(Re)conceiving politics? Women's activism and democracy in a time of retrenchment

Feminist Studies

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 391-418

  Ackelsberg, Martha ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0041034191     PISSN: 00463663     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3178766     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Two of those who have framed these issues most dramatically (although from somewhat differing perspectives) are Nancy Hartsock, "Foucault on Power: A Theory for Women?" in Feminism/Postmodernism, ed. Linda Nicholson (New York: Routledge, 1990), 157-75; and Shane Phelan, Getting Specific: Postmodern Lesbian Politics (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), esp. chap. 8, and "All the Comforts of Home: The Genealogy of Community," in Revisioning the Political: Feminist Reconstructions of Traditional Concepts in Western Political Theory, ed. Nancy Hirschmann and Christine Di Stefano (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), 235-50. See also Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics (London: Verso, 1995); Biddy Martin and Chandra Talpade Mohanty, "Feminist Politics: What's Home Got to Do with It?" in Feminist Studies/Critical Studies, ed. Teresa de Lauretis (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 191-212; Lisa Duggan, "Making It Perfectly Queer," Socialist Review 22 (January-March 1992): 11-31, esp. 26; and Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," ibid., 33-55, esp. 51-53.
2. Two of those who have framed these issues most dramatically (although from somewhat differing perspectives) are Nancy Hartsock, "Foucault on Power: A Theory for Women?" in Feminism/Postmodernism, ed. Linda Nicholson (New York: Routledge, 1990), 157-75; and Shane Phelan, Getting Specific: Postmodern Lesbian Politics (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), esp. chap. 8, and "All the Comforts of Home: The Genealogy of Community," in Revisioning the Political: Feminist Reconstructions of Traditional Concepts in Western Political Theory, ed. Nancy Hirschmann and Christine Di Stefano (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), 235-50. See also Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics (London: Verso, 1995); Biddy Martin and Chandra Talpade Mohanty, "Feminist Politics: What's Home Got to Do with It?" in Feminist Studies/Critical Studies, ed. Teresa de Lauretis (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 191-212; Lisa Duggan, "Making It Perfectly Queer," Socialist Review 22 (January-March 1992): 11-31, esp. 26; and Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," ibid., 33-55, esp. 51-53.
3. Two of those who have framed these issues most dramatically (although from somewhat differing perspectives) are Nancy Hartsock, "Foucault on Power: A Theory for Women?" in Feminism/Postmodernism, ed. Linda Nicholson (New York: Routledge, 1990), 157-75; and Shane Phelan, Getting Specific: Postmodern Lesbian Politics (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), esp. chap. 8, and "All the Comforts of Home: The Genealogy of Community," in Revisioning the Political: Feminist Reconstructions of Traditional Concepts in Western Political Theory, ed. Nancy Hirschmann and Christine Di Stefano (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), 235-50. See also Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics (London: Verso, 1995); Biddy Martin and Chandra Talpade Mohanty, "Feminist Politics: What's Home Got to Do with It?" in Feminist Studies/Critical Studies, ed. Teresa de Lauretis (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 191-212; Lisa Duggan, "Making It Perfectly Queer," Socialist Review 22 (January-March 1992): 11-31, esp. 26; and Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," ibid., 33-55, esp. 51-53.
4. Two of those who have framed these issues most dramatically (although from somewhat differing perspectives) are Nancy Hartsock, "Foucault on Power: A Theory for Women?" in Feminism/Postmodernism, ed. Linda Nicholson (New York: Routledge, 1990), 157-75; and Shane Phelan, Getting Specific: Postmodern Lesbian Politics (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), esp. chap. 8, and "All the Comforts of Home: The Genealogy of Community," in Revisioning the Political: Feminist Reconstructions of Traditional Concepts in Western Political Theory, ed. Nancy Hirschmann and Christine Di Stefano (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), 235-50. See also Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics (London: Verso, 1995); Biddy Martin and Chandra Talpade Mohanty, "Feminist Politics: What's Home Got to Do with It?" in Feminist Studies/Critical Studies, ed. Teresa de Lauretis (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 191-212; Lisa Duggan, "Making It Perfectly Queer," Socialist Review 22 (January-March 1992): 11-31, esp. 26; and Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," ibid., 33-55, esp. 51-53.
