A convenient crisis: Looking behind Beijing's threats against Taiwan

Issues and Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 83-121

  Liu, Alan P L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Corporate identity; Diversion; Externalization; Penetration crisis; Regressive nationalism

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041036508     PISSN: 10132511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (198)

1. Employing a rationalist mode of analysis, Segal wrote in 1996 that "China may have learned that saber rattling against Taiwan is counterproductive." See Gerald Segal, "Get Through and Beyond Chinese Nationalism," International Herald Tribune, November 14, 1996.
2. "Jiang Zemin's Closing Address at the Fifth Plenum of the CCP's Fourteenth Central Committee," Zhongguo daluyanjiu (Mainland China Studies) (Taipei) 39, no. 2 (February 1996): 78.
3. Myron Weiner, "The Macedonian Syndrome: A Historical Model of International Relations and Political Development," World Politics 23, no. 4 (July 1971): 665-83.
4. That the PRC has treated its conflicts with the ROC in an irredentist framework is shown in China's claim that the United States has controlled Taiwan completely, in order to weaken China's national power. See Jiang Zemin's confidential talk to the military in Nanjing and Guangdong in February 2000, as reported in Li Zijing, "Jiang Zemin Going South to Mobilize for War Preparation," Cheng Ming (Contending) (Hong Kong), March 2000.
5. For the sixteen characteristics, see note 3 above.
6. Youngnian Zheng, Discovering Chinese Nationalism: Modernization, Identity, and International Relations (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
7. Henry A. Kissinger, "Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy," in Comparative Foreign Policy: Theoritical Essays, ed. Wolfram A. Hanrieder (New York: David McKay Company, 1971), 24.
8. Donald S. Zagoria, The Sino-Soviet Conflict 1956-61 (New York: Atheneum, 1964), 282.
9. Allen S. Whiting, China Crosses the Yalu: The Decision to Enter the Korean War (New York: Macmillan, 1960), 159. Emphasis added.
10. Kissinger, "Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy," 44.
11. Robert Snyder, "The U.S. and Third World Revolutionary States: Understanding the Breakdown in Relations," International Studies Quarterly 43 (1999): 286.
12. Daniel Katz, "Nationalism and Strategies of International Conflict Resolution," in International Behavior: A Social-Psychological Analysis, ed. Herbert C. Kelman (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1965), 359-60.
13. Stephen Van Evera, "Hypotheses on Nationalism and War," in Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, ed. Michael E. Brown et al. (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1997), 48.
14. Ibid., 47-54.
15. Katz, "Nationalism and Strategies," 364. Katz mentions only external constraints on the power of a declining state. I think, however, that a state may be equally likely to be constrained by internal forces.
16. Ibid., 379.
17. Lin Tung, "Forty Years of the People's Liberation Army," Ming Pao yuekan (Ming Pao Monthly) (Hong Kong), October 1989, 4-15.
18. Kalz, "Nationalism and Strategies," 364.
19. Shao-chuan Leng and Norman D. Palmer, Sun Yat-sen and Communism (New York: Praeger, 1960), 123.
20. For the periods of 1949-50 and 1956, see ibid.; for 1961, see Xinhua yuebao (New China Monthly), 1961, no. 11:4-32; and for 1981, see ibid., 1981, no. 10:47-48. More discussions of the post-1989 patriotic education movement will follow.
21. For the periods of 1949-50 and 1956, see ibid.; for 1961, see Xinhua yuebao (New China Monthly), 1961, no. 11:4-32; and for 1981, see ibid., 1981, no. 10:47-48. More discussions of the post-1989 patriotic education movement will follow.
22. For the periods of 1949-50 and 1956, see ibid.; for 1961, see Xinhua yuebao (New China Monthly), 1961, no. 11:4-32; and for 1981, see ibid., 1981, no. 10:47-48. More discussions of the post-1989 patriotic education movement will follow.
23. Xu Bin, "An Extraordinary View: Putting Three Great Men on the Same Level," Xuexi (Learning) (Hangzhou), 1997, no. 10:9-10.
24. Wenhui Bao (Shanghai), December 3, 1991; and Xu Jiatun Xianggang huiyilu (Xu Jiatun's Hong Kong memoirs), vol. 2 (Taipei: Lianhe bao, 1994), 601.
25. Wenhui Bao (Shanghai), December 3, 1991; and Xu Jiatun Xianggang huiyilu (Xu Jiatun's Hong Kong memoirs), vol. 2 (Taipei: Lianhe bao, 1994), 601.
26. On the differences between statist and institutional nationalism, see Katz, "Nationalism and Strategies," 359-60.
27. "Deng Xaoping's Southern Trip," Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Daily Report: China [hereafter FBIS-CHI], Supplement, 92-063-S (April 1, 1992): 1.
28. Ming Pao (Hong Kong), October 8, 1991, as cited in Zhongguo shibao (China Times) (Taipei), October 9, 1991.
29. Ming Pao (Hong Kong), October 8, 1991, as cited in Zhongguo shibao (China Times) (Taipei), October 9, 1991.
30. FBIS-CHI-95-123 (June 27, 1995): 37.
31. Judgment made based on an examination of the book titles. For a complete list of the one hundred books, see FBIS-CHI-95-124 (June 28, 1995): 40-44.
32. Xinhua yuebao, 1995, no. 10:6-28.
33. Ithiel de Sola Pool, "Public Opinion and the Control of Armaments," Daedalus, Fall 1960, 987.
34. Shijie ribao (The World Journal) (Los Angeles), March 22, 2000.
35. Zhongguo shibao, July 16, 1996; Xie Fangping, "Watch Out for the Resurgence of the Dregs of 'Colonial Culture'," Jiefang ribao (Liberation Daily) (Shanghai), November 20, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-242 (December 18, 1995): 28-30.
36. Zhongguo shibao, July 16, 1996; Xie Fangping, "Watch Out for the Resurgence of the Dregs of 'Colonial Culture'," Jiefang ribao (Liberation Daily) (Shanghai), November 20, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-242 (December 18, 1995): 28-30.
37. Zhongguo shibao, July 16, 1996; Xie Fangping, "Watch Out for the Resurgence of the Dregs of 'Colonial Culture'," Jiefang ribao (Liberation Daily) (Shanghai), November 20, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-242 (December 18, 1995): 28-30.
