Comparing cultures, comparing crime: Challenges, prospects and problems for a global criminology

Crime, Law and Social Change

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 285-308

  Karstedt, Susanne ^a  

^a KEELE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0041034170     PISSN: 09254994     EISSN: 15730751     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1012223323445     Document Type: Article

References (123)

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2. Platon, Protagoras, Greek/German. Translat. and commented by H.-W. Krautz. Stuttgart: Philipp Reclam jun., 1987; Stone, I.F., The Trial of Socrates (Boston: Little, Brown and Comp, 1988).
3. Duerr, H.-P., Der Mythos vom Zivilisationsprozeβ, Vol. 1: Nacktheit und Scham (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1988).
4. Braithwaite, J., Crime, Shame and Reintegration (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
5. Heiland, H.-G. and L. Shelley, Civilization, Modernization and the Development of Crime and Control, in H.-G. Heiland, L. Shelley and H. Katoh (eds.), Crime and Control in Comparative Perspectives (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1-20, 1992); Arthur, J.A. and O. Marenin, "Explaining Crime in Developing Countries: The Need for a Case Study Approach," Crime, Law & Social Change 1995 (23), 191-214; Shelley, L., "The Internationalization of Crime: The Changing Relationship between Crime and Development," in U. Zvekic (ed.), Essays on Crime and Development (UNICRI, Publ. No. 36. Rome: UNICRI, 110-145, 1990).
6. Heiland, H.-G. and L. Shelley, Civilization, Modernization and the Development of Crime and Control, in H.-G. Heiland, L. Shelley and H. Katoh (eds.), Crime and Control in Comparative Perspectives (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1-20, 1992); Arthur, J.A. and O. Marenin, "Explaining Crime in Developing Countries: The Need for a Case Study Approach," Crime, Law & Social Change 1995 (23), 191-214; Shelley, L., "The Internationalization of Crime: The Changing Relationship between Crime and Development," in U. Zvekic (ed.), Essays on Crime and Development (UNICRI, Publ. No. 36. Rome: UNICRI, 110-145, 1990).
7. Heiland, H.-G. and L. Shelley, Civilization, Modernization and the Development of Crime and Control, in H.-G. Heiland, L. Shelley and H. Katoh (eds.), Crime and Control in Comparative Perspectives (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1-20, 1992); Arthur, J.A. and O. Marenin, "Explaining Crime in Developing Countries: The Need for a Case Study Approach," Crime, Law & Social Change 1995 (23), 191-214; Shelley, L., "The Internationalization of Crime: The Changing Relationship between Crime and Development," in U. Zvekic (ed.), Essays on Crime and Development (UNICRI, Publ. No. 36. Rome: UNICRI, 110-145, 1990).
8. See for the concept of legal culture Feest, J. and E. Blankenburg (eds.), Changing Legal Cultures (Oñati: International Institute for the Sociology of Law, 1997).
9. Featherstone, M., Undoing Culture: Globalization, Postmodernism and Identity (London: Sage, 1995); Janos, A.C., Politics and Paradigms: Changing Theories of Change in Social Science (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 154, 1986).
10. Featherstone, M., Undoing Culture: Globalization, Postmodernism and Identity (London: Sage, 1995); Janos, A.C., Politics and Paradigms: Changing Theories of Change in Social Science (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 154, 1986).
11. "Kriminalität ist eine unerschöpfliche Ressource - Interview mit Nils Christie," Neue Kriminalpolitik 1998 (10:2), 6.
12. Eckersley, R., "The West's Deepening Cultural Crisis," The Futurist November/December 1993, 8-12; Stephens, G., "The Global Crime Wave and What We Can Do about It," The Futurist 1993 July/August, 22-28; Westermann, T.D. and J.W. Burfeind, Crime and Justice in Two Societies. Japan and the United States (Pacific Grove CA: Brooks and Cole, 1991).
13. Eckersley, R., "The West's Deepening Cultural Crisis," The Futurist November/December 1993, 8-12; Stephens, G., "The Global Crime Wave and What We Can Do about It," The Futurist 1993 July/August, 22-28; Westermann, T.D. and J.W. Burfeind, Crime and Justice in Two Societies. Japan and the United States (Pacific Grove CA: Brooks and Cole, 1991).