5. Two of those who have framed these issues most dramatically (although from somewhat differing perspectives) are Nancy Hartsock, "Foucault on Power: A Theory for Women?" in Feminism/Postmodernism, ed. Linda Nicholson (New York: Routledge, 1990), 157-75; and Shane Phelan, Getting Specific: Postmodern Lesbian Politics (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), esp. chap. 8, and "All the Comforts of Home: The Genealogy of Community," in Revisioning the Political: Feminist Reconstructions of Traditional Concepts in Western Political Theory, ed. Nancy Hirschmann and Christine Di Stefano (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), 235-50. See also Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics (London: Verso, 1995); Biddy Martin and Chandra Talpade Mohanty, "Feminist Politics: What's Home Got to Do with It?" in Feminist Studies/Critical Studies, ed. Teresa de Lauretis (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 191-212; Lisa Duggan, "Making It Perfectly Queer," Socialist Review 22 (January-March 1992): 11-31, esp. 26; and Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," ibid., 33-55, esp. 51-53.
6. Two of those who have framed these issues most dramatically (although from somewhat differing perspectives) are Nancy Hartsock, "Foucault on Power: A Theory for Women?" in Feminism/Postmodernism, ed. Linda Nicholson (New York: Routledge, 1990), 157-75; and Shane Phelan, Getting Specific: Postmodern Lesbian Politics (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), esp. chap. 8, and "All the Comforts of Home: The Genealogy of Community," in Revisioning the Political: Feminist Reconstructions of Traditional Concepts in Western Political Theory, ed. Nancy Hirschmann and Christine Di Stefano (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), 235-50. See also Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics (London: Verso, 1995); Biddy Martin and Chandra Talpade Mohanty, "Feminist Politics: What's Home Got to Do with It?" in Feminist Studies/Critical Studies, ed. Teresa de Lauretis (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 191-212; Lisa Duggan, "Making It Perfectly Queer," Socialist Review 22 (January-March 1992): 11-31, esp. 26; and Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," ibid., 33-55, esp. 51-53.
7. Two of those who have framed these issues most dramatically (although from somewhat differing perspectives) are Nancy Hartsock, "Foucault on Power: A Theory for Women?" in Feminism/Postmodernism, ed. Linda Nicholson (New York: Routledge, 1990), 157-75; and Shane Phelan, Getting Specific: Postmodern Lesbian Politics (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), esp. chap. 8, and "All the Comforts of Home: The Genealogy of Community," in Revisioning the Political: Feminist Reconstructions of Traditional Concepts in Western Political Theory, ed. Nancy Hirschmann and Christine Di Stefano (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), 235-50. See also Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics (London: Verso, 1995); Biddy Martin and Chandra Talpade Mohanty, "Feminist Politics: What's Home Got to Do with It?" in Feminist Studies/Critical Studies, ed. Teresa de Lauretis (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 191-212; Lisa Duggan, "Making It Perfectly Queer," Socialist Review 22 (January-March 1992): 11-31, esp. 26; and Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," ibid., 33-55, esp. 51-53.
8. See, for example, Seyla Benhabib, ed., Democracy and Difference; Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), especially essays by Benhabib, Iris Young, Jane Mansbridge, and Anne Phillips; Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse, and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), and "Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy," in Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992); and essays by Benhabib, Harry Boyte, and Mary Ryan, in that same volume. I explored these issues more fully in "Embracing Ambiguities: Exclusivity, Inclusivity, Activism, and Citizenship" (paper presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, 3-7 Sept. 1998).