38. FBIS-CHI-94-051 (March 24, 1994): 28.
39. Zhongguo shibao, October 3, 1994.
40. Li Kang, "Preface to Chinese Regional Cultures Book Series," in Yuan Tingdong, Bashu wenhua (Sichuan culture) (Shenyang: Liaoning jaoyu chubanshe, 1991); and Tan Jixiang, "Differences of Chinese Culture in Times and Regions," Fudan xuebao (Journal of Fudan University), 1986, no. 2:4-13.
41. Li Kang, "Preface to Chinese Regional Cultures Book Series," in Yuan Tingdong, Bashu wenhua (Sichuan culture) (Shenyang: Liaoning jaoyu chubanshe, 1991); and Tan Jixiang, "Differences of Chinese Culture in Times and Regions," Fudan xuebao (Journal of Fudan University), 1986, no. 2:4-13.
42. Patrick E. Tyler, "The Rebels' New Cause: Book of Yankee Bashing," New York Times, September 4, 1996.
43. Song Qiang, Zhang Cangcang, and Qao Bian, Zhongguo keyi shou bu (The China that can say no) (Beijing: Zhongguo gongshang lianhe chubanshe, 1996), 36.
44. Gu Qingshen et al., Zhongguo haishi neng shuo bu (A China that still can say no) (Hong Kong: Ming Pao chubanshe, 1996), 37, 63.
45. Harold D. Lasswell, "The World Revolution of Our Time: A Framework for Basic Policy Research," in World Revolutionary Elites: Studies in Coercive Ideological Movements, ed. Harold D. Lasswell and Daniel Lerner (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1966), 88.
46. Song, Zhang, Qiao, Zhongguo keyi shuo bu, 17-22.
47. Whiting, China Crosses the Yalu, 158.
48. Editor, "What Is Behind 'An Urgent Task'," Cheng Ming, January 2000. 12.
49. Joseph LaPalombara, "Penetration: A Crisis of Governmental Capacity," in Crises and Sequences in Political Development, ed. Leonard Binder et al. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971), 208.
50. Jiang Zemin, "Talk at Meeting of Directors of Organization Departments," Qiushi (Seeking Truth) (Beijing), 1989, no. 20:9. See also: Jiang Zemin, "Struggle to Build the Party into a Stronger Vanguard of the Working Class," ibid., 1990, no. 13:2-9; Jiang Zemin, "In Commemoration of the 72d Anniversary of the Founding of the CCP," Renmin ribao (People's Daily), July 1, 1993; Jiang Zemin, "Talk at the Sixth Plenary Meeting of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection," ibid., March 1, 1996; and Jiang Zemin, "On Stressing Politics," Qiushi, 1996, no. 13:2-4.
51. Jiang Zemin, "Talk at Meeting of Directors of Organization Departments," Qiushi (Seeking Truth) (Beijing), 1989, no. 20:9. See also: Jiang Zemin, "Struggle to Build the Party into a Stronger Vanguard of the Working Class," ibid., 1990, no. 13:2-9; Jiang Zemin, "In Commemoration of the 72d Anniversary of the Founding of the CCP," Renmin ribao (People's Daily), July 1, 1993; Jiang Zemin, "Talk at the Sixth Plenary Meeting of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection," ibid., March 1, 1996; and Jiang Zemin, "On Stressing Politics," Qiushi, 1996, no. 13:2-4.
52. Jiang Zemin, "Talk at Meeting of Directors of Organization Departments," Qiushi (Seeking Truth) (Beijing), 1989, no. 20:9. See also: Jiang Zemin, "Struggle to Build the Party into a Stronger Vanguard of the Working Class," ibid., 1990, no. 13:2-9; Jiang Zemin, "In Commemoration of the 72d Anniversary of the Founding of the CCP," Renmin ribao (People's Daily), July 1, 1993; Jiang Zemin, "Talk at the Sixth Plenary Meeting of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection," ibid., March 1, 1996; and Jiang Zemin, "On Stressing Politics," Qiushi, 1996, no. 13:2-4.
53. Jiang Zemin, "Talk at Meeting of Directors of Organization Departments," Qiushi (Seeking Truth) (Beijing), 1989, no. 20:9. See also: Jiang Zemin, "Struggle to Build the Party into a Stronger Vanguard of the Working Class," ibid., 1990, no. 13:2-9; Jiang Zemin, "In Commemoration of the 72d Anniversary of the Founding of the CCP," Renmin ribao (People's Daily), July 1, 1993; Jiang Zemin, "Talk at the Sixth Plenary Meeting of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection," ibid., March 1, 1996; and Jiang Zemin, "On Stressing Politics," Qiushi, 1996, no. 13:2-4.
54. Jiang Zemin, "Talk at Meeting of Directors of Organization Departments," Qiushi (Seeking Truth) (Beijing), 1989, no. 20:9. See also: Jiang Zemin, "Struggle to Build the Party into a Stronger Vanguard of the Working Class," ibid., 1990, no. 13:2-9; Jiang Zemin, "In Commemoration of the 72d Anniversary of the Founding of the CCP," Renmin ribao (People's Daily), July 1, 1993; Jiang Zemin, "Talk at the Sixth Plenary Meeting of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection," ibid., March 1, 1996; and Jiang Zemin, "On Stressing Politics," Qiushi, 1996, no. 13:2-4.
55. Dong Degang, "The Relationship between the Standard of Three Conducivenesses' and the Party's Ideological Line," Zhongguo dangzheng gangbu luntan (China Forum for Party-State Cadres), 1995, no. 1:26-27, 32; and Zhen Xiaoying, "Seriously Study the New Situation and Problems That Party Construction Faces in a Market Economy," ibid., 1997, no. 3:36-38.
56. Dong Degang, "The Relationship between the Standard of Three Conducivenesses' and the Party's Ideological Line," Zhongguo dangzheng gangbu luntan (China Forum for Party-State Cadres), 1995, no. 1:26-27, 32; and Zhen Xiaoying, "Seriously Study the New Situation and Problems That Party Construction Faces in a Market Economy," ibid., 1997, no. 3:36-38.
57. Jiang Zemin, "On Problems of Strengthening Construction of Party Schools," Renmin ribao, August 12, 1990; Jiang Zemin, "Leading Cadres Must Stress Politics," ibid., January 17, 1996.