14. Eckersley, R., "The West's Deepening Cultural Crisis," The Futurist November/December 1993, 8-12; Stephens, G., "The Global Crime Wave and What We Can Do about It," The Futurist 1993 July/August, 22-28; Westermann, T.D. and J.W. Burfeind, Crime and Justice in Two Societies. Japan and the United States (Pacific Grove CA: Brooks and Cole, 1991).
15. von Kopp, B., "Schüler, Schule und Gewalt in Japan. Erscheinungsformen und Maßnahmen zur Gegensteuerung," in G. Foljanty-Jost and D. Rössner (eds.), Gewalt unter Jugendlichen in Deutschland und Japan (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1998) pp. 115-138; Ariffin, J., "At the Crossroad of Rapid Development: Malaysian Society and Anomie," International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 1995 (15), 8-18.
16. von Kopp, B., "Schüler, Schule und Gewalt in Japan. Erscheinungsformen und Maßnahmen zur Gegensteuerung," in G. Foljanty-Jost and D. Rössner (eds.), Gewalt unter Jugendlichen in Deutschland und Japan (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1998) pp. 115-138; Ariffin, J., "At the Crossroad of Rapid Development: Malaysian Society and Anomie," International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 1995 (15), 8-18.
17. This is not the first time in history that Western scholars promote Confucianism as a model. Particularly in the Age of Enlightenment, the European philosophers Voltaire, Leibniz and Wolff found Confucian China to be an ideal realisation of the "enlightened" state. See Lee, E.-J., "Konfuzianismus und Kapitalismus. Markt und Herrschaft in Ostasien," Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot 1997, 29. For the discussion of Asian values and economic development see Huntington, S.P., The Clash of Civilizations (New York: Simon Schuster, 1996); Fukuyama, F., Trust. The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1992); Fukuyama, F., "Asiens Werte, Asiens Krise," Die Zeit 1998 (22: May, 20), 3.
18. This is not the first time in history that Western scholars promote Confucianism as a model. Particularly in the Age of Enlightenment, the European philosophers Voltaire, Leibniz and Wolff found Confucian China to be an ideal realisation of the "enlightened" state. See Lee, E.-J., "Konfuzianismus und Kapitalismus. Markt und Herrschaft in Ostasien," Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot 1997, 29. For the discussion of Asian values and economic development see Huntington, S.P., The Clash of Civilizations (New York: Simon Schuster, 1996); Fukuyama, F., Trust. The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1992); Fukuyama, F., "Asiens Werte, Asiens Krise," Die Zeit 1998 (22: May, 20), 3.
19. This is not the first time in history that Western scholars promote Confucianism as a model. Particularly in the Age of Enlightenment, the European philosophers Voltaire, Leibniz and Wolff found Confucian China to be an ideal realisation of the "enlightened" state. See Lee, E.-J., "Konfuzianismus und Kapitalismus. Markt und Herrschaft in Ostasien," Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot 1997, 29. For the discussion of Asian values and economic development see Huntington, S.P., The Clash of Civilizations (New York: Simon Schuster, 1996); Fukuyama, F., Trust. The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1992); Fukuyama, F., "Asiens Werte, Asiens Krise," Die Zeit 1998 (22: May, 20), 3.
20. This is not the first time in history that Western scholars promote Confucianism as a model. Particularly in the Age of Enlightenment, the European philosophers Voltaire, Leibniz and Wolff found Confucian China to be an ideal realisation of the "enlightened" state. See Lee, E.-J., "Konfuzianismus und Kapitalismus. Markt und Herrschaft in Ostasien," Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot 1997, 29. For the discussion of Asian values and economic development see Huntington, S.P., The Clash of Civilizations (New York: Simon Schuster, 1996); Fukuyama, F., Trust. The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1992); Fukuyama, F., "Asiens Werte, Asiens Krise," Die Zeit 1998 (22: May, 20), 3.
21. Miyazawa, S., "The Enigma of Japan as a Testing Ground for Cross-Cultural Criminological Studies," International Annals of Criminology 1994 (32), 81-103.
22. Particularly when used from a Western perspective, it may be termed as "orientalism" following Said's influential concept; Said, E., Orientalism (New York: Pantheon, 1978).
