Influences upon managerial moral decision making: Nature of the harm and magnitude of consequences

Human Relations

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-22

  Weber, James ^a  

^a DUQUESNE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Ethical decision making; Ethical issue dependency; Managerial ethics; Moral intensity; Moral reasoning

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041111516     PISSN: 00187267     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/001872679604900101     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. ARLOW, P., & ULRICH, T. A. Business ethics and business school graduates: A longitudinal study. Akron Business and Economic Review, 1985, 16 (Spring), 13-17.
2. BLASI, A. Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 1980, 88, 1-45.
3. BRABECK, M. Ethical characteristics of whistle blowers. Journal of Research in Personality, 1984, 18, 41-53.
4. BRADY, F. N. Practical formalism: A new methodological proposal for business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 1988, 7, 163-170.
5. COLBY, A., & KOHLBERG, L. The measurement of moral judgment, volume I: Theoretical foundations and research validations. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
6. COLLINS, D. Organizational harm, legal condemnation and stakeholder retaliation: A typology, research agenda and application. Journal of Business Ethics, 1989, 8, 1-13.
7. DUBINSKY, A. J., & LOKEN, B. Analyzing ethical decision making in marketing. Journal of Business Research, 1989, 19(2), 83-107.
8. DUKERICH, J. M., NICHOLS, M. L., ELM, D. R., & VOLLRATH, D. A. Moral reasoning in groups: Leaders make a difference. Human Relations, 1990, 43(5), 473-493.
9. ELM, D. R. Managers Reasoning About Ethical Issues: The Impact of Ethical Climate and Self-Monitoring. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1989.
10. FERRELL, O. C., & GRESHAM, L. G. A contingency framework for understanding ethical decision making in marketing. Journal of Marketing, 1985, 49(3), 87-96.
11. FORSYTH, D. R., & POPE, W. R. Ethical ideology and judgments of social psychological research: Multidimensional analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1984, 46(6), 1365-1375.
12. FRITZSCHE, D. J. An examination of marketing ethics: Role of the decision maker, consequences of the decision, management position, and sex of the respondent. Journal of Macromarketing, 1988, 8(2), 29-39.
13. FRITZSCHE, D. J., & BECKER, H. Linking management behavior to ethical philosophy - An empirical examination. Academy of Management Journal, 1984, 37(1), 166-175.
14. GARTNER, K. N. The effect of ethical climate on managers' decisions. In R. M. Coughlin (Ed.), Morality, rationality and efficiency: New perspectives on socio-economics. Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe, 1991, pp. 211-223.
15. GILLIGAN, C. In a different voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
16. GUTKIN, D. C., & SULS, J. The relation between the ethics of personal conscience - social responsibility and principled moral reasoning. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1979, 8(4), 433-441.
17. HARRINGTON, S. J. What corporate America is teaching about ethics. Academy of Management Executive, 1991, 5(1), 21-30.
18. HEGARTY, W. H., & SIMS, Jr., H. P. Some determinants of unethical decision behavior: An experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1978, 63(4), 451-457.
19. HEGARTY, W. H., & SIMS, Jr., H. P. Organizational philosophy, policies, and objectives related to unethical decision behavior: A laboratory experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1979, 64(3), 331-338.
20. HIGGINS, A., & GORDON, F. Work climate and socio-moral development in two worker-owned companies. In M. W. Berkowitz and F. Oser (Eds.), Moral education: Theory and application. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Co., 1985, pp. 241-268.
21. HUNT, S. D., & VITELL, S. A general theory of marketing ethics. Journal of Macromarketing, 1986, 6(1), 5-16.
22. JONES, T. M. Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. Academy of Management Review, 1991, 16(2), 366-395.
23. KOHLBERG, L. Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-development approach. In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral development and behavior: Theory, research and social issues. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976, pp. 31-53.
24. KOHLBERG, L., LEVINE, C., & HEWER, A. Moral stages: A current formulation and a response to critics. New York: Karger, 1983.
25. LIFTON, P. D. Individual differences in moral development: The relation of sex, gender, and personality to morality. Journal of Personality, 1985, 53(2), 306-334.
26. MAQSUD, M. Locus of control and stages of moral reasoning. Psychological Reports, 1980, 46, 1243-1248.
27. NELSON, D. R., & OBREMSKI, T. E. Promoting moral growth through intra-group participation. Journal of Business Ethics, 1990, 9, 731-739.
28. NICHOLS, M. L., & DAY, V. E. A comparison of moral reasoning of groups and individuals on the "Defining Issues Test." Academy of Management Journal, 1982, 25, 201-208.
29. NUNNER-WINKLER, G. Two moralities? A critical discussion of an ethic of care and responsibility versus an ethic of rights and justice. In W. M. Kurtines and J. L. Gerwirtz (Eds.), Morality, moral behavior and moral development. New York: Wiley, 1984, pp. 348-361.
30. PENN, W. Y., & COLLIER, B. D. Current research in moral development as a decision support system. Journal of Business Ethics, 1985, 4, 131-136.
31. POSNER, B. Z. Individual's moral judgment and its impact on group processes. International Journal of Management, 1986, 3(2), 5-11.
32. PROSSER, W. L., & KEETON, W. P. Prosser and Keeton on the law of torts (5th ed.). St. Paul: West, 1984.
33. REST, J. Development in judging moral issues. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1979.
34. REST, J. Morality. In P. Mussen (Ed.), Manual of child psychology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1983, pp. 556-629.
35. REST, J. Moral development: Advances in research and theory. New York: Praeger, 1986.
36. SNAREY, J. R. Cross-cultural universality of socio-moral development: A critical review of Kohlbergian research. Psychological Bulletin, 1985, 97(2), 202-232.
37. SPIRO, G. W. The legal environment of business. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1993.
38. TREVINO, L. K. Ethical decision making in organizations: A person-situation interactionist model. Academy of Management Review, 1986, 11, 601-617.
39. TREVINO, L. K. Moral reasoning and business ethics: Implications for research, education, and management. Journal of Business Ethics, 1992, 11, 445-459.
40. TREVINO, L. K., & VICTOR, B. Peer reporting of unethical behavior: A social context perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 1992, 35(1), 38-64.
41. TREVINO, L. K., & YOUNGBLOOD, S. A. Bad apples in bad barrels: A causal analysis of ethical decision-making behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1990, 75(4), 378-385.
42. WALKER, L. Sex differences in the development of moral reasoning: A critical review. Child Development, 1984, 55, 677-691.
43. WEBER, J. Managers' moral reasoning: Assessing their responses to three moral dilemmas. Human Relations, 1990, 43(7), 687-702.
44. WEBER, J. Adapting Kohlberg to enhance the assessment of managers' moral reasoning. Business Ethics Quarterly, 1991, 1(3), 293-318.
45. WEBER, J., & GREEN, S. Principled moral reasoning: Is it a viable approach to promote ethical integrity? Journal of Business Ethics, 1991, 10, 325-333.
46. WORRELL, D. L., STEAD, W. E., STEAD, J. G., & SPALDING, J. B. Unethical decisions: The impact of reinforcement contingencies and management philosophies. Psychological Reports, 1985, 57, 355-365.