58. Jiang Zemin, "On Problems of Strengthening Construction of Party Schools," Renmin ribao, August 12, 1990; Jiang Zemin, "Leading Cadres Must Stress Politics," ibid., January 17, 1996.
59. Guo Yading, "The Growth and Elimination of the Party's Internal Deviations," Zhonggong Zhejiang shengwei dangxiao xuebao (Journal of the Zhejiang Provincial Party School), 1998, no. 5:55-60.
60. Zhong Zhusan, "A Study of the Present Condition of Rural Party Organizations," Liaowang (Outlook Weekly), 1990, no. 1:12-14. For other reports on rural Party cadres, see: "Mainland Academic Says Party 'Eliminated' at Grass Roots," FBIS-CHI-94-191 (October 3, 1994): 40; Wang Tianyi, "Challenges to Rural Party Primary Organizations and Its Solution," Qiushi, 1996, no. 8:37-39; "Some Outstanding Problems in Party Building in Rural Areas," Zuzhi renshixue yanjiu (Organizational Personnel Studies), 1997, no. 3:23-25; Gao Yun, "A Preliminary Commentary on the Weaknesses of Party Primary Organizations," Lilun yu gaige (Theory and Reform), 1998, no. 1:70-71; and Jing Wei and Li Qingzhong, "An Analysis of Theoretical Education in Party Primary Organizations," Qiqihar shehui kexue (Qiqihar Social Sciences), 1998, no. 4:30-32.
61. Zhong Zhusan, "A Study of the Present Condition of Rural Party Organizations," Liaowang (Outlook Weekly), 1990, no. 1:12-14. For other reports on rural Party cadres, see: "Mainland Academic Says Party 'Eliminated' at Grass Roots," FBIS-CHI-94-191 (October 3, 1994): 40; Wang Tianyi, "Challenges to Rural Party Primary Organizations and Its Solution," Qiushi, 1996, no. 8:37-39; "Some Outstanding Problems in Party Building in Rural Areas," Zuzhi renshixue yanjiu (Organizational Personnel Studies), 1997, no. 3:23-25; Gao Yun, "A Preliminary Commentary on the Weaknesses of Party Primary Organizations," Lilun yu gaige (Theory and Reform), 1998, no. 1:70-71; and Jing Wei and Li Qingzhong, "An Analysis of Theoretical Education in Party Primary Organizations," Qiqihar shehui kexue (Qiqihar Social Sciences), 1998, no. 4:30-32.
62. Zhong Zhusan, "A Study of the Present Condition of Rural Party Organizations," Liaowang (Outlook Weekly), 1990, no. 1:12-14. For other reports on rural Party cadres, see: "Mainland Academic Says Party 'Eliminated' at Grass Roots," FBIS-CHI-94-191 (October 3, 1994): 40; Wang Tianyi, "Challenges to Rural Party Primary Organizations and Its Solution," Qiushi, 1996, no. 8:37-39; "Some Outstanding Problems in Party Building in Rural Areas," Zuzhi renshixue yanjiu (Organizational Personnel Studies), 1997, no. 3:23-25; Gao Yun, "A Preliminary Commentary on the Weaknesses of Party Primary Organizations," Lilun yu gaige (Theory and Reform), 1998, no. 1:70-71; and Jing Wei and Li Qingzhong, "An Analysis of Theoretical Education in Party Primary Organizations," Qiqihar shehui kexue (Qiqihar Social Sciences), 1998, no. 4:30-32.
63. Zhong Zhusan, "A Study of the Present Condition of Rural Party Organizations," Liaowang (Outlook Weekly), 1990, no. 1:12-14. For other reports on rural Party cadres, see: "Mainland Academic Says Party 'Eliminated' at Grass Roots," FBIS-CHI-94-191 (October 3, 1994): 40; Wang Tianyi, "Challenges to Rural Party Primary Organizations and Its Solution," Qiushi, 1996, no. 8:37-39; "Some Outstanding Problems in Party Building in Rural Areas," Zuzhi renshixue yanjiu (Organizational Personnel Studies), 1997, no. 3:23-25; Gao Yun, "A Preliminary Commentary on the Weaknesses of Party Primary Organizations," Lilun yu gaige (Theory and Reform), 1998, no. 1:70-71; and Jing Wei and Li Qingzhong, "An Analysis of Theoretical Education in Party Primary Organizations," Qiqihar shehui kexue (Qiqihar Social Sciences), 1998, no. 4:30-32.
64. Zhong Zhusan, "A Study of the Present Condition of Rural Party Organizations," Liaowang (Outlook Weekly), 1990, no. 1:12-14. For other reports on rural Party cadres, see: "Mainland Academic Says Party 'Eliminated' at Grass Roots," FBIS-CHI-94-191 (October 3, 1994): 40; Wang Tianyi, "Challenges to Rural Party Primary Organizations and Its Solution," Qiushi, 1996, no. 8:37-39; "Some Outstanding Problems in Party Building in Rural Areas," Zuzhi renshixue yanjiu (Organizational Personnel Studies), 1997, no. 3:23-25; Gao Yun, "A Preliminary Commentary on the Weaknesses of Party Primary Organizations," Lilun yu gaige (Theory and Reform), 1998, no. 1:70-71; and Jing Wei and Li Qingzhong, "An Analysis of Theoretical Education in Party Primary Organizations," Qiqihar shehui kexue (Qiqihar Social Sciences), 1998, no. 4:30-32.
65. Zhong Zhusan, "A Study of the Present Condition of Rural Party Organizations," Liaowang (Outlook Weekly), 1990, no. 1:12-14. For other reports on rural Party cadres, see: "Mainland Academic Says Party 'Eliminated' at Grass Roots," FBIS-CHI-94-191 (October 3, 1994): 40; Wang Tianyi, "Challenges to Rural Party Primary Organizations and Its Solution," Qiushi, 1996, no. 8:37-39; "Some Outstanding Problems in Party Building in Rural Areas," Zuzhi renshixue yanjiu (Organizational Personnel Studies), 1997, no. 3:23-25; Gao Yun, "A Preliminary Commentary on the Weaknesses of Party Primary Organizations," Lilun yu gaige (Theory and Reform), 1998, no. 1:70-71; and Jing Wei and Li Qingzhong, "An Analysis of Theoretical Education in Party Primary Organizations," Qiqihar shehui kexue (Qiqihar Social Sciences), 1998, no. 4:30-32.
