologis, Chataiorum, Syro-Graecorum, Arabum, Persarum, Chorasmiorum, Usitatae: Ex Traditione Ulug Beigi (Londini, 1650); John Bainbridge, Canicvlaria, una cum demonstration ortus Sirii Heliaci ... (Oxoniae, 1648).
58. Bodley Ms. Smith 15, f. 9. Ulug Beg, Epochae Celebriores, Astronomis, Historicis, Chronologis, Chataiorum, Syro-Graecorum, Arabum, Persarum, Chorasmiorum, Usitatae: Ex Traditione Ulug Beigi (Londini, 1650); John Bainbridge, Canicvlaria, una cum demonstration ortus Sirii Heliaci ... (Oxoniae, 1648).
59. v).
60. v).
61. v).
62. v).
63. See John J. Roche, "The Radius Astronomicus in England," Annals of Science, 38 (1981), 1-32.
64. v;
65. della Valle, 365, The Pilgrim, 52 "on measuring it by my own feet I found it to be twenty-one across and about forty long."
66. 2), 129; on Sandys's journey see Jonathan Haynes, The Humanist as Traveler (Rutherford, 1986). See Georges Goyon, Les inscriptions et graffiti des voyageurs sur la grande pyramide (Le Caire, 1944), xxxiv-xli.
67. 2), 129; on Sandys's journey see Jonathan Haynes, The Humanist as Traveler (Rutherford, 1986). See Georges Goyon, Les inscriptions et graffiti des voyageurs sur la grande pyramide (Le Caire, 1944), xxxiv-xli.
68. 2), 129; on Sandys's journey see Jonathan Haynes, The Humanist as Traveler (Rutherford, 1986). See Georges Goyon, Les inscriptions et graffiti des voyageurs sur la grande pyramide (Le Caire, 1944), xxxiv-xli.
69. In De placitis philosophorum IV, 20.
70. v) -67 (d6).
71. Sandys, 128; and see Paoletti and Whitehouse.
72. Marginal note in his copy of Pyramidographia, 98. See Simon Ditchfield, Liturgy, Sanctity, and History in Tridentine Italy: Pietro Maria Campi and the Preservation of the Particular (Cambridge, 1995), 86-89 ; Francis Haskell, History and Its Images: Art and the Interpretation of the Past (New Haven, 1993), 113-14; Anthony Grafton, "The Ancient City Restored: Archaeology, Ecclesiastical History, and Egyptology," in Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library and Renaissance Culture (New Haven, 1993), 115-16.
73. Marginal note in his copy of Pyramidographia, 98. See Simon Ditchfield, Liturgy, Sanctity, and History in Tridentine Italy: Pietro Maria Campi and the Preservation of the Particular (Cambridge, 1995), 86-89 ; Francis Haskell, History and Its Images: Art and the Interpretation of the Past (New Haven, 1993), 113-14; Anthony Grafton, "The Ancient City Restored: Archaeology, Ecclesiastical History, and Egyptology," in Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library and Renaissance Culture (New Haven, 1993), 115-16.
74. Marginal note in his copy of Pyramidographia, 98. See Simon Ditchfield, Liturgy, Sanctity, and History in Tridentine Italy: Pietro Maria Campi and the Preservation of the Particular (Cambridge, 1995), 86-89 ; Francis Haskell, History and Its Images: Art and the Interpretation of the Past (New Haven, 1993), 113-14; Anthony Grafton, "The Ancient City Restored: Archaeology, Ecclesiastical History, and Egyptology," in Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library and Renaissance Culture (New Haven, 1993), 115-16.
75. Marginal note in his copy of Pyramidographia, 98. See Simon Ditchfield, Liturgy, Sanctity, and History in Tridentine Italy: Pietro Maria Campi and the Preservation of the Particular (Cambridge, 1995), 86-89 ; Francis Haskell, History and Its Images: Art and the Interpretation of the Past (New Haven, 1993), 113-14; Anthony Grafton, "The Ancient City Restored: Archaeology, Ecclesiastical History, and Egyptology," in Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library and Renaissance Culture (New Haven, 1993), 115-16.
76. Romane Foot, 26; Gasparo Berti (c. 1600-1643) is remembered mostly for his pioneering experiments in barometry, his calculation of the latitude of Rome, and the survey of the catacombs under the patronage of Cardinal Barberini.
