Extension with lateral material accommodation - 'Active' vs. 'passive' rifting

Tectonophysics

Volumn 266, Issue 1-4, 1996, Pages 121-137

  Zeyen, Hermann ^a,c   Negredo, Ana ^b,d   Fernàndez, Manel ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KARLSRUHE   (Germany)

^b INSTITUTE OF EARTH SCIENCES JAUME ALMERA   (Spain)

^c UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

Author keywords

Differential stretching; Lithospheric deformation; Lower crust; Numerical models; Rift shoulders

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041322083     PISSN: 00401951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00186-2     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Achauer, O. and the KRISP Teleseismic Working Group, 1994. New ideas on the Kenya rift based on the inversion of the combined dataset of the 1985 and 1989/90 seismic tomography experiments. Tectonophysics, 236: 3055-329.
2. Artyushkov, E.V., Shlesinger, A.E. and Yanshin, A.L., 1989. The origin of vertical crustal movements within lithospheric plates. In: A.W. Bally (Editor), Geodynamics of Plate Interiors. Am. Geophys. Union Geodyn. Ser., 1: 37-51.
3. Baker, B.H. and Wohlenberg, J., 1971. Structure and evolution of the Kenya rift valley. Nature, 229: 538-542.
4. Bassi, G., 1995. Relative importance of strain rate and rheology for the mode of continental extension. Geophys. J. Int., 122: 195-210.
5. Bassi, G., Keen, C.E. and Potter, P., 1993. Contrasting styles of rifting: models and examples from the eastern Canadian Margin. Tectonics, 12: 639-655.
6. Bird, P., 1989. New finite element techniques for modeling deformation histories of continents with stratified temperature-dependent rheology. J. Geophys. Res., 94: 3967-3990.
7. Birt, C., Thybo, H., Maguire, P.K.H., Khan, M.A., Keller, G.R. and Patel, J., 1996. The influence of pre-existing structures on the evolution of the southern Kenya rift valley - evidence from seismic and gravity studies. Tectonophysics (in press).
8. Bois, C., 1993. Initiation and evolution of the Oligo-Miocene rift basins of southwestern Europe: contribution of deep seismic reflection profiling. Tectonophysics. 226: 227-252.
9. Braile, L.W., Wang, B., Daudt, C.R., Keller, G.R. and Patel, J.P., 1994. Modeling the 2-D seismic velocity structure across the Kenya rift. In: C. Prodehl, G.R. Keller and M.A. Khan (Editors), Crustal and Upper Mantle Structure of the Kenya Rift. Tectonophysics, 236: 251-269.
10. Braun, J., 1992. Postextensional mantle healing and episodic extension in the Canning Basin. J. Geophys. Res., 97: 8927-8936.
11. Braun, J. and Beaumont, C.. 1989. A physical explanation of the relation between flank uplifts and the breakup unconformity at rifted continental margins. Geology. 17: 760-764.
12. Buck, W.R., 1986. Small scale convection induced by passive rifting: the cause for uplift of rift shoulders. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 77: 362-372.
13. Buck, W.R., Martinez, F., Steckler, M.S. and Cochran, J.R., 1988. Thermal consequences of lithospheric extension: pure and simple. Tectonics, 7: 213-234.
14. Byerlee, J., 1978. Friction of rocks. Pure Appl. Geophys., 116: 615-626.
15. Edel, J.B., Fuchs, K., Gelbke, C. and Prodehl, C., 1975. Deep structure of the southern Rhine graben area from seismic refraction investigations. J. Geophys., 41: 333-356.
