Learning and change in the British Columbia forest policy sector: A consideration of Sabatier's advocacy coalition framework

Canadian Journal of Political Science

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 106-132

  Lertzman, Ken ^a   Rayner, Jeremy ^b   Wilson, Jeremy ^c  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b VANCOUVER ISLAND UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041195231     PISSN: 00084239     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0008423900007265     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. British Columbia, Ministry of Forests, The Proposed Forest Practices Code for British Columbia (Victoria, 1993); British Columbia, British Columbia's Forest Renewal Plan (Victoria, 1994); and British Columbia, Commission on Resources and the Environment, Vancouver Island Land Use Plan (Victoria, 1994).
2. British Columbia, Ministry of Forests, The Proposed Forest Practices Code for British Columbia (Victoria, 1993); British Columbia, British Columbia's Forest Renewal Plan (Victoria, 1994); and British Columbia, Commission on Resources and the Environment, Vancouver Island Land Use Plan (Victoria, 1994).
3. British Columbia, Ministry of Forests, The Proposed Forest Practices Code for British Columbia (Victoria, 1993); British Columbia, British Columbia's Forest Renewal Plan (Victoria, 1994); and British Columbia, Commission on Resources and the Environment, Vancouver Island Land Use Plan (Victoria, 1994).
4. Jeremy Wilson, "Wilderness Politics in BC: The Business Dominated State and the Containment of Environmentalism," in William D. Coleman and Grace Skogstad, eds., Policy Communities and Public Policy in Canada (Mississauga: Copp Clark, 1990).
5. Colin Bennett and Michael Howlett, "The Lessons of Learning: Reconciling Theories of Policy Learning and Policy Change," Policy Sciences 25 (1992), 276.
6. Paul Sabatier, "Knowledge, Policy-Oriented Learning, and Policy Change: An Advocacy Coalition Framework," Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization 8 (1987), 649-92; Paul Sabatier, "An Advocacy Coalition Framework of Policy Change and the Role of Policy Learning Therein," Policy Sciences 21 (1988), 129-68; Paul Sabatier, "Policy Change over a Decade or More," in Paul Sabatier and Hank Jenkins-Smith, eds., Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), 13-39; and Paul Sabatier and Hank Jenkins-Smith, "The Advocacy Coalition Framework: Assessment, Revisions, and Implications for Scholars and Practitioners," in Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, eds., Policy Change and Learning, 211-36.
7. Paul Sabatier, "Knowledge, Policy-Oriented Learning, and Policy Change: An Advocacy Coalition Framework," Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization 8 (1987), 649-92; Paul Sabatier, "An Advocacy Coalition Framework of Policy Change and the Role of Policy Learning Therein," Policy Sciences 21 (1988), 129-68; Paul Sabatier, "Policy Change over a Decade or More," in Paul Sabatier and Hank Jenkins-Smith, eds., Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), 13-39; and Paul Sabatier and Hank Jenkins-Smith, "The Advocacy Coalition Framework: Assessment, Revisions, and Implications for Scholars and Practitioners," in Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, eds., Policy Change and Learning, 211-36.
8. Paul Sabatier, "Knowledge, Policy-Oriented Learning, and Policy Change: An Advocacy Coalition Framework," Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization 8 (1987), 649-92; Paul Sabatier, "An Advocacy Coalition Framework of Policy Change and the Role of Policy Learning Therein," Policy Sciences 21 (1988), 129-68; Paul Sabatier, "Policy Change over a Decade or More," in Paul Sabatier and Hank Jenkins-Smith, eds., Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), 13-39; and Paul Sabatier and Hank Jenkins-Smith, "The Advocacy Coalition Framework: Assessment, Revisions, and Implications for Scholars and Practitioners," in Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, eds., Policy Change and Learning, 211-36.
9. Paul Sabatier, "Knowledge, Policy-Oriented Learning, and Policy Change: An Advocacy Coalition Framework," Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization 8 (1987), 649-92; Paul Sabatier, "An Advocacy Coalition Framework of Policy Change and the Role of Policy Learning Therein," Policy Sciences 21 (1988), 129-68; Paul Sabatier, "Policy Change over a Decade or More," in Paul Sabatier and Hank Jenkins-Smith, eds., Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), 13-39; and Paul Sabatier and Hank Jenkins-Smith, "The Advocacy Coalition Framework: Assessment, Revisions, and Implications for Scholars and Practitioners," in Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, eds., Policy Change and Learning, 211-36.
10. Sabatier, "Policy Change," 25.
11. Ibid., 19.
12. Ibid., 19-20.
13. Ibid., 34.
14. Sabatier, "An Advocacy Coalition Framework, 143-48.
15. Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, "The Advocacy Coalition Framework," 220.
16. Bennett and Hewlett, "The Lessons of Learning," 277, 287.
17. Ibid., 287-88.
18. C. D. Orchard, "Forest Working Circles," Memorandum to the Hon. A. Wells Gray, August 1942, vol. 8, file 15, Orchard Papers, UBC Special Collections; and H. R. MacMillan, Forests for the Future: Conditions Essential to a Sustained Yield Policy for Management of British Columbia Coast Forests (Vancouver: H. R. MacMillan Export Company, 1945).
19. C. D. Orchard, "Forest Working Circles," Memorandum to the Hon. A. Wells Gray, August 1942, vol. 8, file 15, Orchard Papers, UBC Special Collections; and H. R. MacMillan, Forests for the Future: Conditions Essential to a Sustained Yield Policy for Management of British Columbia Coast Forests (Vancouver: H. R. MacMillan Export Company, 1945).
20. Hon. Gordon McG. Sloan, Report of the Commissioner on the Forest Resource of British Columbia (Victoria: Charles Banfield, 1945), Q 127-28.
