Multilingual societies and planned linguistic change: New language-in-education programs in Estonia and South Africa

Comparative Education Review

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2002, Pages

  Taylor, Solange G ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b Bolivian Catholic University 'San Pablo'   (Bolivia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041317346     PISSN: 00104086     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/341160     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. See Marlene Verhoef, "In Pursuit of Multilingualism in South Africa," Multilingua ("Aspects of Multilingualism in Post-apartheid South Africa," ed. Nknoko M. Kamwangamalu) 17, nos. 2-3 (1998): 181-96, with reference to how the tension between symbolic and functional multilingualism affects the coherence of national development and language planning efforts in South Africa.
2. Einar Haugen, Language Conflict and Language Planning: The Case of Modern Norwegian (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966).
3. Heinz Kloss, Research Possibilities on Group Bilingualism: A Report (Quebec: International Center for Research on Bilingualism, 1969).
4. Juan Cobarrubias, "Ethical Issues in Status Planning," in Progress in Language Planning, ed. Juan Cobarrubias and Joshua A. Fishman (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1983), pp. 41-85, esp. p. 42. Haugen's 1983 revision of his original model incorporates Kloss's 1968 concepts of status and corpus planning while also elaborating on the concepts of form and function.
5. Robert L. Cooper, Language Planning and Social Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
6. Ibid., p. 45.
7. I b i d.
8. Ibid., p. 120.
9. Richard Ruiz, "Orientations in Language Planning," NABE Journal 8, no. 2 (Winter 1984): 15-34, emphasis in the original.
10. Björn H. Jernudd and Jyotirindra Das Gupta, "Towards a Theory of Language Planning," in Can Language be Planned? ed. Joan Rubin and Björn H. Jernudd (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1971), pp. 195-215, quote on p. 211.
11. Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, Language, Literacy, and Minorities (London: Minority Rights Group, 1990), p. 31.
12. R u i z.
13. Cobarrubias (n. 4 above), pp. 63-66.
14. Keith Watson, "Educational Policies in Multi-Cultural Societies," Comparative Education 15, no. 1 (1979): 17-31, quote on 19.
15. Joan Rubin, "Bilingual Education and Language Planning," in Language Planning and Language Education, ed. Chris Kennedy (London: Allen & Unwin, 1984), pp. 4-16, quote on p. 7.
16. Robert B. Kaplan and Richard B. Baldauf, Language Planning from Practice to Theory (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1997), pp. 122-23.
17. Ibid., pp. 127-39.
18. August de V. Cluver, "Language Planning Models for a Post-apartheid South Africa," Language Problems and Language Planning 16, no. 2 (Summer 1992): 105-36.
19. Kay McCormick, "Language Policy Issues in South Africa" (paper presented at the Sociolinguistic Symposium, Lancaster, England, March 1994).
20. I b i d.
21. Timothy G. Reagan and Isaac Ntshoe, "Language Policy and Black Education in South Africa," Journal of Research and Development in Education 20, no. 2 (Winter 1987): 1-8.
22. Nkonko M. Kamwangamalu, "Multilingualism and Education Policy in Post-apartheid South Africa," Language Problems and Language Planning 21, no. 3 (Fall 1997): 234-53.
23. Reagan and Ntshoe.
24. De V. Cluver.
25. Kamwangamalu, "Multilingualism and Education Policy in Post-apartheid South Africa."
26. Bonnie Norton Peirce and Stanley G. M. Ridge, "Multilingualism in South Africa," Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 17 (1997): 170-90.
27. Republic of South Africa, Department of Education, Language in Education Policy (Pretoria: Department of Education, 1997), available on line at http://education.pwv.gov.za/Policies%20and%20Reports/Policies/Language.htm (accessed May 27, 2002).
28. Toivo U. Raun, Estonia and the Estonians, 2d ed. (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1991); Uldis Ozolins, "Upwardly Mobile Languages: The Politics of Languages in the Baltic States," Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 15, nos. 2-3 (1994): 161-69.
29. Toivo U. Raun, Estonia and the Estonians, 2d ed. (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1991); Uldis Ozolins, "Upwardly Mobile Languages: The Politics of Languages in the Baltic States," Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 15, nos. 2-3 (1994): 161-69.
30. Toivo U. Raun, "Language Development and Policy in Estonia," in Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Soviet National Languages, ed. I. T. Kreindler (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1985), pp. 13-35.
31. Mart Rannut, "Beyond Linguistic Policy: The Soviet Union versus Estonia," in Linguistic Human Rights: Overcoming Linguistic Discrimination, ed. Tove Skutnabb-Kangas and Robert Phillipson, with Mart Rannut (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1994), pp. 179-208.
32. Ozolins
33. François Grin, "The Estonian Language Law: Presentation with Comments," Language Problems and Language Planning 15, no. 2 (Summer 1991): 191-210.