66. Wang Guixiu, "Why Political System Reforms Cannot Be Postponed," Cheng Ming, February 2000, 11; also New York Times, September 20, 1998.
67. Wang Guixiu, "Why Political System Reforms Cannot Be Postponed," Cheng Ming, February 2000, 11; also New York Times, September 20, 1998.
68. Lo Ping, "The CCP Prepares for Repression," Cheng Ming, January 1999, 23-25; and Lo Ping, "Some Congressional Deputies Challenge the Power of the Party," ibid., April 1999, 14-16.
69. Lo Ping, "The CCP Prepares for Repression," Cheng Ming, January 1999, 23-25; and Lo Ping, "Some Congressional Deputies Challenge the Power of the Party," ibid., April 1999, 14-16.
70. "CPC Document Warns against 'Infiltration'," Lianhe bao (United Daily News) (Taipei), April 15, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-071 (April 17, 1995): 31-32. For more on the changes of these two organizations, see: Cheng Yin, "Jiang Zemin's New Crisis," Jiushi niandai (The Nineties) (Hong Kong), May 1996, 26-29; Sha Min, "The Two Sessions in the Post-Deng Era: Anxious and Dull," ibid., April 1997; and Zong Hewen, "In Reality, They Cast a Vote of No-Confidence," China Focus 5, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 7-8.
71. "CPC Document Warns against 'Infiltration'," Lianhe bao (United Daily News) (Taipei), April 15, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-071 (April 17, 1995): 31-32. For more on the changes of these two organizations, see: Cheng Yin, "Jiang Zemin's New Crisis," Jiushi niandai (The Nineties) (Hong Kong), May 1996, 26-29; Sha Min, "The Two Sessions in the Post-Deng Era: Anxious and Dull," ibid., April 1997; and Zong Hewen, "In Reality, They Cast a Vote of No-Confidence," China Focus 5, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 7-8.
72. "CPC Document Warns against 'Infiltration'," Lianhe bao (United Daily News) (Taipei), April 15, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-071 (April 17, 1995): 31-32. For more on the changes of these two organizations, see: Cheng Yin, "Jiang Zemin's New Crisis," Jiushi niandai (The Nineties) (Hong Kong), May 1996, 26-29; Sha Min, "The Two Sessions in the Post-Deng Era: Anxious and Dull," ibid., April 1997; and Zong Hewen, "In Reality, They Cast a Vote of No-Confidence," China Focus 5, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 7-8.
73. "CPC Document Warns against 'Infiltration'," Lianhe bao (United Daily News) (Taipei), April 15, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-071 (April 17, 1995): 31-32. For more on the changes of these two organizations, see: Cheng Yin, "Jiang Zemin's New Crisis," Jiushi niandai (The Nineties) (Hong Kong), May 1996, 26-29; Sha Min, "The Two Sessions in the Post-Deng Era: Anxious and Dull," ibid., April 1997; and Zong Hewen, "In Reality, They Cast a Vote of No-Confidence," China Focus 5, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 7-8.
74. "CPC Document Warns against 'Infiltration'," Lianhe bao (United Daily News) (Taipei), April 15, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-071 (April 17, 1995): 31-32. For more on the changes of these two organizations, see: Cheng Yin, "Jiang Zemin's New Crisis," Jiushi niandai (The Nineties) (Hong Kong), May 1996, 26-29; Sha Min, "The Two Sessions in the Post-Deng Era: Anxious and Dull," ibid., April 1997; and Zong Hewen, "In Reality, They Cast a Vote of No-Confidence," China Focus 5, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 7-8.
75. Yue San, "The Ten-Point Guidelines to Prevent the 'Two Conferences' Getting out of Control," Cheng Ming, March 2000, 19-20.
76. Jiang, "Leading Cadres Must Stress Politics."
77. Lo Ping, "Jiang's Views on 'Three Anns'," Cheng Ming, May 2000, 15-17.
78. New York Times, January 30, 1997.
79. As Jacques deLisle's excellent analysis points out: "Falun Gong conjures nearly all of the demons that haunt the PRC's leaders." See Jacques deLisle, "Who's Afraid of Falun Gong?" E-Notes (Foreign Policy Research Institute, Philadelphia)), August 5, 1999.
80. Lo, "The CCP Prepares for Repression.
81. Li Zijing, "Beijing Decides to Strengthen Repression against Hostile Forces," Cheng Ming, December 1998, 19.
82. Erik Eckholm, "China Army Renews Threat against Taiwan Separatism," New York Times, March 7, 2000, A10.
83. Shijie ribao, March 23, 2000; Santa Barbara News-Press, March 21, 2000; Shijie ribao, April 3, 2000; and Zhongshi dianzi boo (China Times Electronic News), April 11, 2000.
84. Shijie ribao, March 23, 2000; Santa Barbara News-Press, March 21, 2000; Shijie ribao, April 3, 2000; and Zhongshi dianzi boo (China Times Electronic News), April 11, 2000.
85. Shijie ribao, March 23, 2000; Santa Barbara News-Press, March 21, 2000; Shijie ribao, April 3, 2000; and Zhongshi dianzi boo (China Times Electronic News), April 11, 2000.
86. Shijie ribao, March 23, 2000; Santa Barbara News-Press, March 21, 2000; Shijie ribao, April 3, 2000; and Zhongshi dianzi boo (China Times Electronic News), April 11, 2000.
