Domestic violence and poverty: The narratives of homeless women

Frontiers

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 143-165

  Williams, Jean Calterone ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0041171950     PISSN: 01609009     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3347163     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. See Jan L. Hagen, "Gender and Homelessness," Social Work 32 (July/August 1987): 312-16; Joan Zorza, "Woman Battering: A Major Cause of Homelessness," Clearinghouse Review 25:4 (1991): 421-29; David Wagner, Checkerboard Square: Culture and Resistance in a Homeless Community (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); and Doug A. Timmer, D. Stanley Eitzen, and Kathryn D. Talley, Paths to Homelessness: Extreme Poverty and the Urban Housing Crisis (Boulder, Westview Press, 1994).
2. See Jan L. Hagen, "Gender and Homelessness," Social Work 32 (July/August 1987): 312-16; Joan Zorza, "Woman Battering: A Major Cause of Homelessness," Clearinghouse Review 25:4 (1991): 421-29; David Wagner, Checkerboard Square: Culture and Resistance in a Homeless Community (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); and Doug A. Timmer, D. Stanley Eitzen, and Kathryn D. Talley, Paths to Homelessness: Extreme Poverty and the Urban Housing Crisis (Boulder, Westview Press, 1994).
3. See Jan L. Hagen, "Gender and Homelessness," Social Work 32 (July/August 1987): 312-16; Joan Zorza, "Woman Battering: A Major Cause of Homelessness," Clearinghouse Review 25:4 (1991): 421-29; David Wagner, Checkerboard Square: Culture and Resistance in a Homeless Community (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); and Doug A. Timmer, D. Stanley Eitzen, and Kathryn D. Talley, Paths to Homelessness: Extreme Poverty and the Urban Housing Crisis (Boulder, Westview Press, 1994).
4. See Jan L. Hagen, "Gender and Homelessness," Social Work 32 (July/August 1987): 312-16; Joan Zorza, "Woman Battering: A Major Cause of Homelessness," Clearinghouse Review 25:4 (1991): 421-29; David Wagner, Checkerboard Square: Culture and Resistance in a Homeless Community (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); and Doug A. Timmer, D. Stanley Eitzen, and Kathryn D. Talley, Paths to Homelessness: Extreme Poverty and the Urban Housing Crisis (Boulder, Westview Press, 1994).
5. Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence (New York: Viking, 1988); Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color," in The Public Nature of Private Violence: The Discovery of Domestic Abuse, ed. Martha Albertson Fineman and Roxanne Mykitiuk (New York: Routledge, 1994), 93-118; and Ann Jones, Next Time, She'll Be Dead: Battering and How to Stop It (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994).
6. Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence (New York: Viking, 1988); Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color," in The Public Nature of Private Violence: The Discovery of Domestic Abuse, ed. Martha Albertson Fineman and Roxanne Mykitiuk (New York: Routledge, 1994), 93-118; and Ann Jones, Next Time, She'll Be Dead: Battering and How to Stop It (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994).
7. Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence (New York: Viking, 1988); Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color," in The Public Nature of Private Violence: The Discovery of Domestic Abuse, ed. Martha Albertson Fineman and Roxanne Mykitiuk (New York: Routledge, 1994), 93-118; and Ann Jones, Next Time, She'll Be Dead: Battering and How to Stop It (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994).
8. Lee Ann Hoff, Battered Women As Survivors (New York: Routledge, 1990).
9. Hagen, "Gender and Homelessness."
10. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Income and Poverty: 1994 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, CD-ROM).
11. Laura DeKoven Waxman, Kimberly Peterson, and Matthew McClure, A Status Report on Hunger and Homelessness in America's Cities: 1995 (Washington, D.C.: The United States Conference of Mayors, 1995), 70.
12. Laura DeKoven Waxman and Shannon Hinderliter, A Status Report on Hunger and Homelessness in America's Cities: 1996 (Washington, D.C.: The United States Conference of Mayors, 1996), appendix.
13. For example, Mark Robert Rank, Living On the Edge: The Realities of Welfare in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994).
14. National Coalition for the Homeless, A Place Called Hopelessness: Shelter Demand in the 90's (Washington, D.C.: National Coalition for the Homeless, n.d.), 21.
15. The names and identifying background information of interview participants (both shelter staff and residents) and that of homeless and domestic violence shelters have been changed in order to protect the anonymity of participants.
16. Aihwa Ong, Spirits of Resistance and Capitalist Discipline: Factory Women in Malaysia (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987).
17. Shelters that receive funding from the Department of Economic Security may provide ninety days of shelter per person during each fiscal year.
18. For a more detailed description of the environments and rules of the shelters, see Jean Calterone Williams, "Geography of the Homeless Shelter: Staff Surveillance and Resident Resistance," Urban Anthropology 25:1 (1996).
19. For example, Peter H. Rossi, Down and Out in America: The Origins of Homelessness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Robert C. Coates, A Street Is Not a Home: Solving America's Homeless Dilemma (Buffalo, N. Y.: Prometheus Books, 1990); and Christopher Jencks, The Homeless (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994).