34. Priit Järve, "Language Legislation in the Baltic States: Changes of Rationale?" (Paper presented at the Association for the Study of Nationalities [ASN] 2000 Convention, New York, April 13-16, 2000).
35. Article 19 of the Language Law (1989) of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic as provided in an English translation of that law by Tiovo Raun, printed as an appendix to his article, "The Estonian SSR Language Law (1989): Background and Implementation," Nationalities Papers 23, no. 3 (September 1995): 515-34, esp. 530.
36. Herald Haarmann and Eugene Holman, "Acculturation and Communicative Mobility among Former Soviet Nationalities," Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 17 (1997): 113-37; Alfred Stepan, "When Democracy and the Nation-State Are Competing Logics: Reflections on Estonia," Archives Européennes de Sociologie 35, no. 1 (April 1994): 127-41.
37. Herald Haarmann and Eugene Holman, "Acculturation and Communicative Mobility among Former Soviet Nationalities," Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 17 (1997): 113-37; Alfred Stepan, "When Democracy and the Nation-State Are Competing Logics: Reflections on Estonia," Archives Européennes de Sociologie 35, no. 1 (April 1994): 127-41.
38. David D. Laitin, "National Revival and Competitive Assimilation in Estonia," Post-Soviet Affairs 12, no. 1 (January 1996): 25-39.
39. Haarmann and Holman.
40. Priit Järve and Christian Wellmann, "Minorities and Majorities in Estonia: Problems of Integration on the Threshold of the EU, Summary," European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) Baltic Seminar, Aabenraa, Denmark, and Flensburg, Germany, May 22-25, 1998, available on line at http://www.ecmi.de/doc/download/report_2.pdf, p. 6 (accessed February 10, 2002).
41. Republic of Estonia, Integration Foundation, State Programme: Integration in Estonian Society, 2000-2007, 2000, available on line at http://www.riik.ee/saks/ikomisjon/programme.htm (accessed May 27, 2002).
42. Vello Pettai, "Competing Conceptions of Multiethnic Democracy: Debating Minority Integration in Estonia" (paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research, Copenhagen, April 14-19, 2000).
43. Republic of Estonia.
44. Järve (n. 33 above).
45. Republic of Estonia.
46. I b i d.
47. I b i d.
48. Mati Luik, "Overview of Integration Foundation Supported Projects in 1998-1999," available on line at http://www.meis.ee/eng/overview.html (accessed May 27, 2002).
49. Republic of Estonia, p. 19.
50. I b i d.
51. I b i d.
52. Pan South African Language Board (PANSALB), PANSALB's Position on the Promotion of Multilingualism in South Africa: A Draft Discussion Document (Pretoria: PANSALB, 1998), available on line at http://www.pansalb.org.za/Multilingualism/mlposoct.doc (accessed May 27, 2002).
53. Republic of South Africa, LANGTAG: Summary of the Final Report of the Language Plan Task Group (LANGTAG) (Pretoria: Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology, 1996), available on line at http://www.polity.org.za/govdocs/reports/langtag.html (accessed May 27, 2002).
54. Ibid., "Overview."
55. Ibid., chap. 4.
56. Sme Bengu, Statement on a New Language Policy in General and Further Education (Pretoria: Department of Education, 1997), available on line at http://www.polity.org.za/govdocs/misc/langpol.html (accessed May 27, 2002).
57. Republic of South Africa, Department of Education, Curriculum 2005: Discussion Document (Pretoria: Department of Education, 1997), available on line at http://www.polity.org.za/govdocs/discuss/language.html (accessed May 27, 2002).
58. Republic of South Africa, Department of Education, Curriculum 2005: Language, Literacy and Communication (Pretoria: Department of Education, 1997), available on line at http://www.polity.org.za/govdocs/discuss/language.html (accessed May 27, 2002); Republic of South Africa, Department of Education, Curriculum 2005: Lifelong Learning for the 21st Century (Pretoria: Department of Education, 1997), available on line at http://www.polity.org.za/govdocs/discuss/curric1.html (accessed May 27, 2002).
59. Curriculum 2005: Language, Literacy and Communication (Pretoria: Department of Education, 1997), available on line at http://www.polity.org.za/govdocs/discuss/language.html (accessed May 27, 2002); Republic of South Africa, Department of Education, Curriculum 2005: Lifelong Learning for the 21st Century (Pretoria: Department of Education, 1997), available on line at http://www.polity.org.za/govdocs/discuss/curric1.html (accessed May 27, 2002).
60. Kathleen Heugh, "Languages, Development and Reconstructing Education in South Africa," International Journal of Educational Development 19, nos. 4-5 (July-September 1999): 301-13.