9. See, for example, Seyla Benhabib, ed., Democracy and Difference; Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), especially essays by Benhabib, Iris Young, Jane Mansbridge, and Anne Phillips; Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse, and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), and "Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy," in Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992); and essays by Benhabib, Harry Boyte, and Mary Ryan, in that same volume. I explored these issues more fully in "Embracing Ambiguities: Exclusivity, Inclusivity, Activism, and Citizenship" (paper presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, 3-7 Sept. 1998).
10. See, for example, Seyla Benhabib, ed., Democracy and Difference; Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), especially essays by Benhabib, Iris Young, Jane Mansbridge, and Anne Phillips; Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse, and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), and "Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy," in Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992); and essays by Benhabib, Harry Boyte, and Mary Ryan, in that same volume. I explored these issues more fully in "Embracing Ambiguities: Exclusivity, Inclusivity, Activism, and Citizenship" (paper presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, 3-7 Sept. 1998).
11. See, for example, Seyla Benhabib, ed., Democracy and Difference; Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), especially essays by Benhabib, Iris Young, Jane Mansbridge, and Anne Phillips; Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse, and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), and "Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy," in Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992); and essays by Benhabib, Harry Boyte, and Mary Ryan, in that same volume. I explored these issues more fully in "Embracing Ambiguities: Exclusivity, Inclusivity, Activism, and Citizenship" (paper presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, 3-7 Sept. 1998).
12. See, for example, Gwendolyn Mink, The Wages of Motherhood: Inequality in the Welfare State, 1917-1942 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), and Welfare's End (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); also Linda Gordon, Pitied but Not Entitled (New York: Basic Books, 1994); Linda Gordon and Nancy Fraser, "Decoding 'Dependency': Inscriptions of Power in a Keyword of the U.S. Welfare State," in Reconstructing Political Theory: Feminist Perspectives, ed. Mary Lyndon Shanley and Uma Narayan (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997), 25-47; and Martha Ackelsberg, "Dependency or Mutuality: A Feminist Perspective on Dilemmas of Welfare Policy," Rethinking Marxism 7 (summer 1994): 73-86.
13. See, for example, Gwendolyn Mink, The Wages of Motherhood: Inequality in the Welfare State, 1917-1942 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), and Welfare's End (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); also Linda Gordon, Pitied but Not Entitled (New York: Basic Books, 1994); Linda Gordon and Nancy Fraser, "Decoding 'Dependency': Inscriptions of Power in a Keyword of the U.S. Welfare State," in Reconstructing Political Theory: Feminist Perspectives, ed. Mary Lyndon Shanley and Uma Narayan (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997), 25-47; and Martha Ackelsberg, "Dependency or Mutuality: A Feminist Perspective on Dilemmas of Welfare Policy," Rethinking Marxism 7 (summer 1994): 73-86.
14. See, for example, Gwendolyn Mink, The Wages of Motherhood: Inequality in the Welfare State, 1917-1942 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), and Welfare's End (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); also Linda Gordon, Pitied but Not Entitled (New York: Basic Books, 1994); Linda Gordon and Nancy Fraser, "Decoding 'Dependency': Inscriptions of Power in a Keyword of the U.S. Welfare State," in Reconstructing Political Theory: Feminist Perspectives, ed. Mary Lyndon Shanley and Uma Narayan (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997), 25-47; and Martha Ackelsberg, "Dependency or Mutuality: A Feminist Perspective on Dilemmas of Welfare Policy," Rethinking Marxism 7 (summer 1994): 73-86.
15. See, for example, Gwendolyn Mink, The Wages of Motherhood: Inequality in the Welfare State, 1917-1942 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), and Welfare's End (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); also Linda Gordon, Pitied but Not Entitled (New York: Basic Books, 1994); Linda Gordon and Nancy Fraser, "Decoding 'Dependency': Inscriptions of Power in a Keyword of the U.S. Welfare State," in Reconstructing Political Theory: Feminist Perspectives, ed. Mary Lyndon Shanley and Uma Narayan (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997), 25-47; and Martha Ackelsberg, "Dependency or Mutuality: A Feminist Perspective on Dilemmas of Welfare Policy," Rethinking Marxism 7 (summer 1994): 73-86.