23. But see Reischauer who contends that Japan is a society whose secularism is rooted in its essentially Confucian philosophical background: "… Confucian ethical values continue to permeate their thinking;" Reischauer, E.O., The Japanese Today (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988) pp. 204.
24. Anderson, B., Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983).
25. See Fiske, A.P., S. Kitayama, H.R. Markus and R.E. Nisbett, The Cultural Matrix of Social Psychology, in D.T. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske and G. Lindzey (eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology, 4th ed., Vol. II, (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998) pp. 915-981.
26. For Japan see M. Fukaya, "Japanische Jugendliche im internationalen Vergleich - grundle-gende Muster und aktuelle Tendenzen," in G. Foljanty-Jost and D. Rössner (eds.), op. cit., 1998, 139-150; Kumagai, F., "Family Egalitarianism in Cultural Contexts: High-Variation Japanese Egalitarianism vs. Low-Variation American Egalitarianism," Journal of Comparative Family Studies 1979 (10), 315-329; Kumagai, F., "Field Theory and Conjugal Violence in Japan," Journal of Comparative Family Studies 1981 (12), 413-428; for Korea, Lee op. cit. 1997, and China, B. Gransow and L. Hanlin, Chinas neue Werte. Einstellungen zu Modernisierung und Reformpolitik. Berliner China-Studien, Vol. 26. (München: Minerva, 1995).
27. For Japan see M. Fukaya, "Japanische Jugendliche im internationalen Vergleich - grundle-gende Muster und aktuelle Tendenzen," in G. Foljanty-Jost and D. Rössner (eds.), op. cit., 1998, 139-150; Kumagai, F., "Family Egalitarianism in Cultural Contexts: High-Variation Japanese Egalitarianism vs. Low-Variation American Egalitarianism," Journal of Comparative Family Studies 1979 (10), 315-329; Kumagai, F., "Field Theory and Conjugal Violence in Japan," Journal of Comparative Family Studies 1981 (12), 413-428; for Korea, Lee op. cit. 1997, and China, B. Gransow and L. Hanlin, Chinas neue Werte. Einstellungen zu Modernisierung und Reformpolitik. Berliner China-Studien, Vol. 26. (München: Minerva, 1995).
28. For Japan see M. Fukaya, "Japanische Jugendliche im internationalen Vergleich - grundle-gende Muster und aktuelle Tendenzen," in G. Foljanty-Jost and D. Rössner (eds.), op. cit., 1998, 139-150; Kumagai, F., "Family Egalitarianism in Cultural Contexts: High-Variation Japanese Egalitarianism vs. Low-Variation American Egalitarianism," Journal of Comparative Family Studies 1979 (10), 315-329; Kumagai, F., "Field Theory and Conjugal Violence in Japan," Journal of Comparative Family Studies 1981 (12), 413-428; for Korea, Lee op. cit. 1997, and China, B. Gransow and L. Hanlin, Chinas neue Werte. Einstellungen zu Modernisierung und Reformpolitik. Berliner China-Studien, Vol. 26. (München: Minerva, 1995).
29. For Japan see M. Fukaya, "Japanische Jugendliche im internationalen Vergleich - grundle-gende Muster und aktuelle Tendenzen," in G. Foljanty-Jost and D. Rössner (eds.), op. cit., 1998, 139-150; Kumagai, F., "Family Egalitarianism in Cultural Contexts: High-Variation Japanese Egalitarianism vs. Low-Variation American Egalitarianism," Journal of Comparative Family Studies 1979 (10), 315-329; Kumagai, F., "Field Theory and Conjugal Violence in Japan," Journal of Comparative Family Studies 1981 (12), 413-428; for Korea, Lee op. cit. 1997, and China, B. Gransow and L. Hanlin, Chinas neue Werte. Einstellungen zu Modernisierung und Reformpolitik. Berliner China-Studien, Vol. 26. (München: Minerva, 1995).
30. Harada, Y., "Adjustment to School, Life Course Transitions, and Changes in Delinquent Behaviour in Japan," Current Perspectives on Aging and the Life Cycle 1995 (4), 58.
31. Vaughn, M.S. and N. Tomita, "A Longitudinal Analysis of Japanese Crime from 1926 to 1987. The Pre-War, War and Post-War Eras," International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 1990 (14), 145-170; Fujimoto, T. and W.K. Park, "Is Japan Exceptional? Reconsidering Japanese Crime Rates," Social Justice 1994 (21), 110-135; Karstedt, S., "Die moralische Stärke schwacher Bindungen: Individualismus und gewalt im Kulturvergleich," Monatschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform 2001 (84), forthcoming.