77. Miscellaneous Works, II, 490.
78. Miscellaneous Works, II, 396ff:
79. "Reflections on Mr. Greaves's Pyramidographia, written by an anonymous Author soon after the Publication of the Book, and now first printed from a manuscript in the Savilian Library at Oxford." In his own corrected copy Greaves added that his radius was accurately divided into 10,000 parts (A8), and he recalculated the height of the Great Pyramid from 481 to 499 feet (69).
80. "Si igitur centesima[m] altitudinis certae pyramidis aut latitudinis pro firma mensura quis statuat, constare poterit apud omnes gentes, et per multa secula, et cum mensura certum pondus." Girolamo Cardano, De subtilitate libri XXI (Lyon, 1559), XVII, 609.
81. See Ronald Edward Zupko, Revolution in Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures since the Age of Science (Philadelphia, 1990); Witold Kula, Measures and Men, tr. R. Szreter (Princeton, 1986); R. D. Connor, The Weights and Measures of England (London, 1987). For the later period see Ken Alder, "A Revolution to Measure: The Political Economy of the Metric System in France," in Values of Precision, ed. M. Norton Wise (Princeton, 1995), 39-71; and more generally Arnaldo Momigliano, "Ancient History and the Antiquarian," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 13 (1950), 285-315. Patricia Fortini Brown, Venice & Antiquity: The Venetian Sense of the Past (New Haven, 1996); Haskell, History and Its Images; Peter N. Miller, Peiresc's Europe: Learning and Virtue in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven, 2000); Alain Schnapp, The Discovery of the Past, tr. Ian Kinnes and Gillian Varndell (New York, 1997);
82. See Ronald Edward Zupko, Revolution in Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures since the Age of Science (Philadelphia, 1990); Witold Kula, Measures and Men, tr. R. Szreter (Princeton, 1986); R. D. Connor, The Weights and Measures of England (London, 1987). For the later period see Ken Alder, "A Revolution to Measure: The Political Economy of the Metric System in France," in Values of Precision, ed. M. Norton Wise (Princeton, 1995), 39-71; and more generally Arnaldo Momigliano, "Ancient History and the Antiquarian," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 13 (1950), 285-315. Patricia Fortini Brown, Venice & Antiquity: The Venetian Sense of the Past (New Haven, 1996); Haskell, History and Its Images; Peter N. Miller, Peiresc's Europe: Learning and Virtue in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven, 2000); Alain Schnapp, The Discovery of the Past, tr. Ian Kinnes and Gillian Varndell (New York, 1997);
83. See Ronald Edward Zupko, Revolution in Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures since the Age of Science (Philadelphia, 1990); Witold Kula, Measures and Men, tr. R. Szreter (Princeton, 1986); R. D. Connor, The Weights and Measures of England (London, 1987). For the later period see Ken Alder, "A Revolution to Measure: The Political Economy of the Metric System in France," in Values of Precision, ed. M. Norton Wise (Princeton, 1995), 39-71; and more generally Arnaldo Momigliano, "Ancient History and the Antiquarian," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 13 (1950), 285-315. Patricia Fortini Brown, Venice & Antiquity: The Venetian Sense of the Past (New Haven, 1996); Haskell, History and Its Images; Peter N. Miller, Peiresc's Europe: Learning and Virtue in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven, 2000); Alain Schnapp, The Discovery of the Past, tr. Ian Kinnes and Gillian Varndell (New York, 1997);
84. See Ronald Edward Zupko, Revolution in Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures since the Age of Science (Philadelphia, 1990); Witold Kula, Measures and Men, tr. R. Szreter (Princeton, 1986); R. D. Connor, The Weights and Measures of England (London, 1987). For the later period see Ken Alder, "A Revolution to Measure: The Political Economy of the Metric System in France," in Values of Precision, ed. M. Norton Wise (Princeton, 1995), 39-71; and more generally Arnaldo Momigliano, "Ancient History and the Antiquarian," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 13 (1950), 285-315. Patricia Fortini Brown, Venice & Antiquity: The Venetian Sense of the Past (New Haven, 1996); Haskell, History and Its Images; Peter N. Miller, Peiresc's Europe: Learning and Virtue in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven, 2000); Alain Schnapp, The Discovery of the Past, tr. Ian Kinnes and Gillian Varndell (New York, 1997);