87. Kuan Yeh-chen, "The CCP Inflamed the Military to Oppose Taiwan," Cheng Ming, October 1990, 19-20; Li Zijing, "Twelve PLA Generals Advocating Confronting the UK," ibid., January 1993, 12-13; Lo Ping, "The PLA Demands End to Sino-British Talks," ibid., October 1993, 8-9; Fan Chun, "Will the CCP Resort to Force to Unite Taiwan with China?" ibid., February 1993, 12-14; "CCP Taking a Hard Line toward Taiwan," Zhongguo shibao, March 22, 1994; Fan Chun, "CCP's Policy toward Hong Kong out of Control," Cheng Ming, April 1994, 16-19; "The PLA Increases Role in Foreign Affairs," Zhongguo shibao, June 26, 1994; "Military Urges Measures 'To Restrain Taiwan'," Lianhe bao, July 20, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-139 (July 20, 1995): 16-18; Lan Hsin, "Lee Teng-hui's Visit to the United States Causing Internal Conflicts in the CCP," Cheng Ming, July 1995, 11-12; Yu Yu-lin, "PLA Increases Its Role in Pronouncing Stands in Foreign Affairs," Zhongguo shibao, September 5, 1995; I Fan, "The Head of PLA Boasting Occupation of Taiwan in Forty-eight Hours," Cheng Ming, December 1995, 29-30; Yueh Shan, "The Head of PLA Challenges the United States," ibid., March 1996, 21-22; Lo Ping, "American Carriers Causing Internal Conflicts in the CCP," ibid., April 1996, 6-7; and Patrick E. Tyler, "China's Military Stumbles Even as Its Power Grows," New York Times, December 3, 1996.
88. Kuan Yeh-chen, "The CCP Inflamed the Military to Oppose Taiwan," Cheng Ming, October 1990, 19-20; Li Zijing, "Twelve PLA Generals Advocating Confronting the UK," ibid., January 1993, 12-13; Lo Ping, "The PLA Demands End to Sino-British Talks," ibid., October 1993, 8-9; Fan Chun, "Will the CCP Resort to Force to Unite Taiwan with China?" ibid., February 1993, 12-14; "CCP Taking a Hard Line toward Taiwan," Zhongguo shibao, March 22, 1994; Fan Chun, "CCP's Policy toward Hong Kong out of Control," Cheng Ming, April 1994, 16-19; "The PLA Increases Role in Foreign Affairs," Zhongguo shibao, June 26, 1994; "Military Urges Measures 'To Restrain Taiwan'," Lianhe bao, July 20, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-139 (July 20, 1995): 16-18; Lan Hsin, "Lee Teng-hui's Visit to the United States Causing Internal Conflicts in the CCP," Cheng Ming, July 1995, 11-12; Yu Yu-lin, "PLA Increases Its Role in Pronouncing Stands in Foreign Affairs," Zhongguo shibao, September 5, 1995; I Fan, "The Head of PLA Boasting Occupation of Taiwan in Forty-eight Hours," Cheng Ming, December 1995, 29-30; Yueh Shan, "The Head of PLA Challenges the United States," ibid., March 1996, 21-22; Lo Ping, "American Carriers Causing Internal Conflicts in the CCP," ibid., April 1996, 6-7; and Patrick E. Tyler, "China's Military Stumbles Even as Its Power Grows," New York Times, December 3, 1996.
89. Kuan Yeh-chen, "The CCP Inflamed the Military to Oppose Taiwan," Cheng Ming, October 1990, 19-20; Li Zijing, "Twelve PLA Generals Advocating Confronting the UK," ibid., January 1993, 12-13; Lo Ping, "The PLA Demands End to Sino-British Talks," ibid., October 1993, 8-9; Fan Chun, "Will the CCP Resort to Force to Unite Taiwan with China?" ibid., February 1993, 12-14; "CCP Taking a Hard Line toward Taiwan," Zhongguo shibao, March 22, 1994; Fan Chun, "CCP's Policy toward Hong Kong out of Control," Cheng Ming, April 1994, 16-19; "The PLA Increases Role in Foreign Affairs," Zhongguo shibao, June 26, 1994; "Military Urges Measures 'To Restrain Taiwan'," Lianhe bao, July 20, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-139 (July 20, 1995): 16-18; Lan Hsin, "Lee Teng-hui's Visit to the United States Causing Internal Conflicts in the CCP," Cheng Ming, July 1995, 11-12; Yu Yu-lin, "PLA Increases Its Role in Pronouncing Stands in Foreign Affairs," Zhongguo shibao, September 5, 1995; I Fan, "The Head of PLA Boasting Occupation of Taiwan in Forty-eight Hours," Cheng Ming, December 1995, 29-30; Yueh Shan, "The Head of PLA Challenges the United States," ibid., March 1996, 21-22; Lo Ping, "American Carriers Causing Internal Conflicts in the CCP," ibid., April 1996, 6-7; and Patrick E. Tyler, "China's Military Stumbles Even as Its Power Grows," New York Times, December 3, 1996.
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119. Du Tiehuan, "To Adhere to the Leadership of the Party Means to Have Faith in the Leadership of the Party's Third Generation of Leaders," Guofang daxue xuebao (National Defense University Journal), 1991, no. 3:53-56; Zhang Guorong, "The Thought of Mao Zedong Is the Sinicized Marxist Theory of Party Building," ibid., 1991, no. 4:38-43; Zhao Yunxian, "Lenin Created the New Theory on the Political Party of the Proletariat," ibid., 1991, no. 5:47-53; Lin Yunhui, "On Mao Zedong's Stress of Ideology as the Main Principle of Party Building," ibid., 1991, no. 2:73-76; Zhang Chuanmiao, "On Cultivation of Party Spirit in a New Situation," ibid., 1995, no. 4:73-75, 93; and Li Shenmin, "Leading Party Cadres Must Be Marxist Politicians," Qiushi, 1996, no. 2:13-18.
120. Du Tiehuan, "To Adhere to the Leadership of the Party Means to Have Faith in the Leadership of the Party's Third Generation of Leaders,"
121. Du Tiehuan, "To Adhere to the Leadership of the Party Means to Have Faith in the Leadership of the Party's Third Generation of Leaders," Guofang daxue xuebao (National Defense University Journal), 1991, no. 3:53-56; Zhang Guorong, "The Thought of Mao Zedong Is the Sinicized Marxist Theory of Party Building," ibid., 1991, no. 4:38-43; Zhao Yunxian, "Lenin Created the New Theory on the Political Party of the Proletariat," ibid., 1991, no. 5:47-53; Lin Yunhui, "On Mao Zedong's Stress of Ideology as the Main Principle of Party Building," ibid., 1991, no. 2:73-76; Zhang Chuanmiao, "On Cultivation of Party Spirit in a New Situation," ibid., 1995, no. 4:73-75, 93; and Li Shenmin, "Leading Party Cadres Must Be Marxist Politicians," Qiushi, 1996, no. 2:13-18.