16. See, for example, Gwendolyn Mink, The Wages of Motherhood: Inequality in the Welfare State, 1917-1942 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), and Welfare's End (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); also Linda Gordon, Pitied but Not Entitled (New York: Basic Books, 1994); Linda Gordon and Nancy Fraser, "Decoding 'Dependency': Inscriptions of Power in a Keyword of the U.S. Welfare State," in Reconstructing Political Theory: Feminist Perspectives, ed. Mary Lyndon Shanley and Uma Narayan (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997), 25-47; and Martha Ackelsberg, "Dependency or Mutuality: A Feminist Perspective on Dilemmas of Welfare Policy," Rethinking Marxism 7 (summer 1994): 73-86.
17. T.H. Marshall, "Citizenship and Social Class," in T.H. Marshall, Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950).
18. Martin Shefter's discussion of the 1974 New York City fiscal crisis now seems prescient in this regard; see "The New York City Fiscal Crisis: The Politics of Inflation and Retrenchment," The Public Interest 48 (summer 1977): 98-117; also, Political Crisis/Fiscal Crisis: The Collapse and Revival of New York City (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992).
19. Martin Shefter's discussion of the 1974 New York City fiscal crisis now seems prescient in this regard; see "The New York City Fiscal Crisis: The Politics of Inflation and Retrenchment," The Public Interest 48 (summer 1977): 98-117; also, Political Crisis/Fiscal Crisis: The Collapse and Revival of New York City (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992).
20. Nancy Fraser, "The Struggle over Needs: Outline of a Socialist-Feminist Critical Theory of Late Capitalist Political Culture," in Unruly Practices, 161-87, quotation on 171; see also her "Women, Welfare, and the Politics of Need Interpretation," ibid., 144-60.
21. Nancy Fraser, "The Struggle over Needs: Outline of a Socialist-Feminist Critical Theory of Late Capitalist Political Culture," in Unruly Practices, 161-87, quotation on 171; see also her "Women, Welfare, and the Politics of Need Interpretation," ibid., 144-60.
22. Temma Kaplan, "Female Consciousness and Collective Action: The Case of Barcelona, 1910-1918," Signs 7 (spring 1982): 545-66.
23. Annelise Orleck makes a similar assertion at the conclusion of her study of welfare activists in Las Vegas. "'If It Wasn't for You, I'd Have Shoes for My Children': The Political Education of Las Vegas Welfare Mothers," in The Politics of Motherhood, 116.
24. Note the parallel with Linda Gordon's discussions of the ways women used social service agencies to try to improve their situations, even if that meant subjecting themselves and their families to greater levels of social "control." See "Family Violence, Feminism, and Social Control," Women, the State, and Welfare, ed. Linda Gordon (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990), 178-98.
25. I am struck here by the parallels to an argument Susan Ostrander made some years ago, in a rather different context, on the compromises between gender and class identity made by upper-class women in the United States. See Susan A. Ostrander, Women of the Upper Class (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984).
26. Others who explore these questions include Grace Paley and Alicia Partnoy in The Politics of Motherhood; Karen Baird-Olson, Winona LaDuke, Julia Wrigley, and Lois Gibbs in No Middle Ground; Naples in Grassroots Warriors; and Kaplan in Crazy for Democracy. These sorts of tensions are powerfully evoked in Shawn Slovo's film, A World Apart, about Ruth First's participation in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa.
27. Others who explore these questions include Grace Paley and Alicia Partnoy in The Politics of Motherhood; Karen Baird-Olson, Winona LaDuke, Julia Wrigley, and Lois Gibbs in No Middle Ground; Naples in Grassroots Warriors; and Kaplan in Crazy for Democracy. These sorts of tensions are powerfully evoked in Shawn Slovo's film, A World Apart, about Ruth First's participation in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa.