85. See Ronald Edward Zupko, Revolution in Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures since the Age of Science (Philadelphia, 1990); Witold Kula, Measures and Men, tr. R. Szreter (Princeton, 1986); R. D. Connor, The Weights and Measures of England (London, 1987). For the later period see Ken Alder, "A Revolution to Measure: The Political Economy of the Metric System in France," in Values of Precision, ed. M. Norton Wise (Princeton, 1995), 39-71; and more generally Arnaldo Momigliano, "Ancient History and the Antiquarian," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 13 (1950), 285-315. Patricia Fortini Brown, Venice & Antiquity: The Venetian Sense of the Past (New Haven, 1996); Haskell, History and Its Images; Peter N. Miller, Peiresc's Europe: Learning and Virtue in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven, 2000); Alain Schnapp, The Discovery of the Past, tr. Ian Kinnes and Gillian Varndell (New York, 1997);
86. See Ronald Edward Zupko, Revolution in Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures since the Age of Science (Philadelphia, 1990); Witold Kula, Measures and Men, tr. R. Szreter (Princeton, 1986); R. D. Connor, The Weights and Measures of England (London, 1987). For the later period see Ken Alder, "A Revolution to Measure: The Political Economy of the Metric System in France," in Values of Precision, ed. M. Norton Wise (Princeton, 1995), 39-71; and more generally Arnaldo Momigliano, "Ancient History and the Antiquarian," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 13 (1950), 285-315. Patricia Fortini Brown, Venice & Antiquity: The Venetian Sense of the Past (New Haven, 1996); Haskell, History and Its Images; Peter N. Miller, Peiresc's Europe: Learning and Virtue in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven, 2000); Alain Schnapp, The Discovery of the Past, tr. Ian Kinnes and Gillian Varndell (New York, 1997);
87. See Ronald Edward Zupko, Revolution in Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures since the Age of Science (Philadelphia, 1990); Witold Kula, Measures and Men, tr. R. Szreter (Princeton, 1986); R. D. Connor, The Weights and Measures of England (London, 1987). For the later period see Ken Alder, "A Revolution to Measure: The Political Economy of the Metric System in France," in Values of Precision, ed. M. Norton Wise (Princeton, 1995), 39-71; and more generally Arnaldo Momigliano, "Ancient History and the Antiquarian," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 13 (1950), 285-315. Patricia Fortini Brown, Venice & Antiquity: The Venetian Sense of the Past (New Haven, 1996); Haskell, History and Its Images; Peter N. Miller, Peiresc's Europe: Learning and Virtue in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven, 2000); Alain Schnapp, The Discovery of the Past, tr. Ian Kinnes and Gillian Varndell (New York, 1997);
88. See Ronald Edward Zupko, Revolution in Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures since the Age of Science (Philadelphia, 1990); Witold Kula, Measures and Men, tr. R. Szreter (Princeton, 1986); R. D. Connor, The Weights and Measures of England (London, 1987). For the later period see Ken Alder, "A Revolution to Measure: The Political Economy of the Metric System in France," in Values of Precision, ed. M. Norton Wise (Princeton, 1995), 39-71; and more generally Arnaldo Momigliano, "Ancient History and the Antiquarian," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 13 (1950), 285-315. Patricia Fortini Brown, Venice & Antiquity: The Venetian Sense of the Past (New Haven, 1996); Haskell, History and Its Images; Peter N. Miller, Peiresc's Europe: Learning and Virtue in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven, 2000); Alain Schnapp, The Discovery of the Past, tr. Ian Kinnes and Gillian Varndell (New York, 1997);
89. See Ronald Edward Zupko, Revolution in Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures since the Age of Science (Philadelphia, 1990); Witold Kula, Measures and Men, tr. R. Szreter (Princeton, 1986); R. D. Connor, The Weights and Measures of England (London, 1987). For the later period see Ken Alder, "A Revolution to Measure: The Political Economy of the Metric System in France," in Values of Precision, ed. M. Norton Wise (Princeton, 1995), 39-71; and more generally Arnaldo Momigliano, "Ancient History and the Antiquarian," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 13 (1950), 285-315. Patricia Fortini Brown, Venice & Antiquity: The Venetian Sense of the Past (New Haven, 1996); Haskell, History and Its Images; Peter N. Miller, Peiresc's Europe: Learning and Virtue in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven, 2000); Alain Schnapp, The Discovery of the Past, tr. Ian Kinnes and Gillian Varndell (New York, 1997);
90. 2).