21. Ibid., Q 143-49.
22. Jeremy Wilson, "Forest Conservation in British Columbia: Reflections on a Barren Debate," BC Studies 76 (1987-1988), 22.
23. Wilson, "Forest Conservation," 18-19;
24. and Ken Drushka, Stumped: The Forest Industry in Transition (Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 1985).
25. David Mitchell, W. A. C. Bennett and the Rise of British Columbia (Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 1983).
26. Wilson, "Forest Conservation," 21-22.
27. John W. Ker, J. Harry G. Smith and David B. Little, Reforestation Needs in the Vancouver forest District (Vancouver: UBC Faculty of Forestry, 1960), 75-77.
28. Peter Pearse, "Public Management and Mismanagement of Natural Resources in Canada," Queen's Quarterly 73 (1966), 86-99; Peter Pearse, "Conflicting Objectives on Forest Policy. The Case of British Columbia," The Forestry Chronicle, August 1970, 281-87; and J. Harry G. Smith, "An Economic View Suggests that the Concept of Sustained Yield Should Have Gone Out with the Crosscut Saw," The Forestry Chronicle, June 1969, 167-71.
29. Peter Pearse, "Public Management and Mismanagement of Natural Resources in Canada," Queen's Quarterly 73 (1966), 86-99; Peter Pearse, "Conflicting Objectives on Forest Policy. The Case of British Columbia," The Forestry Chronicle, August 1970, 281-87; and J. Harry G. Smith, "An Economic View Suggests that the Concept of Sustained Yield Should Have Gone Out with the Crosscut Saw," The Forestry Chronicle, June 1969, 167-71.
30. Peter Pearse, "Public Management and Mismanagement of Natural Resources in Canada," Queen's Quarterly 73 (1966), 86-99; Peter Pearse, "Conflicting Objectives on Forest Policy. The Case of British Columbia," The Forestry Chronicle, August 1970, 281-87; and J. Harry G. Smith, "An Economic View Suggests that the Concept of Sustained Yield Should Have Gone Out with the Crosscut Saw," The Forestry Chronicle, June 1969, 167-71.
31. Alan D. Chambers (Study Coordinator), Purcell Range Study: Integrated Resource Management in British Columbia's Purcell Mountains (Vancouver: Queen's Printer, 1974); and British Columbia, Environment and Land Use Committee, Mica Reservoir Study: Final Report (Victoria: Queen's Printer, 1974).
32. Alan D. Chambers (Study Coordinator), Purcell Range Study: Integrated Resource Management in British Columbia's Purcell Mountains (Vancouver: Queen's Printer, 1974); and British Columbia, Environment and Land Use Committee, Mica Reservoir Study: Final Report (Victoria: Queen's Printer, 1974).
33. Wilson, "Wilderness Politics in BC."
34. Michael M'Gonigle, "From the Ground Up: Lessons from the Stein River Valley," in Warren Magnusson et al., eds., After Bennett: A New Politics for British Columbia (Vancouver: New Star Books, 1986), 169-91;
35. Michael M'Gonigle, "Developing Sustainability: A Native/Environmentalist Prescription for Third-Level Government," BC Studies 84 (1990), 65-99;
36. and Herb Hammond, "Public Forests or Private Timber Supplies? The Need for Community Control of British Columbia's Forests," written submission to the BC Round Table on Environment and the Economy, 1989.
37. Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, "The Advocacy Coalition Framework," 228.
38. John F. Munro, "California Water Politics: Explaining Policy Change in a Cognitively Polarized System," in Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, eds., Policy Change and Learning, 124.
39. See British Columbia, Ministry of Forests, Review of the Timber Supply Analysis Process for the BC Timber Supply Areas (Victoria, 1991), and commentary in "Forestry and the End of Innocence," Forest Planning Canada 7 (1991), 18-23;
40. See British Columbia, Ministry of Forests, Review of the Timber Supply Analysis Process for the BC Timber Supply Areas (Victoria, 1991), and commentary in "Forestry and the End of Innocence," Forest Planning Canada 7 (1991), 18-23;
41. and Forest Practices Code of British Columbia Act (1994) and the largely critical analysis in Mark Haddock, Forests on the Line: Comparing the Rules for Logging in British Columbia and Washington State (New York and Vancouver: Natural Resources Defence Council/Sierra Legal Defence Fund, 1995).
42. Sabatier, "Policy Change," 34-35.
43. The details that have emerged from the appearances of former premier William Bennett before securities commissions in British Columbia and Ontario on charges of insider trading in the shares of forest company Doman Industries provide a fascinating glimpse of just how close these links were.
44. Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, "The Advocacy Coalition Framework," 223.
45. Michael Atkinson and Willian Coleman, The State, Business and Industrial Change in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989).
46. This argument is familiar to historians of political thought; see James Tully, "The Pen Is a Mighty Sword," British Journal of Political Science 13 (1983), 489-509.
47. Sabatier, "Policy Change," 33.
48. Ernst Haas, "Collective Learning: Some Theoretical Speculations," in George Breslauer and Philip Tetlock, eds., Learning in U.S. and Soviet Foreign Policy (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), 72-76.
49. British Columbia, Office of the Ombudsman, Annual Report (Victoria, 1988), 30-32.
50. Haas, "Collective Learning," 72.
51. Participants at a workshop on biodiversity hosted by the UBC Faculty of Forestry were somewhat taken aback to be "welcomed" by an address from the Dean in which he argued that biodiversity research "adress[es] questions of value as questions of science" (Clark Binkley, "Biological Diversity: Human Values and Scientific Uncertainty Challenge Public Policy," UBC Faculty of Forestry, February 1994).
52. Kai N. Lee, Compass and Gyroscope: Integrating Science and Politics for the Environment (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993), 177.
53. Haas, "Collective Learning," 69.