Putin's gamble

Survival

Volumn 43, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 49-60

  Antonenko, Oksana ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0041073807     PISSN: 00396338     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/survival/43.4.49     Document Type: Article

References (10)

1. These standard operating procedures include putting Russian nuclear forces on high alert, pre-positioning Russian strategic bombers and nuclear submarines to forward deployment positions. Such response actions have been preserved in Russian deterrence-based nuclear doctrine since the Cold War. Vladimir Mukhin, 'Security chiefs say they're ready for terror threat', The Russia Journal, 14-20 September 2001, vol. 4, no. 36, http://www.russiajournal.com/ printer/weekly5167.html. Ivanov also gave the order to cancel planned flights and missile launches in the Pacific Ocean region where the 37th Long-Range Aviation Group was holding training exercises. The United States thanked Ivanov for taking this step. The air force press service said that manoeuvres would continue as planned until 14 Sepember, but that flights and missile launches would take place only within Russian territory.
2. UN Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001), adopted by the Security Council at its meeting on 28 September 2001.
3. Joint statement on counter-terrorism issued by Presidents George Bush and Vladimir Putin, 21 October 2001, following bilateral meetings at the APEC forum, Shanghai.
4. According to the Russian Defence Ministry, by the end of the year Russia will have provided the Northern Alliance with $45m. Defense Ministry spokesman, quoted in Igor Korotchenko, 'Lend-Lease from Russian Defense Minister', Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 4 October 2001, http://www.ng.ru/politics/2001-10-04/1_ivanov.html.
5. VTSYOM poll at http:// www.polit.ru/documents/448442.
6. Following the 11 September attacks on the US, Russian support for the military action in Chechnya increased by 10 points, reaching 40%, while support for negotiations with Chechen fighters dropped by 15 points, down to 44%. VTSYOM opinion poll 23-24 September at http://www.polit.ru/ documents/445879.html
7. Dmitry Gornostayev, 'Bush agrees with the ultimatum given to Chechen militants. US changes stance on Chechnya', Russian Observer, 27 October 2001, http:// www.russianobserver.com/stories/ 2001/09/27/1001588942/ 1001596063.html.
8. 'President Bush's Address on Terrorism Before a Joint Meeting of Congress', New York Times, 21 September 2001, p. A4.
9. Opinion polls taken on 26 September indicate that 48% of Russians oppose US strikes against Afghanistan and 34% support them (immediately after the September attacks, 61% of Russians supported the US military response and 26% opposed it). A 12 October poll taken in Moscow shows that 57% of Russians do not support the US military operation in Afghanistan, while 41% approve. The same poll shows that 72% of Russians would oppose military action against other countries identified by Washington as harbouring terrorists, such as Iraq, Iran and Libya, while 25% would support them. Only 14% believe that the US action will destroy terrorist networks, while 64% believe that it will provoke new terrorist attacks. As a result, 47% of Russians believe that Russia should maintain neutrality in its response to the US military action, 30% believe that Russia should provide limited support, 13% favour strong support and 9% believe that Russia should oppose US military action. In assessing potential Russian support for the international anti-terrorist coalition, 40% of Russians are in favour of using Russia's political leverage in the Middle East and 42% support intelligence sharing. Only 8% support offering the US forces Russian military bases for conducting operations in Afghanistan and a mere 4% support direct Russian participation in the military operation. Support for Russia's strict neutrality in the current anti-terrorist campaign is particularly strong (63%) among the supporters of Unity, the most pro-presidential political party. VTSYOM polls available at http://www.polit.ru/documents/ 444250.html and http://www/ polit.ru/documents448442.html.
10. 'Russian defence minister rules out NATO use of Central Asian bases', Interfax news agency, reported by BBC Monitoring, Former Soviet Union, 14 September 2001.