28. Others who explore these questions include Grace Paley and Alicia Partnoy in The Politics of Motherhood; Karen Baird-Olson, Winona LaDuke, Julia Wrigley, and Lois Gibbs in No Middle Ground; Naples in Grassroots Warriors; and Kaplan in Crazy for Democracy. These sorts of tensions are powerfully evoked in Shawn Slovo's film, A World Apart, about Ruth First's participation in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa.
29. Others who explore these questions include Grace Paley and Alicia Partnoy in The Politics of Motherhood; Karen Baird-Olson, Winona LaDuke, Julia Wrigley, and Lois Gibbs in No Middle Ground; Naples in Grassroots Warriors; and Kaplan in Crazy for Democracy. These sorts of tensions are powerfully evoked in Shawn Slovo's film, A World Apart, about Ruth First's participation in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa.
30. Others who explore these questions include Grace Paley and Alicia Partnoy in The Politics of Motherhood; Karen Baird-Olson, Winona LaDuke, Julia Wrigley, and Lois Gibbs in No Middle Ground; Naples in Grassroots Warriors; and Kaplan in Crazy for Democracy. These sorts of tensions are powerfully evoked in Shawn Slovo's film, A World Apart, about Ruth First's participation in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa.
31. Jean Elshtain has made some similar comments in "Is There a Feminist Tradition on War and Peace?" in her Real Politics: At the Center of Everyday Life (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 303-17.
32. Maxine Molyneux, "Mobilization without Emancipation? Women's Interests, the State, and Revolution in Nicaragua," Feminist Studies 11 (summer 1985): 227-54.
33. Many feminist (and other) observers of welfare states have noted women's special relationship to those states - whether as the ones who effectively act as the "coordinators" of state services, or as the "reserve army of the welfare system." See Laura Balbo, "Crazy Quilts: Rethinking the Welfare State Debate from a Woman's Point of View," in Women and the State: The Shifting Boundaries of Public and Private, ed. Ann Showstack Sassoon (London: Hutchinson, 1987), 45-71; Helga Hernes, "Women and the Welfare State: The Transition from Private to Public Dependence," ibid., 72-92; Michael Walzer, "Socializing the Welfare State," in Democracy and the Welfare State, ed. Amy Gutman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 23; Carole Pateman, "The Patriarchal Welfare State," ibid., 231-60; Cynthia Cockburn, The Local State (London: Pluto Press, 1977); and Ida Susser, "Working-Class Women, Social Protest, and Changing Ideologies," in Women and the Politics of Empowerment, ed. Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgen (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988).
34. Many feminist (and other) observers of welfare states have noted women's special relationship to those states - whether as the ones who effectively act as the "coordinators" of state services, or as the "reserve army of the welfare system." See Laura Balbo, "Crazy Quilts: Rethinking the Welfare State Debate from a Woman's Point of View," in Women and the State: The Shifting Boundaries of Public and Private, ed. Ann Showstack Sassoon (London: Hutchinson, 1987), 45-71; Helga Hernes, "Women and the Welfare State: The Transition from Private to Public Dependence," ibid., 72-92; Michael Walzer, "Socializing the Welfare State," in Democracy and the Welfare State, ed. Amy Gutman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 23; Carole Pateman, "The Patriarchal Welfare State," ibid., 231-60; Cynthia Cockburn, The Local State (London: Pluto Press, 1977); and Ida Susser, "Working-Class Women, Social Protest, and Changing Ideologies," in Women and the Politics of Empowerment, ed. Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgen (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988).