32. Vaughn, M.S. and N. Tomita, "A Longitudinal Analysis of Japanese Crime from 1926 to 1987. The Pre-War, War and Post-War Eras," International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 1990 (14), 145-170; Fujimoto, T. and W.K. Park, "Is Japan Exceptional? Reconsidering Japanese Crime Rates," Social Justice 1994 (21), 110-135; Karstedt, S., "Die moralische Stärke schwacher Bindungen: Individualismus und gewalt im Kulturvergleich," Monatschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform 2001 (84), forthcoming.
33. Vaughn, M.S. and N. Tomita, "A Longitudinal Analysis of Japanese Crime from 1926 to 1987. The Pre-War, War and Post-War Eras," International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 1990 (14), 145-170; Fujimoto, T. and W.K. Park, "Is Japan Exceptional? Reconsidering Japanese Crime Rates," Social Justice 1994 (21), 110-135; Karstedt, S., "Die moralische Stärke schwacher Bindungen: Individualismus und gewalt im Kulturvergleich," Monatschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform 2001 (84), forthcoming.
34. Inglehart, R., Modernization and Postmodernization. Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); when compared to the value dimensions of Hofstedes's study, the relative stability of cultural patterns can be shown across 30 years; Hofstede, G., Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values 1st ed. 1980, and 2nd abridged ed. (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984).
35. Inglehart, R., Modernization and Postmodernization. Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); when compared to the value dimensions of Hofstedes's study, the relative stability of cultural patterns can be shown across 30 years; Hofstede, G., Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values 1st ed. 1980, and 2nd abridged ed. (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984).
36. See the various volumes of the "Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology," in particular Berry, J.W., Y.H. Poortinga and J. Pandey (eds.), Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 1: Theory and Method (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997) and J.J. Berman, (ed.), Cross-Cultural Perspectives, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Vol. 37. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989).
37. See the various volumes of the "Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology," in particular Berry, J.W., Y.H. Poortinga and J. Pandey (eds.), Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 1: Theory and Method (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997) and J.J. Berman, (ed.), Cross-Cultural Perspectives, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Vol. 37. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989).
38. Lonner, W.J. and J. Adamopoulos, "Culture as Antecedent to Behaviour," in J. Berry, Y.H. Poortinga and J. Pandey (eds.), op. cit., 1997, pp. 53-74.
39. Lonner, W.J., "Culture and Human Diversity," in E.J. Trickett, R.J. Watts and D. Birman (eds.), Human Diversity: Perspectives on People in Context (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994) pp. 220-243.
40. Alexander, J.C. and Ph. Smith, "The Discourse of American Civil Society: A New Proposal for Cultural Studies," Theory and Society 1993 (22), 151-207.
41. Hofstede, op. cit., 1984, pp. 83.
42. Poortinga, Y.H., "Towards a Conceptualization of Culture for Psychology," Cultural Psychological Bulletin 1990 (24) 2; Poortinga, Y.H., "Towards Convergence?," in J. Berry, Y.H. Poortinga and J. Pandey (eds.), op. cit., 1997, pp. 371.
43. Poortinga, Y.H., "Towards a Conceptualization of Culture for Psychology," Cultural Psychological Bulletin 1990 (24) 2; Poortinga, Y.H., "Towards Convergence?," in J. Berry, Y.H. Poortinga and J. Pandey (eds.), op. cit., 1997, pp. 371.
44. Geertz, C., Welt in Stücken. Kultur und Politik am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts (Wien: Passagen-Verlag, 1996) pp. 75.
45. Gellner, E., Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984) pp. 37.
46. Inglehart, op. cit., 1997, pp. 69.
47. Greenfield, P.M., "Culture as Process: Empirica Methods for Cultural Psychology," in J. Berry, Y.H. Poortinga and J. Pandey (eds.), op. cit., 1997, 301-346.
48. Alexander and Smith, op. cit., 1993, pp. 157; the authors argue "for studying the importance of the undesirable and negative in culture…. The conflict between good and bad functions inside of culture as an internal dynamic…. It is for this reason that transgression and purification are key rituals in social life" (158).