16. Egloff, F., Rihm, R., Makris, J., Izzeldin, Y.A., Bobsien, M., Meier, K., Junge, P., Noman, T. and Warsi, W., 1991. Contrasting structural styles of the eastern and western margins of the southern Red Sea: the 1988 SONNE experiment. Tectonophysics, 198: 329-353.
17. Fuis, G.S., Mooney, W.D., Healy, J.H., McMechan, G.A. and Lutter, W.J., 1984. A seismic refraction survey of the Imperial Valley region, California. J. Geophys. Res., 89: 1165-1189.
18. Green, W.V., Achauer, U. and Meyer, R.P., 1991. A three-dimensional seismic image of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Kenya rift. Nature, 354: 199-201.
19. Henry, W.J.. Mechie, J., Maguire, P.K.H., Khan, M.A. Prodehl, C., Keller, G.R. and Patel., 1990. A seismic investigation of the Kenya rift valley. Geophys. J. Int., 100: 107-130.
20. Hill, R.I., Capbell, I.H., Davies, G.F. and Griffiths, R.W., 1992. Mantle plumes and continental tectonics. Science, 256: 186-193.
21. Keen, C.E. and Boutilier, R.R., 1995. Lithosphere-asthenosphere interactions below rifts. In: E. Banda, M. Torné and M. Talwani (Editors), Rifted Ocean-Continent Boundaries. (NATO ASI Series C463.) Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 17-30.
22. Keen, C.E. and Dehler, S.A., 1993. Stretching and subsidence: rifting of conjugate margins in the North Atlantic Region. Tectonics, 12: 1209-1229.
23. Khain, V.Ye., 1992. The role of rifting in the evolution of the Earth's crust. In: P.A. Ziegler (Editor), Geodynamics of Rifting, Volume III. Thematic discussions. Tectonophysics, 215: 1-7.
24. Kligfield, R. and Crespi, J., 1984. Displacement and strain patterns of extensional orogens. Tectonics, 5: 577-609.
25. Kooi, H. Cloetingh, S. and Burrus, J., 1992. Lithospheric necking and regional isostasy at extensional basins 1. Subsidence and gravity modeling with an application to the Gulf of Lions margin (SE France). J. Geophys. Res., 97: 17,553-17,571.
26. Lachenbruch, A.H. and Morgan, P., 1990. Continental extension magmatism and elevation; formal relations and rules of thumb. Tectonophysics, 174: 39-62.
27. Lynch, H.D. and Morgan, P., 1987. The tensile strength of the lithosphere and the localisation of extension. In: M.P. Coward, J.F. Dewey and P.L. Hancock (Editors), Continental Extension Tectonics. Geol. Soc., Spec. Publ., 28: 53-65.
28. Maguire, P.K.H., Swain, C.J., Masotti, R. and Khan, M.A., 1994. A crustal and uppermost mantle cross-sectional model of the Kenya Rift derived from seismic and gravity data. In: C. Prodehl, G.R. Keller and M.A. Khan (Editors), Crustal and Upper Mantle Structure of the Kenya Rift. Tectonophysics, 236: 217-249.
29. McKenzie, D., 1978. Some remarks on the development of sedimentary basins. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 40: 25-32.
30. Mohr, P., 1992: Nature of the crust beneath magmatically active continental rifts. Tectonophysics, 213: 269-284.
31. Moretti, I. and Pinet, B., 1987. Discrepancy between lower and upper cruslal thinning. In: C. Beaumont and A.J. Tankard (Editors), Sedimentary Basins and Basin-forming Mechanisms. Can. Soc. Pet. Geol. Mem., 12: 233-239.
32. Negredo, A.M., 1996. Desarrollo de modelos numéricos aplicados a la formación de cuencas de extensión: Aspectos cinemáticos y dinámicos. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Barcelona, 149 pp.
33. Negredo, A., Fernàndez, M. and Zeyen, H., 1995. Thermomechanical constraints on kinematic models of lithospheric extension. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 134: 87-98.