35. Many feminist (and other) observers of welfare states have noted women's special relationship to those states - whether as the ones who effectively act as the "coordinators" of state services, or as the "reserve army of the welfare system." See Laura Balbo, "Crazy Quilts: Rethinking the Welfare State Debate from a Woman's Point of View," in Women and the State: The Shifting Boundaries of Public and Private, ed. Ann Showstack Sassoon (London: Hutchinson, 1987), 45-71; Helga Hernes, "Women and the Welfare State: The Transition from Private to Public Dependence," ibid., 72-92; Michael Walzer, "Socializing the Welfare State," in Democracy and the Welfare State, ed. Amy Gutman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 23; Carole Pateman, "The Patriarchal Welfare State," ibid., 231-60; Cynthia Cockburn, The Local State (London: Pluto Press, 1977); and Ida Susser, "Working-Class Women, Social Protest, and Changing Ideologies," in Women and the Politics of Empowerment, ed. Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgen (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988).
36. Many feminist (and other) observers of welfare states have noted women's special relationship to those states - whether as the ones who effectively act as the "coordinators" of state services, or as the "reserve army of the welfare system." See Laura Balbo, "Crazy Quilts: Rethinking the Welfare State Debate from a Woman's Point of View," in Women and the State: The Shifting Boundaries of Public and Private, ed. Ann Showstack Sassoon (London: Hutchinson, 1987), 45-71; Helga Hernes, "Women and the Welfare State: The Transition from Private to Public Dependence," ibid., 72-92; Michael Walzer, "Socializing the Welfare State," in Democracy and the Welfare State, ed. Amy Gutman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 23; Carole Pateman, "The Patriarchal Welfare State," ibid., 231-60; Cynthia Cockburn, The Local State (London: Pluto Press, 1977); and Ida Susser, "Working-Class Women, Social Protest, and Changing Ideologies," in Women and the Politics of Empowerment, ed. Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgen (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988).
37. Many feminist (and other) observers of welfare states have noted women's special relationship to those states - whether as the ones who effectively act as the "coordinators" of state services, or as the "reserve army of the welfare system." See Laura Balbo, "Crazy Quilts: Rethinking the Welfare State Debate from a Woman's Point of View," in Women and the State: The Shifting Boundaries of Public and Private, ed. Ann Showstack Sassoon (London: Hutchinson, 1987), 45-71; Helga Hernes, "Women and the Welfare State: The Transition from Private to Public Dependence," ibid., 72-92; Michael Walzer, "Socializing the Welfare State," in Democracy and the Welfare State, ed. Amy Gutman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 23; Carole Pateman, "The Patriarchal Welfare State," ibid., 231-60; Cynthia Cockburn, The Local State (London: Pluto Press, 1977); and Ida Susser, "Working-Class Women, Social Protest, and Changing Ideologies," in Women and the Politics of Empowerment, ed. Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgen (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988).
38. Many feminist (and other) observers of welfare states have noted women's special relationship to those states - whether as the ones who effectively act as the "coordinators" of state services, or as the "reserve army of the welfare system." See Laura Balbo, "Crazy Quilts: Rethinking the Welfare State Debate from a Woman's Point of View," in Women and the State: The Shifting Boundaries of Public and Private, ed. Ann Showstack Sassoon (London: Hutchinson, 1987), 45-71; Helga Hernes, "Women and the Welfare State: The Transition from Private to Public Dependence," ibid., 72-92; Michael Walzer, "Socializing the Welfare State," in Democracy and the Welfare State, ed. Amy Gutman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 23; Carole Pateman, "The Patriarchal Welfare State," ibid., 231-60; Cynthia Cockburn, The Local State (London: Pluto Press, 1977); and Ida Susser, "Working-Class Women, Social Protest, and Changing Ideologies," in Women and the Politics of Empowerment, ed. Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgen (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988).
39. Note the comment of Carolyn Howe to the same effect, in "Gender, Race, and Community Activism: Competing Strategies in the Struggle for Public Education," in Community Activism and Feminist Politics, 251.
40. E.E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign People (New York: Holt Rinehart, 1960); Peter Bachrach and Morton Baratz, "Two Faces of Power," American Political Science Review 56 (December 1962): 947-52; and "Decisions and Non-Decisions: An Analytical Framework," American Political Science Review 57 (September 1963): 641-51.
