NATO'S enlargement: Anatomy of a decision

International Affairs

Volumn 73, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 695-719

  Eyal, Jonathan ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0041108635     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2624464     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. The Conservative Party in Britain used images from eastern Europe during its 1992 electoral broadcasts.
2. Both are documented in M. Beschloss and S. Talbott, At the highest levels: the inside story of the end of the Cold War (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1993), pp. 153-68, 170-71.The call for the Soviet Union to intervene in Romania was actually hinted at publicly in an interview by US Secretary of State James Baker on an NBC television programme on 24 Dec. 1997.
3. See e.g. V. Havel, 'We really are part of the NATO family', International Herald Tribune, 20 Oct. 1993.
4. In the December 1993 elections Vladimir Zhirinovsky's party won 23 per cent of the popular vote, more than Hitler's party won in the 1930 German elections. For the historical comparisons made at that time about a 'Weimar on the Volga', see The Economist, 18 Dec. 1993, p. 25.
5. The role of the PCC is explained in G. Lange, 'The PCC - a new player in the development of relations between NATO and partner nations', NATO Review 3, May 1995, pp. 3-33.
6. International Herald Tribune, 13 Jan. 1994.
7. For the dilemmas of German foreign policy at the time which, of course, included more than just the question of NATO's enlargement, see P. H. Gordon, 'The normalisation of German foreign policy', Orbis 38: 2, Spring 1994, esp. pp. 240-41.
8. International Herald Tribune, 3 Oct. 1993; Financial Times, 8 Oct. 1993.
9. International Herald Tribune, 3 Oct. 1993; Financial Times, 8 Oct. 1993.
10. For Talbott's views, see E. Drew, On the edge: the Clinton presidency (NewYork: Simon & Schuster, 1994), esp. pp. 120, 315-16.
11. R. H. Hunter, 'Enlargement: part of a strategy for projecting stability into central Europe', NATO Review 3, May 1995, pp. 3-8. See also Henry Kissinger's article, 'It's an alliance, not a relic', Washington Post, 16 Aug. 1994.
12. R. H. Hunter, 'Enlargement: part of a strategy for projecting stability into central Europe', NATO Review 3, May 1995, pp. 3-8. See also Henry Kissinger's article, 'It's an alliance, not a relic', Washington Post, 16 Aug. 1994.
13. See The White House, A national security strategy of engagement and enlargement (Washington DC: USGPO, July 1994), esp. pp. 19-22.
14. S. R. Sloan, The future US-European security cooperation, Congressional Research Service Report to Congress, 92-907 S, 4 Dec. 1992.
15. For a fuller explanation of the US position on enlargement in early 1997, see M. Albright, 'Why bigger is better', The Economist 342: 8004, 15 Feb. 1997, pp. 21-3.
16. For a text of the NATO communiqué that December see NATO Review 6, Dec. 1994/Jan. 1995, pp. 26-8.
17. For an implicit admission that outright admission for the Baltic states is not an option, see the contribution of the Danish defence minister H. Haekkerup, 'Cooperation around the Baltic Sea: Danish perspectives and initiatives, NATO Review 3, May 1995, pp. 14-8. Sweden's former Prime Minister Carl Bildt had no such qualms, but then his country was not in NATO: International Herald Tribune, 5-7 May 1994.
18. For an implicit admission that outright admission for the Baltic states is not an option, see the contribution of the Danish defence minister H. Haekkerup, 'Cooperation around the Baltic Sea: Danish perspectives and initiatives, NATO Review 3, May 1995, pp. 14-8. Sweden's former Prime Minister Carl Bildt had no such qualms, but then his country was not in NATO: International Herald Tribune, 5-7 May 1994.
19. The subtle process of change in French views on NATO over the last decade is documented in, A. Menon, 'From independence to cooperation: France, NATO and European security', International Affairs 71: 1, pp. 19-34, at pp. 27-31.