91. Romane Foot, 2, 17-18.
92. Benito Arias Montano, Antiquitates Judaicae (Leiden, 1593), 108-12.
93. Ingrid D. Rowland, "Abacus and Humanism," Renaissance Quarterly, 48 (1995), 695-727; The Culture of the High Renaissance: Ancients and Moderns in Sixteenth-Century Rome (Cambridge, 1998), ch. 5-6;
94. Ingrid D. Rowland, "Abacus and Humanism," Renaissance Quarterly, 48 (1995), 695-727; The Culture of the High Renaissance: Ancients and Moderns in Sixteenth-Century Rome (Cambridge, 1998), ch. 5-6;
95. "Raphael, Angelo Colocci, and the Genesis of the Architectural Orders," Art Bulletin, 76 (1994), 86-104;
96. Hubertus Günther, "Die Rekonstruktion des antiken römischen Fussmasses in der Renaissance," Sitzungsberichte der Kunstgeschichtlichen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, N.F. 30, 18 December 1981, 8-12.
97. See Haskell, ch. 1, and John Cunnaly, Images of the Illustrious: The Numismatic Presence in the Renaissance (Princeton, 1999).
98. Zupko, 50; Julian Hoppit, "Reforming Britain's Weights and Measures, 1660-1824," English Historical Review, 108 (1993), 82-104,
99. cf. Mordechai Feingold, The Mathematicians' Apprenticeship: Science, Universities and Society in England, 1560-1640 (Cambridge, 1984), 166-89; and Tyacke.
100. Romane Foot, 14-20.
101. Ibid., 21.
102. Greaves cites a letter of Peiresc to J.-J. Bouchard: ibid., 22-23. "I cannot sufficiently wonder at the inequality which I have found in the divisions by digits, and inches, of the ancient Romane feet; which seems to me to have been made for fashion sake"; and see Miller, 162, n. 13, 78, 133.
103. Romane Foot, 26.
104. Ibid., 32. Greaves determined the Roman foot to be 294mm, while the accepted figure today, as established by Hussey in 1834 is 296mm.
105. v.
106. 2), esp. 281-84. Alastair Hamilton, "The English Interest in the Arabic-Speaking Christians," in The "Arabick" Interest, 30-53; also "Eastern Churches and Western Scholarship," in Rome Reborn, 225-50.
107. 2), esp. 281-84. Alastair Hamilton, "The English Interest in the Arabic-Speaking Christians," in The "Arabick" Interest, 30-53; also "Eastern Churches and Western Scholarship," in Rome Reborn, 225-50.
108. 2), esp. 281-84. Alastair Hamilton, "The English Interest in the Arabic-Speaking Christians," in The "Arabick" Interest, 30-53; also "Eastern Churches and Western Scholarship," in Rome Reborn, 225-50.
109. Romane Foot, 123.
110. Connor, 161-67.
111. Peter Tompkins with Livio C. Stecchini, Secrets of the Great Pyramid (New York, 1971), 21, 24.
112. Daniel J. Boorstin, "Afterlives of the Great Pyramid," Wilson Quarterly, 16 (1992), 130-39;
113. and see Martin Gardner, Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science (New York, 1957)
114. v). See Brian Curran, "The Hypnerotomachia Poliphili and Renaissance Egyptology," Word and Image, 14 (1998), 156-85,
115. v). See Brian Curran, "The Hypnerotomachia Poliphili and Renaissance Egyptology," Word and Image, 14 (1998), 156-85,
116. and Tamara Griggs's "Promoting the Past: the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili as Antiquarian Enterprise," ibid., 17-39.
117. Robert Hooke, The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke ... Containing His Culterian Lectures, and Other Discourses (London, 1705), 353.