20. For example, Peter H. Rossi, Down and Out in America: The Origins of Homelessness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Robert C. Coates, A Street Is Not a Home: Solving America's Homeless Dilemma (Buffalo, N. Y.: Prometheus Books, 1990); and Christopher Jencks, The Homeless (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994).
21. For example, Peter H. Rossi, Down and Out in America: The Origins of Homelessness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Robert C. Coates, A Street Is Not a Home: Solving America's Homeless Dilemma (Buffalo, N. Y.: Prometheus Books, 1990); and Christopher Jencks, The Homeless (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994).
22. Peter Marcuse, "Neutralizing Homelessness," Socialist Review 18 (1988): 88.
23. Wagner, Checkerboard Square, 5.
24. For a discussion of the "experiences and characteristics" associated with battered women, see Donileen R. Loseke, The Battered Woman and Shelters: The Social Construction of Wife Abuse (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992).
25. Jones, Next Time, She'll Be Dead, 83.
26. Florence Hollis, Women in Marital Conflict: A Casework Study (New York: Family Service Association of America, 1949).
27. Lenore Walker, The Battered Woman (New York: Harper and Row, 1979), "The Battered Woman Syndrome Is a Psychological Consequence of Abuse," in Current Controversies on Family Violence, ed. Richard J. Gelles and Donileen Loseke (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1993), 133-53.
28. Lenore Walker, The Battered Woman (New York: Harper and Row, 1979), "The Battered Woman Syndrome Is a Psychological Consequence of Abuse," in Current Controversies on Family Violence, ed. Richard J. Gelles and Donileen Loseke (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1993), 133-53.
29. Timmer, Eitzen, and Talley, Paths to Homelessness.
30. Richard J. Gelles, "Through a Sociological Lens: Social Structure and Family Violence," in Gelles and Loseke, Current Controversies on Family Violence, 31-46.
31. Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives, 151.
32. Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives, 149.
33. Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives, 149.
34. Gelles, "Through a Sociological Lens."
35. Loseke, The Battered Woman and Shelters.
36. Walker, The Battered Woman; and Del Martin, Battered Wives (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983).
37. Walker, "The Battered Woman Syndrome."
38. Martha R. Mahoney, "Victimization or Oppression? Women's Lives, Violence, and Agency," in Fineman and Mykitiuk, The Public Nature of Private Violence, 60-63.
39. Lee Bowker, "A Battered Woman's Problems Are Social, Not Psychological," in Gelles and Loseke, Current Controversies on Family Violence, 155. Also see Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; and Mahoney, "Victimization or Oppression?" 62.
40. Lee Bowker, "A Battered Woman's Problems Are Social, Not Psychological," in Gelles and Loseke, Current Controversies on Family Violence, 155. Also see Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; and Mahoney, "Victimization or Oppression?" 62.
41. Lee Bowker, "A Battered Woman's Problems Are Social, Not Psychological," in Gelles and Loseke, Current Controversies on Family Violence, 155. Also see Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; and Mahoney, "Victimization or Oppression?" 62.
42. Susan Schechter, Women and Male Violence: The Visions and Struggles of the Battered Women's Movement (Boston: South End Press, 1982), 232-33.
43. Kersti Yllö, "Through a Feminist Lens: Gender, Power, and Violence," in Gelles and Loseke, Current Controversies on Family Violence, 47-62; Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; and Schechter, Women and Male Violence.
44. Kersti Yllö, "Through a Feminist Lens: Gender, Power, and Violence," in Gelles and Loseke, Current Controversies on Family Violence, 47-62; Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; and Schechter, Women and Male Violence.
45. Kersti Yllö, "Through a Feminist Lens: Gender, Power, and Violence," in Gelles and Loseke, Current Controversies on Family Violence, 47-62; Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; and Schechter, Women and Male Violence.
46. Yllö, "Through a Feminist Lens."
47. Yllö, "Through a Feminist Lens," 57. See also Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives.
48. Yllö, "Through a Feminist Lens," 57. See also Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives.
49. Kimberlé Crenshaw, "Whose Story Is It Anyway? Feminist and Antiracist Appropriations of Anita Hill," in Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality, ed. Toni Morrison (New York: Pantheon Books, 1992), 402-40.
50. Crenshaw, "Mapping the Margins," 95-96.
51. Schechter has written of the tensions involved in defining the components of battering, tensions that increased as shelters and shelter staff professionalized in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Phoenix shelters today, these tensions sometimes play out as a battle between feminist understandings of battering and understandings based on the model used by professional social workers. Social workers became the primary staff at shelters as public and private grants to run shelters became more available. See Schechter, Women and Male Violence, 101-3.
52. The poverty level, as calculated by the Department of Health and Human Services in 1994 was $12,320 per year for a three-person family (see Federal Register, vol. 59, February 10, 1994, 6277-8). However, the maximum median state AFDC grant for the same size family was $4,392, excluding food stamps and other in-kind benefits such as Medicaid.