122. Du Tiehuan, "To Adhere to the Leadership of the Party Means to Have Faith in the Leadership of the Party's Third Generation of Leaders," Guofang daxue xuebao (National Defense University Journal), 1991, no. 3:53-56; Zhang Guorong, "The Thought of Mao Zedong Is the Sinicized Marxist Theory of Party Building," ibid., 1991, no. 4:38-43; Zhao Yunxian, "Lenin Created the New Theory on the Political Party of the Proletariat," ibid., 1991, no. 5:47-53; Lin Yunhui, "On Mao Zedong's Stress of Ideology as the Main Principle of Party Building," ibid., 1991, no. 2:73-76; Zhang Chuanmiao, "On Cultivation of Party Spirit in a New Situation," ibid., 1995, no. 4:73-75, 93; and Li Shenmin, "Leading Party Cadres Must Be Marxist Politicians," Qiushi, 1996, no. 2:13-18.
123. Xia Yuanshen, "Jiang Zemin's Contributions to the Theory of Building a Ruling Political Party," Mao Zedong sixiang luntan (Forum on Mao Zedong Thought), 1996, no. 4:62-67.
124. He Pin, "The Double Role of the PLA in the Post-Deng Era," Ming Pao yuekan, October 1994, 49-55; also Fox Butterrleld, "An Army with Its Own Grievances," New York Times, June 6, 1989.
125. He Pin, "The Double Role of the PLA in the Post-Deng Era," Ming Pao yuekan, October 1994, 49-55; also Fox Butterrleld, "An Army with Its Own Grievances," New York Times, June 6, 1989.
126. "Paper Warns of Army Instability, Discontent," Lianhe bao, January 25, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-018 (January 27, 1995): 22-24. See also: Zhao Kerning, "Thoughts on Some Problems on the Party Building in the Military in a New Era," Guofang daxue xuebao, 1997, no. 4:61-68; and Chen Kemin, "With the Spirit of the Fifteenth Party Congress as the Guide, Strengthen Party Building in the Military Comprehensively," ibid., 1998, no. 4:51-56.
127. "Paper Warns of Army Instability, Discontent," Lianhe bao, January 25, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-018 (January 27, 1995): 22-24. See also: Zhao Kerning, "Thoughts on Some Problems on the Party Building in the Military in a New Era," Guofang daxue xuebao, 1997, no. 4:61-68; and Chen Kemin, "With the Spirit of the Fifteenth Party Congress as the Guide, Strengthen Party Building in the Military Comprehensively," ibid., 1998, no. 4:51-56.
128. "Paper Warns of Army Instability, Discontent," Lianhe bao, January 25, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-018 (January 27, 1995): 22-24. See also: Zhao Kerning, "Thoughts on Some Problems on the Party Building in the Military in a New Era," Guofang daxue xuebao, 1997, no. 4:61-68; and Chen Kemin, "With the Spirit of the Fifteenth Party Congress as the Guide, Strengthen Party Building in the Military Comprehensively," ibid., 1998, no. 4:51-56.
129. "Paper Warns of Army Instability, Discontent," Lianhe bao, January 25, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-018 (January 27, 1995): 22-24. See also: Zhao Kerning, "Thoughts on Some Problems on the Party Building in the Military in a New Era," Guofang daxue xuebao, 1997, no. 4:61-68; and Chen Kemin, "With the Spirit of the Fifteenth Party Congress as the Guide, Strengthen Party Building in the Military Comprehensively," ibid., 1998, no. 4:51-56.
130. Zhongguo shibao, July 10, 1994.
131. "Column Views 'Personnel Drain' in Air Force," Hsin Pao, February 25, 1994, in FBIS-CHI-94-051 (March 16, 1994): 50-52.
132. "Column Views 'Personnel Drain' in Air Force," Hsin Pao, February 25, 1994, in FBIS-CHI-94-051 (March 16, 1994): 50-52.
133. "Difficulties in Conscription Examined," Guofang (National Defense), July 15, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-191 (October 3, 1995): 23. See also "Stock System Interferes with Reserve Training," Zhongguo minbing (Chinese Militia), March 9, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-125 (June 29, 1995): 33-34.
134. "Difficulties in Conscription Examined," Guofang (National Defense), July 15, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-191 (October 3, 1995): 23. See also "Stock System Interferes with Reserve Training," Zhongguo minbing (Chinese Militia), March 9, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-125 (June 29, 1995): 33-34.
135. "Difficulties in Conscription Examined," Guofang (National Defense), July 15, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-191 (October 3, 1995): 23. See also "Stock System Interferes with Reserve Training," Zhongguo minbing (Chinese Militia), March 9, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-125 (June 29, 1995): 33-34.
136. "Difficulties in Conscription Examined," Guofang (National Defense), July 15, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-191 (October 3, 1995): 23. See also "Stock System Interferes with Reserve Training," Zhongguo minbing (Chinese Militia), March 9, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-125 (June 29, 1995): 33-34.
137. Yu Bin, "Anatomy of Changes in Self-Perception: Thoughts on the Traditional Mentality of the Military" (Part I). Shehui (Society), 1989, no. 6:38-40; Part II, ibid., 1989, no. 7: 25-27.
138. Yu Bin, "Anatomy of Changes in Self-Perception: Thoughts on the Traditional Mentality of the Military" (Part I). Shehui (Society), 1989, no. 6:38-40; Part II, ibid., 1989, no. 7: 25-27.
139. Patrick E. Tyler, "China's Military Stumbles Even as Its Power Grows," New York Times, December 3, 1996.
140. Sociologist Paul Colomy suggested that uneven differentiation is particularly pronounced in a society with a high degree of "subcultural and social diversity." See Paul Colomy, "Uneven Differentiation and Incomplete Institutionalization: Political Change and Continuity in the Early American Nation," in Differentiation Theory and Social Change: Comparative and Historical Perspectives, ed. Jeffrey C. Alexander and Paul Colomy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 122.
141. Yu, "Anatomy of Changes" (Part I), 38.
142. Yang Minqing, Chen Shusong, and Song Jinghua, "Study of the Reasons for Weak Political Education at the Base," Shehui, 1989, no. 5:14-17.