41. E.E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign People (New York: Holt Rinehart, 1960); Peter Bachrach and Morton Baratz, "Two Faces of Power," American Political Science Review 56 (December 1962): 947-52; and "Decisions and Non-Decisions: An Analytical Framework," American Political Science Review 57 (September 1963): 641-51.
42. E.E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign People (New York: Holt Rinehart, 1960); Peter Bachrach and Morton Baratz, "Two Faces of Power," American Political Science Review 56 (December 1962): 947-52; and "Decisions and Non-Decisions: An Analytical Framework," American Political Science Review 57 (September 1963): 641-51.
43. Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Poor People's Movements: How They Succeed, Why They Fail (New York: Random House, 1977).
44. Feminist historians have recently been recovering the stories of many such projects. See, for example, Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York: Routledge, 1993); Kathryn Kish Sklar, Florence Kelley and the Nation's Work (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995); Suzanne Lebsock, "Women and American Politics, 1880-1920," in Women, Politics, and Change, ed. Louise A. Tilly and Patricia Gurin (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1990); Vivien Hart, Bound by Our Constitution: Women, Workers, and the Minimum Wage (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); and Kathryn Kish Sklar, Anja Schuler, and Susan Strasser, eds., Social Justice Feminists in the United States and Germany: A Dialogue in Documents, 1885-1933 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
45. Feminist historians have recently been recovering the stories of many such projects. See, for example, Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York: Routledge, 1993); Kathryn Kish Sklar, Florence Kelley and the Nation's Work (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995); Suzanne Lebsock, "Women and American Politics, 1880-1920," in Women, Politics, and Change, ed. Louise A. Tilly and Patricia Gurin (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1990); Vivien Hart, Bound by Our Constitution: Women, Workers, and the Minimum Wage (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); and Kathryn Kish Sklar, Anja Schuler, and Susan Strasser, eds., Social Justice Feminists in the United States and Germany: A Dialogue in Documents, 1885-1933 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
46. Feminist historians have recently been recovering the stories of many such projects. See, for example, Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York: Routledge, 1993); Kathryn Kish Sklar, Florence Kelley and the Nation's Work (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995); Suzanne Lebsock, "Women and American Politics, 1880-1920," in Women, Politics, and Change, ed. Louise A. Tilly and Patricia Gurin (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1990); Vivien Hart, Bound by Our Constitution: Women, Workers, and the Minimum Wage (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); and Kathryn Kish Sklar, Anja Schuler, and Susan Strasser, eds., Social Justice Feminists in the United States and Germany: A Dialogue in Documents, 1885-1933 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
47. Feminist historians have recently been recovering the stories of many such projects. See, for example, Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York: Routledge, 1993); Kathryn Kish Sklar, Florence Kelley and the Nation's Work (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995); Suzanne Lebsock, "Women and American Politics, 1880-1920," in Women, Politics, and Change, ed. Louise A. Tilly and Patricia Gurin (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1990); Vivien Hart, Bound by Our Constitution: Women, Workers, and the Minimum Wage (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); and Kathryn Kish Sklar, Anja Schuler, and Susan Strasser, eds., Social Justice Feminists in the United States and Germany: A Dialogue in Documents, 1885-1933 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
48. Feminist historians have recently been recovering the stories of many such projects. See, for example, Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York: Routledge, 1993); Kathryn Kish Sklar, Florence Kelley and the Nation's Work (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995); Suzanne Lebsock, "Women and American Politics, 1880-1920," in Women, Politics, and Change, ed. Louise A. Tilly and Patricia Gurin (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1990); Vivien Hart, Bound by Our Constitution: Women, Workers, and the Minimum Wage (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); and Kathryn Kish Sklar, Anja Schuler, and Susan Strasser, eds., Social Justice Feminists in the United States and Germany: A Dialogue in Documents, 1885-1933 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
49. See Crazy for Democracy, 189.
50. Pulling stories of these movements together in one place is one of the major strengths of Kaplan's book and adds to the value of The Politics of Motherhood, as well.