34. Nicolas, A., Lucazeau, F. and Bayer, R., 1987. Peridotite xenoliths in Massif Central basalts, France: textural and geophysical evidence for asthenospheric diapirism. In: P.H. Nixon (Editor), Mantle Xenoliths. Wiley, London, pp. 563-575.
35. Parsons, B. and Sclater, J.G., 1977. An analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age. J. Geophys. Res., 82: 803-827.
36. Pinet, B., Montadert, L., Curnelle, M., Cazes, M., Marillier, F., Rolet, J., Tomassino, A., Galdeano, A., Patriat, Ph., Brunet, M.F., Olivet, J., Schaming, M., Lefort, J.P., Arrita, A. and Riaza, C., 1987. Crustal structure of the Aquitaine shelf (Bay of Biscay) from deep seismic data. Nature, 325: 513-516.
37. Ranalli, G., 1995. Rheology of the Earth. Chapman and Hall, London, 2nd ed., 413 pp.
38. Royden, L., Horvath, F., Nagymarosy, A. and Stegena, L., 1983. Evolution of the Pannonian Basin system, 2. Subsidence and thermal history. Tectonics, 2: 91-137.
39. Sawyer, D.S. and Harry, D.L., 1991. Dynamic modeling of divergent margin formation: Application to the U.S. Atlantic margin. Mar. Geol., 102: 29-42.
40. Schmeling, H. and Marquart, G., 1990. A mechanism for crustal thinning without lateral extension. Geophys. Res. Lett., 17: 2417-2420.
41. Schmeling, H. and Marquart, G., 1993. Mantle flow and the evolution of the lithosphere. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 79: 241-267.
42. Steckler, M.S., 1985. Uplift and extension at the Gulf of Suez: indications of induced mantle convection. Nature, 317: 135-139.
43. Torné, M. and Banda, E., 1992. Crustal thinning from the Betic Cordillera to the Alboran Sea. Geo-Mar. Lett., 12: 76-81.
44. Torné, M., Pascal, G., Buhl, P., Watts, A.B. and Mauffret, A., 1992. Crustal and velocity structure of the Valencia trough (western Mediterranean). Part I. A combined refraction/wide-angle reflection and near-vertical reflection study. Tectonophysics. 203: 1-20.
45. Turcotte, D.L. and Emerman, S.H., 1983. Mechanisms of active and passive rifting. Tectonophysics, 94: 39-50.
46. Turcotte, D.L. and Schubert, G., 1981. Geodynamics. Wiley, New York, NY, 450 pp.
47. Van der Beek, P., 1995. Tectonic evolution of continental rifts: Inferences from numerical modelling and fission track thermochronology. Ph.D. Thesis, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 232 pp.
48. Weissel, J.K. and Karner, G.D., 1989. Flexural uplift of rift flanks due to mechanical unloading of the lithosphere during extension. J. Geophys. Res., 94: 13,919-13,950.
49. Wernicke, B., 1985. Uniform-sense normal simple shear of the continental lithosphere. Can. J. Earth Sci., 22: 108-125.
50. Wheildon, J., Morgan, P., Williamson, K.H., Evans, T.R. and Swanberg, C.A., 1994. Heat flow in the Kenya rift zone. In: C. Prodehl, G.R. Keller and M.A. Khan (Editors), Crustal and Upper Mantle Structure of the Kenya Rift. Tectonophysics, 236: 131-149.
51. White, N. and McKenzie, D., 1988. Formation of the 'steer's head' geometry of sedimentary basins by differential stretching of the crust and mantle. Geology, 16: 250-253.
52. Zeyen, H. and Fernàndez, M., 1994. Integrated lithospheric modeling combining thermal, gravity, and local isostasy analysis: Application to the NE Spanish Geotransect. J. Geophys. Res., 99: 18,089-18,102.
53. Zeyen, H., Novak, O., Landes, M., Prodehl, C., Driad, L. and Hirn, A., 1996, Seismic refraction investigation in the northern Massif Central (France). Tectonophysics (in press).
54. Zienkiewicz, O.C., 1977. The Finite Element Method. McGraw Hill, New York, NY, 787 pp.