49. Nelken, D., "Whom Can You Trust? The Future of Comparative Criminology," in D. Nelken (ed.), The Futures of Criminology (London: Sage, 1994) pp. 223, 225; Melossi, D., "Translating Social Control: Reflections on the Comparison of Italian and North-American Cultures Concerning Social Control, with a Few Consequences for a Critical Criminology," in S. Karstedt and K.-D. Bussmann (eds.), Social Dynamics of Crime and Control. New Theories for a World in Transition (Oxford: Hart, 2000), pp 143-156.
50. Nelken, D., "Whom Can You Trust? The Future of Comparative Criminology," in D. Nelken (ed.), The Futures of Criminology (London: Sage, 1994) pp. 223, 225; Melossi, D., "Translating Social Control: Reflections on the Comparison of Italian and North-American Cultures Concerning Social Control, with a Few Consequences for a Critical Criminology," in S. Karstedt and K.-D. Bussmann (eds.), Social Dynamics of Crime and Control. New Theories for a World in Transition (Oxford: Hart, 2000), pp 143-156.
51. Fiske et al., op.cit., 1998, 946-947.
52. For individualism see S. F. Messner, "Societal Development, Social Equality and Homicide: A Cross-National Test of a Durkheimian Model," Social Forces 1982 (61), 225-240; and Karstedt, S., op. cit., 2001; for solidarity see Pampel, F.C. and R. Gartner, "Age-Structure, Socio-Political Institutions and National Homicide Rates," European Sociological Review 1995 (11), 243-260; for individualism/collectivism in cross-cultural psychology see Triandis, H.C., Individualism and Collectivism (Boulder: Westview, 1995).
53. For individualism see S. F. Messner, "Societal Development, Social Equality and Homicide: A Cross-National Test of a Durkheimian Model," Social Forces 1982 (61), 225-240; and Karstedt, S., op. cit., 2001; for solidarity see Pampel, F.C. and R. Gartner, "Age-Structure, Socio-Political Institutions and National Homicide Rates," European Sociological Review 1995 (11), 243-260; for individualism/collectivism in cross-cultural psychology see Triandis, H.C., Individualism and Collectivism (Boulder: Westview, 1995).
54. For individualism see S. F. Messner, "Societal Development, Social Equality and Homicide: A Cross-National Test of a Durkheimian Model," Social Forces 1982 (61), 225-240; and Karstedt, S., op. cit., 2001; for solidarity see Pampel, F.C. and R. Gartner, "Age-Structure, Socio-Political Institutions and National Homicide Rates," European Sociological Review 1995 (11), 243-260; for individualism/collectivism in cross-cultural psychology see Triandis, H.C., Individualism and Collectivism (Boulder: Westview, 1995).
55. Groves, B., G. Newman and Ch. Corrado, "Islam, Modernization and Crime: A Test of the Religious Ecology Thesis," Journal of Criminal Justice 1987 (15), 495-503.
56. Nisbett, R.E. and D. Cohen, Culture of Honor (Boulder, Co.: Westview, 1996).
57. Neapolitan, J.L., "Cross-National Variation in Homicides: The Case of Latin America," International Criminal Justice Review 1984 (4), 4-22.
58. See Braithwaite, op. cit., 1989.
59. Fiske et al., op. cit., 1998, 946.
60. Freund, W., "Theft and Social Protest among the Tin Miners of Northern Nigeria," Radical History Review 1982 (26), 68-86; Birckbeck, Ch.H., "Property Crime and the Poor: Some Evidence from Cali, Columbia," in C. Sumner (ed.), Crime, Justice, and Underdevelopment (London: Heinemann, 1982) pp. 161-191.
61. Freund, W., "Theft and Social Protest among the Tin Miners of Northern Nigeria," Radical History Review 1982 (26), 68-86; Birckbeck, Ch.H., "Property Crime and the Poor: Some Evidence from Cali, Columbia," in C. Sumner (ed.), Crime, Justice, and Underdevelopment (London: Heinemann, 1982) pp. 161-191.