118. The anonymous work, based on Greaves's Pyramidographia, The Origine and Antiquity of Our English Weights and Measures: Discover'd by Their near Agreement with Such Standards That Are Now Found in One of the Egyptian Pyramides (London, 1706), and its 1727 and 1745 subsequent editions is wrongly attributed to him.
119. Bernard, De mensuris et ponderibus antiquis libri tres (Oxoniae, 1688); Cumberland, An Essay Towards the Recovery of the Jewish Measures & Weights (London, 1699 [1686]); Hooper, The Works of ... George Hooper, D.D. (Oxford, 1757), 345-517; Newton, "A Dissertation upon the Sacred Cubit of the Jews and Cubits of the several Nations; in which, from the dimensions of the greatest Egyptian Pyramid, as taken by Mr. John Greaves, the ancient Cubit of Memphis is determined. Translated from the Latin of Sir Isaac Newton, not yet published," in Miscellaneous Works, II, 405-33.
120. Bernard, De mensuris et ponderibus antiquis libri tres (Oxoniae, 1688); Cumberland, An Essay Towards the Recovery of the Jewish Measures & Weights (London, 1699 [1686]); Hooper, The Works of ... George Hooper, D.D. (Oxford, 1757), 345-517; Newton, "A Dissertation upon the Sacred Cubit of the Jews and Cubits of the several Nations; in which, from the dimensions of the greatest Egyptian Pyramid, as taken by Mr. John Greaves, the ancient Cubit of Memphis is determined. Translated from the Latin of Sir Isaac Newton, not yet published," in Miscellaneous Works, II, 405-33.
121. Bernard, De mensuris et ponderibus antiquis libri tres (Oxoniae, 1688); Cumberland, An Essay Towards the Recovery of the Jewish Measures & Weights (London, 1699 [1686]); Hooper, The Works of ... George Hooper, D.D. (Oxford, 1757), 345-517; Newton, "A Dissertation upon the Sacred Cubit of the Jews and Cubits of the several Nations; in which, from the dimensions of the greatest Egyptian Pyramid, as taken by Mr. John Greaves, the ancient Cubit of Memphis is determined. Translated from the Latin of Sir Isaac Newton, not yet published," in Miscellaneous Works, II, 405-33.
122. Bernard, De mensuris et ponderibus antiquis libri tres (Oxoniae, 1688); Cumberland, An Essay Towards the Recovery of the Jewish Measures & Weights (London, 1699 [1686]); Hooper, The Works of ... George Hooper, D.D. (Oxford, 1757), 345-517; Newton, "A Dissertation upon the Sacred Cubit of the Jews and Cubits of the several Nations; in which, from the dimensions of the greatest Egyptian Pyramid, as taken by Mr. John Greaves, the ancient Cubit of Memphis is determined. Translated from the Latin of Sir Isaac Newton, not yet published," in Miscellaneous Works, II, 405-33.
123. Newton, 406.
124. See also Newton's discussion of sacred weights and measures in Yahuda MS. 6, folio 18, published in Appendix B of Frank Manuel, The Religion of Isaac Newton (Oxford, 1974), 135.
125. "Black Athena, Afro-Centrism, and the History of Science," History of Science, 31 (1993), 227-87, here 245ff.
126. See Simon Schaffer, "Metrology, Metrication, and Victorian Values," in Victorian Science in Context, ed. Bernard Lightman (Chicago, 1997), 438-74.
127. Greaves's passport in PRO SP 16/294, no. 64. See Toomer, 129-30.
128. Miscellaneous Works, II, 496.
129. Greaves was also accused by the Parliamentary Visitors of feasting the Queen's confessors (Wood, Athenae Oxonienses, 1813 ed., III, col. 325). In 1648 his parliamentary enemies expelled him from Oxford.
130. Phyllis Allen, "Scientific Studies in the English Universities of the Seventeenth Century," JHI, 10 (1949), 219-53, here 227.
131. Pietro Alessandro Giustini, "Tito Livio Burattini e la nascita della metrologia scientifica," in La matematizzazione dell'universo: momenti della cultura matematica tra '500 E '600, ed. Lino Conti (Assisi, 1992), 360-62; and see Zupko, ch. 2, 113-35. In retrospect Greaves's metrology is vindicated by the adoption of the Imperial System in 1855, which relinquished natural units and went back to arbitrary, traditional ones.