61. Republic of South Africa, Review Committee on Curriculum 2005, A South African Curriculum for the Twenty-First Century (Pretoria: Department of Education, 2000); this is available on line at http://education.pwv.gov.za/Policies%20and%20Reports/2000_Reports/2005/ Chisholm_2005.htm (accessed May 27, 2002).
62. I b i d.
63. Republic of South Africa, Department of Education, Language in Education Policy (Pretoria: Department of Education, 1997), available on line at http://education.pwv.gov.za/Policies%20and%20Reports/Policies/Language.htm (accessed May 27, 2002).
64. Heugh.
65. Republic of South Africa, National Center for Curriculum Research and Development (NCCRD) 2000, Language in the Classroom: Towards a Framework for Intervention (Executive Summary) (Pretoria: Department of Education, 2000), available on line at http://education.pwv.gov.za/DoE_Sites/NCCRD_Folder/Executive_Summaries/ Language_Classroom_ExSum.htm (accessed May 27, 2002).
66. PANSALB (n. 50 above), emphasis in the original.
67. Cynthia Marivate, "The Contribution of PANSALB in the Promotion of the African Languages in South Africa," in The Role of the African Languages in Democratic South Africa (Pretoria: Center for Research in the Politics of Language, 1998), pp. 19-21, available on line at http://www.up.ac.za/academic/libarts/crpl/workshop1.html (accessed May 27, 2002).
68. This is from an e-mail message to the author from Karen Calteaux dated August 1, 2000 (in which she included a copy of the unpublished document titled "Language-in-Education Policy in South Africa").
69. Marivate.
70. Marivate; Heugh; Vie Webb, "Multilingualism in Democratic South Africa: The Over-estimation of Language Policy," International Journal of Educational Development 19, nos. 4-5 (July-September 1999): 351-66; Paul Pluddermann, "Multilingualism and Education in South Africa: One Year On," International Journal of Educational Research 31, no. 4 (1999): 327-40; Republic of South Africa, A South African Curriculum (n. 58 above), subsection "Language."
71. Marivate; Heugh; Vie Webb, "Multilingualism in Democratic South Africa: The Over-estimation of Language Policy," International Journal of Educational Development 19, nos. 4-5 (July-September 1999): 351-66; Paul Pluddermann, "Multilingualism and Education in South Africa: One Year On," International Journal of Educational Research 31, no. 4 (1999): 327-40; Republic of South Africa, A South African Curriculum (n. 58 above), subsection "Language."
72. Marivate; Heugh; Vie Webb, "Multilingualism in Democratic South Africa: The Over-estimation of Language Policy," International Journal of Educational Development 19, nos. 4-5 (July-September 1999): 351-66; Paul Pluddermann, "Multilingualism and Education in South Africa: One Year On," International Journal of Educational Research 31, no. 4 (1999): 327-40; Republic of South Africa, A South African Curriculum (n. 58 above), subsection "Language."
73. Republic of South Africa, "LANGTAG: Summary" (n. 51 above), subsection "Overview."
74. See David Barton, "Globalization and Diversification: Two Opposing Forces on Local Literacies," Language and Education 8, nos. 1-2 (1994): 3-7, where globalization is defined as harmonization.
75. David D. Laitin, "Languages and Nationalism in the Post-Soviet Republics," Post-Soviet Affairs 12 (January-March 1996): 4-24; Lorena Fonzari, "English in the Estonian Multicultural Society," World Englishes 18, no. 1 (March 1999): 39-48.
76. David D. Laitin, "Languages and Nationalism in the Post-Soviet Republics," Post-Soviet Affairs 12 (January-March 1996): 4-24; Lorena Fonzari, "English in the Estonian Multicultural Society," World Englishes 18, no. 1 (March 1999): 39-48.
77. Raun, "The Estonian SSR Language Law (1989)" (no. 34 above).
78. Stella Granville, Hilary Janks, Magaute Mphahlele, Yvonne Reed, Patricia Watson, M. Joseph, and E. Ramane, "English With or Without G(u)ilt: A Position Paper on Language in Education Policy for South Africa," Language and Education 12, no. 4 (1998): 254-72.
79. Vie Webb, "English and Language Planning in South Africa: The Flip-Side," in Focus on South Africa, ed. Vivian de Klerk (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1996), pp. 175-90, quote on p. 187.
80. I b i d.
81. Nkonko M. Kamwangamalu, "A New Language Policy, Old Language Practices: Status Planning for African Languages in a Multilingual South Africa," South African Journal of African Languages 20, no. 1 (February 2000): 50-60.
82. David D. Laitin, "Identity in Formation: The Russian-Speaking Nationality in Estonia and Bashkortostan," Studies in Public Policy, no. 249 (University of Strathclyde, Center for the Study of Public Policy, Glasgow, 1995), p. 15.
83. Donna Kerr, Education Policy: Analysis, Structure, and Justification (New York: David McKay, 1976).