62. For small samples see Haferkamp, H. and H. Ellis, "Power, Individualism and the Sanctity of Human Life: Development of Criminality and Punishment in Four Cultures," in H.-G. Heiland, L. Shelley and H. Katoh (eds.), op. cit., 1992, 261-280; Kersten, J., Gut und (Ge)schlecht. Männlichkeit, Kultur und Kriminalität (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1997); for case studies see Arthur and Marenin, op. cit., 1995, for the contrast of two cultures Melossi, op. cit., 2000, or Westermann and Burfeind, op. cit., 1991.
63. For small samples see Haferkamp, H. and H. Ellis, "Power, Individualism and the Sanctity of Human Life: Development of Criminality and Punishment in Four Cultures," in H.-G. Heiland, L. Shelley and H. Katoh (eds.), op. cit., 1992, 261-280; Kersten, J., Gut und (Ge)schlecht. Männlichkeit, Kultur und Kriminalität (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1997); for case studies see Arthur and Marenin, op. cit., 1995, for the contrast of two cultures Melossi, op. cit., 2000, or Westermann and Burfeind, op. cit., 1991.
64. Skogan, W.G., "Reactions to Crime in Cross-National Perspective," in A. Alvazzi del Frate, U. Zvekic and J.J.M. van Dijk (eds.), Understanding Crime. Experiences of Crime and Crime Control, UNICRI Publ. No. 49. (Rome: UNICRI, 1993) pp. 257-270; Melossi, op. cit., 2000; Westermann and Burfeind, op. cit., 1991.
65. Greenfield, op. cit., 308, 1997.
66. Messner, S.F. and R. Rosenfeld, Crime and the American Dream (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1994); Messner, S.F. and R. Rosenfeld, "Political Restraint of the Market and Levels of Criminal Homicide. A Cross-National Application of Institutional-Anomie Theory," Social Forces 1997 (75), 1393-1416.
67. Messner, S.F. and R. Rosenfeld, Crime and the American Dream (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1994); Messner, S.F. and R. Rosenfeld, "Political Restraint of the Market and Levels of Criminal Homicide. A Cross-National Application of Institutional-Anomie Theory," Social Forces 1997 (75), 1393-1416.
68. Wagatsuma, H. and G.A. De Vos, Heritage of Endurance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).
69. Jones, C.A.G., "Capitalism, Globalization and Rule of Law: An Alternative Trajectory of Legal Change in China," Social and Legal Studies 1994 (3), 195-221; Appelbaum, R.P., "The Future of Law in a Global Economy," Social and Legal Studies 1998 (7), 171-192.
70. Jones, C.A.G., "Capitalism, Globalization and Rule of Law: An Alternative Trajectory of Legal Change in China," Social and Legal Studies 1994 (3), 195-221; Appelbaum, R.P., "The Future of Law in a Global Economy," Social and Legal Studies 1998 (7), 171-192.
71. See Miyazawa, op. cit., 1994, 92. Even when differences in opportunity structures are taken into account nations differ considerably with regard to the moral condemnation of deviant behaviour that is mostly regarded as being caused by opportunity structures, like claiming benefits, cheating on taxes, or avoiding transport fares; Inglehart, R., M. Basanez and A. Moreno, Human Values and Beliefs: A Cross-cultural Sourcebook. Political, Religious, Sexual and Economic Norms in 43 Societies: Findings from the 1990-1993 World Values Survey (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1998) pp. V296-V319.
72. See Hartjen, C.A. and S. Kethineni, Comparative Delinquency. India and the United States (New York: Garland, 1996) pp. 145, for differences in alcohol consumption among Indian and US adolescents.
73. Hartjen and Kethineni, op. cit., 1996 included association with peers into their model. Clinard, M.B. and D.J. Abbot, Crime in Developing Countries. A Comparative Perspective (New York: Wiley, 1973), used the theory of differential association as a framework; their research supports the main propositions of differential association theory but points to specific conditions e.g. of migration to urban centers and the role of kinship and tribal networks.
74. Vaughn, M.S. and F.F.Y. Huang, "Delinquency in the Land of the Rising Sun: An Analysis of Juvenile Property Crimes in Japan during the Showa Era," International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 1992 (16), 273-299.
75. Clinard and Abbott, op. cit., 1973.
76. Hartjen and Kethineni, op. cit., 1996, 114-115, 145.
77. Gottfredson, M.R. and T. Hirschi, A General Theory of Crime (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990).