20. NATO's efforts to coordinate security policy on Europe's southern approaches are summarized in I. O. Lesser and A. J. Tellis, Proliferation challenges around the Mediterranean basin: implications for security and strategy (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1996) and F. S. Larrabee and C. Thorson, Mediterranean security: new issues and challenges (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, April 1996). See also M. Blunden, 'Insecurity on Europe's southern flank', Survival 36: 2, Summer 1994, pp. 134-6, esp. pp. 138-9.
21. NATO's efforts to coordinate security policy on Europe's southern approaches are summarized in I. O. Lesser and A. J. Tellis, Proliferation challenges around the Mediterranean basin: implications for security and strategy (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1996) and F. S. Larrabee and C. Thorson, Mediterranean security: new issues and challenges (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, April 1996). See also M. Blunden, 'Insecurity on Europe's southern flank', Survival 36: 2, Summer 1994, pp. 134-6, esp. pp. 138-9.
22. NATO's efforts to coordinate security policy on Europe's southern approaches are summarized in I. O. Lesser and A. J. Tellis, Proliferation challenges around the Mediterranean basin: implications for security and strategy (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1996) and F. S. Larrabee and C. Thorson, Mediterranean security: new issues and challenges (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, April 1996). See also M. Blunden, 'Insecurity on Europe's southern flank', Survival 36: 2, Summer 1994, pp. 134-6, esp. pp. 138-9.
23. International Herald Tribune, 30 May 1997.
24. S. Kull, 'The American public, Congress and NATO enlargement', NATO Review 1, January 1997, pp. 9-11, at p. 10.
25. The most elegant and concisive summary is contained in M. E. Brown, 'The flawed logic of NATO expansion', Survival 37: 1, Spring 1995, pp. 34-52.
26. S. Kay and H. Binnendjik, 'After the Madrid summit', National Defense University, Washington, Strategic Forum 107, March 1997.
27. An explanation of the methodology, variants and figures is contained in R. D. Asmus, R. L. Kugler and F. S. Larrabee, 'What will NATO enlargement cost?', Survival 38: 3, Autumn 1996, pp. 5-26.
28. For the plethora of study groups and organizations created within the alliance since the end of the Cold War alone to deal with the question of standardization and the 'mixed results' these achieved, see B. Ferrari, 'NATO's new standardization organization tackles an erstwhile elusive goal', NATO Review 3, May 1995, pp. 33-5.
29. The fight for defence contracts in eastern Europe is narrated in P. Latawski, 'Another sale of the century?', RUSI Journal 142: 3, June 1997, pp. 51-7.
30. As presented by the Prime Minister: House of Commons, Official Report, 9 July 1997, cols 937-49.
31. P.V. Ham, Ukraine, Russia and European security (Paris: WEU Institute, Feb. 1994), Chaillot Papers 13. For the sensitivity of the relationship with Moscow see also J. Morrison, 'Pereyaslav and after: the Russian-Ukrainian relationship', International Affairs 69: 4, Oct. 1993, pp. 677-03, esp. at pp. 693-700.
32. P.V. Ham, Ukraine, Russia and European security (Paris: WEU Institute, Feb. 1994), Chaillot Papers 13. For the sensitivity of the relationship with Moscow see also J. Morrison, 'Pereyaslav and after: the Russian-Ukrainian relationship', International Affairs 69: 4, Oct. 1993, pp. 677-03, esp. at pp. 693-700.
33. H. Udovenko, 'European stability and NATO enlargement: Ukraine's perspective', NATO Review 6, Nov. 1995, p. 15.
34. A historic and broadly sympathetic discussion of these topics is contained in R. Braithwaite, Russian realities and Western policy', Survival 36: 3, Autumn 1994, pp. 11-27.
35. For a more intelligent Russian view, which indicates how much distrust still exists, see A. J. Pierre and D.Trenin, 'Developing NATO-Russian relations', in Survival 39: 1, Spring 1997, pp. 5-18.
36. Nezavisimaya Cazeta, Moscow, 25 May 1997.