143. "Speeches at Army Forum on Political Building," Jiefangjun bao (Liberation Army Daily), May 26, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-136 (July 17, 1995): 46.
144. "Speeches at Army Forum on Political Building," Jiefangjun bao (Liberation Army Daily), May 26, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-136 (July 17, 1995): 46.
145. Zhongguo shibao, March 20, 1994.
146. Ming Pao, March 5, 1994, in FBIS-CHI-94-045 (March 8, 1994): 40-41; Thomas J. Bickford, "The Chinese Military and Its Business Operations: The PLA as Entrepreneur," Asian Survey 34, no. 5 (May 1994): 460-74; Patrick E. Tyler, "China Military's Business Profits Being Put Back into Business, Not Arms," New York Times, May 24, 1994; Seth Faison, "China Moving to Untie Its Military-Industrial Knot," ibid., July 28, 1998; and Seth Faison, "China Tries a Great Tippy-Toe Forward," ibid., August 2, 1998.
147. Ming Pao, March 5, 1994, in FBIS-CHI-94-045 (March 8, 1994): 40-41; Thomas J. Bickford, "The Chinese Military and Its Business Operations: The PLA as Entrepreneur," Asian Survey 34, no. 5 (May 1994): 460-74; Patrick E. Tyler, "China Military's Business Profits Being Put Back into Business, Not Arms," New York Times, May 24, 1994; Seth Faison, "China Moving to Untie Its Military-Industrial Knot," ibid., July 28, 1998; and Seth Faison, "China Tries a Great Tippy-Toe Forward," ibid., August 2, 1998.
148. Ming Pao, March 5, 1994, in FBIS-CHI-94-045 (March 8, 1994): 40-41; Thomas J. Bickford, "The Chinese Military and Its Business Operations: The PLA as Entrepreneur," Asian Survey 34, no. 5 (May 1994): 460-74; Patrick E. Tyler, "China Military's Business Profits Being Put Back into Business, Not Arms," New York Times, May 24, 1994; Seth Faison, "China Moving to Untie Its Military-Industrial Knot," ibid., July 28, 1998; and Seth Faison, "China Tries a Great Tippy-Toe Forward," ibid., August 2, 1998.
149. Ming Pao, March 5, 1994, in FBIS-CHI-94-045 (March 8, 1994): 40-41; Thomas J. Bickford, "The Chinese Military and Its Business Operations: The PLA as Entrepreneur," Asian Survey 34, no. 5 (May 1994): 460-74; Patrick E. Tyler, "China Military's Business Profits Being Put Back into Business, Not Arms," New York Times, May 24, 1994; Seth Faison, "China Moving to Untie Its Military-Industrial Knot," ibid., July 28, 1998; and Seth Faison, "China Tries a Great Tippy-Toe Forward," ibid., August 2, 1998.
150. Ming Pao, March 5, 1994, in FBIS-CHI-94-045 (March 8, 1994): 40-41; Thomas J. Bickford, "The Chinese Military and Its Business Operations: The PLA as Entrepreneur," Asian Survey 34, no. 5 (May 1994): 460-74; Patrick E. Tyler, "China Military's Business Profits Being Put Back into Business, Not Arms," New York Times, May 24, 1994; Seth Faison, "China Moving to Untie Its Military-Industrial Knot," ibid., July 28, 1998; and Seth Faison, "China Tries a Great Tippy-Toe Forward," ibid., August 2, 1998.
151. Ming Pao, March 5, 1994, in FBIS-CHI-94-045 (March 8, 1994): 40-41; Thomas J. Bickford, "The Chinese Military and Its Business Operations: The PLA as Entrepreneur," Asian Survey 34, no. 5 (May 1994): 460-74; Patrick E. Tyler, "China Military's Business Profits Being Put Back into Business, Not Arms," New York Times, May 24, 1994; Seth Faison, "China Moving to Untie Its Military-Industrial Knot," ibid., July 28, 1998; and Seth Faison, "China Tries a Great Tippy-Toe Forward," ibid., August 2, 1998.
152. Faison, "China Moving to."
153. See note 39 above. Admiral Liu was the main spokesman in the majority of these references on the PLA's capability to achieve a spectacular victory over the Taiwan Strait.
154. See "'Document No. 7' Issued by the General Political Department of the Chinese Communist Armed Forces in 1981 - The Stipulations against Political Incidents at the Basic Level," Zhonggong yanjiu (Studies on Chinese Communism Monthly) (Taipei) 17, no. 2 (February 15, 1983): 111-28.
155. Faison, "China Tries."
156. Shijie ribao, July 19, 1997.
157. "Chi Haotian on Traditional Virtues," Renmin ribao, August 10, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-188 (September 28, 1995): 27.
158. "Chi Haotian on Traditional Virtues," Renmin ribao, August 10, 1995, in FBIS-CHI-95-188 (September 28, 1995): 27.
159. Shijie ribao, June 21, 1997.
160. Ibid., March 6 and 8, 2000.
161. Ibid., March 10, 2000.
162. Ibid., March 27 and April 3, 2000.
163. M. Brewster Smith, Jerome S. Bruner, and Robert W. White, Opinion and Personality (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1964); Robert E. Lane and David O. Sears, Public Opinion (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); Vincent Price, Public Opinion (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1992).
164. M. Brewster Smith, Jerome S. Bruner, and Robert W. White, Opinion and Personality (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1964); Robert E. Lane and David O. Sears, Public Opinion (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); Vincent Price, Public Opinion (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1992).
165. M. Brewster Smith, Jerome S. Bruner, and Robert W. White, Opinion and Personality (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1964); Robert E. Lane and David O. Sears, Public Opinion (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); Vincent Price, Public Opinion (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1992).
166. Li Yi, "Shen Chun-shan on 'Jiang-Shen Conversations'," Jiushi niandai, September 1996, 55-58.
167. Robert E. Lane, Political Thinking and Consciousness: The Private Life of the Political Mind (Chicago: Markham Publishing Company, 1969), 93.
168. "The Third Talk with Jiang Zemin: On When to Start Negotiations between the Two Sides of the Taiwan Strait," Jiushi niandai, August 1996, 105.
169. "The First Talk with Jiang Zemin: CCP's Policy toward Taiwan and the Reality of Taiwan," ibid., 67; "The Third Talk," 103.