78. Harada, op. cit., 1995.
79. Hartjen and Kethineni, op. cit., 1996, 114-115.
80. Nelken, op. cit., 1994, 249.
81. Kornadt, H.-J. and G. Trommsdorf, "Sozialisationsbedingungen von Aggressivität in Japan und Deutschland," in G. Foljanty-Jost and D. Rössner (eds.), op. cit., 1998, 27-52.
82. See Vaughn and Tomita, op. cit., 1990; Vaughr and Huang, op. cit., 1992; Kumagai, op. cit., 1981.
83. De Fleur, L., "Alternative Strategies for the Development of Delinquency Theories Applicable to Other Cultures," Social Problems 1969 (17), 38-39.
84. Albrow, M. and E. King (eds.), Globalization, Knowledge and Society (London: Sage, 1990) pp. 101.
85. Sinha, D., "Indigenizing Psychology," in J. Berry, Y.H. Poortinga and J. Pandey (eds.), op. cit., 1997, 157.
86. Sinha, op. cit., 1997; Akiwowo, A., "Indigenous Sociologies: Extending the Scope," International Sociology 1999 (14), 115-138.
87. Cohen, S., "Western Crime Control Models in the Third World: Benign or Malignant?," in P. Beirne and D. Nelken (eds.), Issues in Comparative Criminology (Aldershot: Ashgate, Dartmouth, 1997) pp. 123-160; nonetheless, Cohen makes a strong argument for the import of Western strategies for controlling crimes of the powerful.
88. Braithwaite, J., Restorative Justice: Assessing an Immodest Theory and a Pessimistic Theory (Canberra: Australian National University, 1997).
89. Braithwaite, op. cit., 1997.
90. Fiske et al., op. cit., 1998, 943.
91. Gurr, T.R., "Historical Trends in Violent Crime: A Critical Review of the Evidence," in M. Tonry and N. Morris (eds.), Crime and Justice. An Annual Review of Research. Vol. 3, (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1981) pp. 295-353; Gurr, T.R., "Historical Trends in Violent Crime. Europe and the United States" in T.R. Gurr (ed.), Violence in America (Newbury Park: Sage, 1989) pp. 24-59.
92. Gurr, T.R., "Historical Trends in Violent Crime: A Critical Review of the Evidence," in M. Tonry and N. Morris (eds.), Crime and Justice. An Annual Review of Research. Vol. 3, (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1981) pp. 295-353; Gurr, T.R., "Historical Trends in Violent Crime. Europe and the United States" in T.R. Gurr (ed.), Violence in America (Newbury Park: Sage, 1989) pp. 24-59.
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96. See e.g. traditions of gift-offering and taking in Japan and China, where the line between legal and illegal gifts is drawn in a way different from other countries; for Japan see Abe, K., "Wesen und Wandel der Reziprozität in Europa und Japan," in J. Matthes (ed.), Zwischen den Kulturen. Die Sozialwissenschaften vor dem Problem des Kulturvergleichs, Soziale Welt, Sonderband 8. (Göttingen: Schwartz, 1992) pp. 239-248; Kerbo, H.R. and M. Inoue, "Japanese Social Structure and White Collar Crime: Recruit Cosmos and Beyond," Deviant Behavior 1992 (11), 139-154; for China see Ong, A. and D.M. Nonini (eds.), Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism (New York: Routledge, 1997); Yang, M.M., Gifts, Favors and Banquets: The Art of Social Relationships in China (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1994).
97. See e.g. traditions of gift-offering and taking in Japan and China, where the line between legal and illegal gifts is drawn in a way different from other countries; for Japan see Abe, K., "Wesen und Wandel der Reziprozität in Europa und Japan," in J. Matthes (ed.), Zwischen den Kulturen. Die Sozialwissenschaften vor dem Problem des Kulturvergleichs, Soziale Welt, Sonderband 8. (Göttingen: Schwartz, 1992) pp. 239-248; Kerbo, H.R. and M. Inoue, "Japanese Social Structure and White Collar Crime: Recruit Cosmos and Beyond," Deviant Behavior 1992 (11), 139-154; for China see Ong, A. and D.M. Nonini (eds.), Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism (New York: Routledge, 1997); Yang, M.M., Gifts, Favors and Banquets: The Art of Social Relationships in China (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1994).
98. See e.g. traditions of gift-offering and taking in Japan and China, where the line between legal and illegal gifts is drawn in a way different from other countries; for Japan see Abe, K., "Wesen und Wandel der Reziprozität in Europa und Japan," in J. Matthes (ed.), Zwischen den Kulturen. Die Sozialwissenschaften vor dem Problem des Kulturvergleichs, Soziale Welt, Sonderband 8. (Göttingen: Schwartz, 1992) pp. 239-248; Kerbo, H.R. and M. Inoue, "Japanese Social Structure and White Collar Crime: Recruit Cosmos and Beyond," Deviant Behavior 1992 (11), 139-154; for China see Ong, A. and D.M. Nonini (eds.), Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism (New York: Routledge, 1997); Yang, M.M., Gifts, Favors and Banquets: The Art of Social Relationships in China (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1994).
99. See e.g. traditions of gift-offering and taking in Japan and China, where the line between legal and illegal gifts is drawn in a way different from other countries; for Japan see Abe, K., "Wesen und Wandel der Reziprozität in Europa und Japan," in J. Matthes (ed.), Zwischen den Kulturen. Die Sozialwissenschaften vor dem Problem des Kulturvergleichs, Soziale Welt, Sonderband 8. (Göttingen: Schwartz, 1992) pp. 239-248; Kerbo, H.R. and M. Inoue, "Japanese Social Structure and White Collar Crime: Recruit Cosmos and Beyond," Deviant Behavior 1992 (11), 139-154; for China see Ong, A. and D.M. Nonini (eds.), Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism (New York: Routledge, 1997); Yang, M.M., Gifts, Favors and Banquets: The Art of Social Relationships in China (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1994).
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105. See Braithwaite, J., "Shame and Modernity," British Journal of Criminology 1993 (33), 1-18.
106. Gurr, op. cit., 1989.
107. del Olmo, R., "Limitations for the Prevention of Violence: The Latin American Reality and its Criminological Theory," Crime and Social Justice 1975 (3), 21-29.
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110. Karstedt, op. cit. 2001.
111. Karstedt, S., "Cultures of Inequality and Corruption: A crossnational comparison", International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 2001, forthcoming. Der sozio-kulturelle Kontext von Korruption. Ein internationaler Vergleich," Zeitschrift für Soziologie 1999, forthcoming.
112. Karstedt, S., "Cultures of Inequality and Corruption: A crossnational comparison", International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 2001, forthcoming. Der sozio-kulturelle Kontext von Korruption. Ein internationaler Vergleich," Zeitschrift für Soziologie 1999, forthcoming.
113. DiMaggio, P. and W.R. Powell, "The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields," American Sociological Review 1983 (48), 147-160.
114. Cohen, op. cit., 1997; Nelken, op. cit., 1994, 229-239.
115. Fiske et al., op. cit., 1998, 943; see Levi, M., "Shaming and the Regulation of Fraud and Business 'Misconduct': Some Preliminary Explorations," in K.-D. Bussmann and S. Karstedt (eds.), op.cit., 2000, 117-132, for the impact of shame in different cultures and in the global economy.
116. Lacey, N. and L. Zedner, "Community and Governance: A Cultural Comparison," in K.-D. Bussmann and S. Karstedt (eds.), op.cit., 2000, 157-170; Zedner, L., "German Criminal Justice Culture," in J. Feest and E. Blankenburg (eds.), op. cit., 1997.
117. Lacey, N. and L. Zedner, "Community and Governance: A Cultural Comparison," in K.-D. Bussmann and S. Karstedt (eds.), op.cit., 2000, 157-170; Zedner, L., "German Criminal Justice Culture," in J. Feest and E. Blankenburg (eds.), op. cit., 1997.
118. Fiske et al., op. cit., 1998, 945.
119. Beirne, P., "Cultural Relativism and Comparative Criminology," in P. Beirne and D. Nelken (eds.), op. cit., 1997, 3-24.
120. Archer states for sociology that this "false dichotomiy has done inestimable damage" to the discipline; Archer, M., "Sociology for One World: Unity and Diversity," International Sociology 1991 (6), 133.
121. See for Korea, Park and Chang, op. cit., 1999.
122. Cohen, op. cit., 1997, 151.
123. According to Geertz, C., op. cit., 1996, 86-89, the principles of liberalism - freedom, rule of law, and universal human rights - provide a general and indispensable foundation for a world of cultural differences.