170. "The First Talk with Jiang Zemin: CCP's Policy toward Taiwan and the Reality of Taiwan," ibid., 67; "The Third Talk," 103.
171. "The First Talk," 75; "The Third Talk," 107.
172. "The First Talk," 75; "The Third Talk," 107.
173. "The Third Talk," 100.
174. Ibid., 101.
175. Ibid., 103-7.
176. Deng Xiaoping wenxuan 3:358.
177. Beijing Review 24, no. 17 (July 6, 1981): 10-39.
178. Shih Yen, "Jiang Zemin's Rough Road in Power," Cheng Ming, August, 1996, 25-29; Ting Kuo, "Zhu Rongji in the Shadow of Emperor Yongzheng," Ming Pao yuekan, July 1999, 44-45.
179. Shih Yen, "Jiang Zemin's Rough Road in Power," Cheng Ming, August, 1996, 25-29; Ting Kuo, "Zhu Rongji in the Shadow of Emperor Yongzheng," Ming Pao yuekan, July 1999, 44-45.
180. Carl J. Friedrich and Zbigniew K. Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1956).
181. Lam Tao-chiu, "Local Interest Articulation in the 1980s," in Shanghai: Transformation and Modernization under China's Open Policy, ed. Y.M. Yeung and Sung Yun-wing (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1996), 139-40.
182. Patrick E. Tyler, "Clinton's Chinese Counterpart: A Weak Old Panda?" New York Times, November 29, 1996.
183. Erik Eckholm, "As China Turns 50, a Duel of Stability and Reform," ibid., October 1, 1999; and "One Giant Step for Mr. Jiang's China," ibid., November 21, 1999.
184. Erik Eckholm, "As China Turns 50, a Duel of Stability and Reform," ibid., October 1, 1999; and "One Giant Step for Mr. Jiang's China," ibid., November 21, 1999.
185. R.N. Schiele, "A Long Way to Go Before Jiang Can Secure Leadership," Eastern Express (Hong Kong), December 29, 1994, in FBIS-CHI-94-250 (December 29, 1994): 28.
186. R.N. Schiele, "A Long Way to Go Before Jiang Can Secure Leadership," Eastern Express (Hong Kong), December 29, 1994, in FBIS-CHI-94-250 (December 29, 1994): 28.
187. Bruce W. Nelan, "End of a Dynasty," Time, October 30, 1995, 19-22.
188. "The Second Talk with Jiang Zemin: On Peaceful Evolution and Peaceful Unification," Jiushi niandai, August 1996, 96.
189. Lo Ping, "Jiang Criticized for Building Personal Power," Cheng Ming, December 1997, 12-16; Li Zijing, "Another Wave of Opposition to Jiang's Assuming the Presidency," ibid., February 1998, 18-20; Lo Ping, "A Tide of Toppling Jiang from the Presidency," ibid., March 1998, 8-9; Lo Ping, "Criticisms of Tian Jiyun and Ye Xuanping," ibid., March 1998, 10-12; Lo Ping, "CCP High Circle Trying to Create a Climate for Jiang's Continuation in Power," ibid., December 1999, 12-13.
190. Lo Ping, "Jiang Criticized for Building Personal Power," Cheng Ming, December 1997, 12-16; Li Zijing, "Another Wave of Opposition to Jiang's Assuming the Presidency," ibid., February 1998, 18-20; Lo Ping, "A Tide of Toppling Jiang from the Presidency," ibid., March 1998, 8-9; Lo Ping, "Criticisms of Tian Jiyun and Ye Xuanping," ibid., March 1998, 10-12; Lo Ping, "CCP High Circle Trying to Create a Climate for Jiang's Continuation in Power," ibid., December 1999, 12-13.
191. Lo Ping, "Jiang Criticized for Building Personal Power," Cheng Ming, December 1997, 12-16; Li Zijing, "Another Wave of Opposition to Jiang's Assuming the Presidency," ibid., February 1998, 18-20; Lo Ping, "A Tide of Toppling Jiang from the Presidency," ibid., March 1998, 8-9; Lo Ping, "Criticisms of Tian Jiyun and Ye Xuanping," ibid., March 1998, 10-12; Lo Ping, "CCP High Circle Trying to Create a Climate for Jiang's Continuation in Power," ibid., December 1999, 12-13.
192. Lo Ping, "Jiang Criticized for Building Personal Power," Cheng Ming, December 1997, 12-16; Li Zijing, "Another Wave of Opposition to Jiang's Assuming the Presidency," ibid., February 1998, 18-20; Lo Ping, "A Tide of Toppling Jiang from the Presidency," ibid., March 1998, 8-9; Lo Ping, "Criticisms of Tian Jiyun and Ye Xuanping," ibid., March 1998, 10-12; Lo Ping, "CCP High Circle Trying to Create a Climate for Jiang's Continuation in Power," ibid., December 1999, 12-13.
193. Lo Ping, "Jiang Criticized for Building Personal Power," Cheng Ming, December 1997, 12-16; Li Zijing, "Another Wave of Opposition to Jiang's Assuming the Presidency," ibid., February 1998, 18-20; Lo Ping, "A Tide of Toppling Jiang from the Presidency," ibid., March 1998, 8-9; Lo Ping, "Criticisms of Tian Jiyun and Ye Xuanping," ibid., March 1998, 10-12; Lo Ping, "CCP High Circle Trying to Create a Climate for Jiang's Continuation in Power," ibid., December 1999, 12-13.
194. Chen Yin, "Explanations of Chairman Jiang's Hair Combing Episode," ibid., August 1996, 34-36.
195. Lo Fu, "Jiang Zemin's Season of Troubles," Jiushi niandai, September 1997, 22-23; Pai Lang-tung, "The CCP's Internal Bulletin on Jiang Zemin's Visit to the United States," ibid., November 1997, 44-46.
196. Lo Fu, "Jiang Zemin's Season of Troubles," Jiushi niandai, September 1997, 22-23; Pai Lang-tung, "The CCP's Internal Bulletin on Jiang Zemin's Visit to the United States," ibid., November 1997, 44-46.
197. Shijie ribao, March 15, 2000.
198. "Jiang Zemin and Cross-Strait Relations," Jiushi niandai, September 1996, 60.