Just War Principles and Economic Sanctions

Ethics and International Affairs

Volumn 10, Issue , 1996, Pages 99-113

  Pierce, Albert C ^a  

^a National War College   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041020470     PISSN: 08926794     EISSN: 17477093     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-7093.1996.tb00005.x     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. See Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh, The Gulf Conflict 1990–1991 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), 292–93;
2. Bob Woodward, The Commanders (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 338, 342.
3. See Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument With Historical Illustrations, 2nd ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1992), 161
4. Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Jeffrey J. Schott, and Kimberly Ann Elliott, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy, 2nd ed. (Washington; Institute for International Economics, 1990), 2.
5. David A. Baldwin, Economic Statecraft (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), 359.
6. Lori Fisler Damrosch, “The Collective Enforcement of International Norms Through Economic Sanctions,” Ethics & International Affairs 8 (1994), 74.
7. See not only the Damrosch article referred to above but also, among others, her chapter “The Civilian Impact of Economic Sanctions” in a volume she edited. Enforcing Restraint: Collective Intervention in Internal Conflicts (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993)
8. David Cortright and George Lopez, Economic Sanctions: Panacea or Peacebuilding in a Post-Cold War World? (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995)
9. David C. Hendrickson, “The Democratist Crusade,” World Policy Journal 11 (Winter 1994/1995), 18–30.
10. Lisa L. Martin, Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 4–6.
11. George A. Lopez and David Cortright, “The Sanctions Era: An Alternative to Military Intervention,” Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 19 (Summer/Fall 1995), 65–85.
12. Damrosch, “The Collective Enforcement of International Norms, ” 60.
13. National Conference of Catholic Bishops, The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response (Washington: U.S. Catholic Conference, 1983), 33.
14. For a fuller development of the rationale for ethical scrutiny of sanctions and of why and how the just war principles should be modified as sketched out here, see my “Applying Just War Principles to Economic Sanctions,” a paper presented at the 1995 annual convention of the International Studies Association in Chicago.
15. The Challenge of Peace, 34.
16. The Challenge of Peace,.
17. From his Command of the Air, as quoted in Lawrence Freedman, ed., War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 228.
18. Jeffrie G. Murphy, “The Killing of the Innocent,” in Malham M. Wakin, ed., War, Morality, and the Military Profession (Boulder: Westview Press, 1979), 349.
19. Austin Fagothey, S.J., Right and Reason: Ethics in Theory and Practice (Saint Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company, 1963), 239; emphasis in original.
20. Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars, 146.
21. Damrosch, “The Civilian Impact,” 279.
22. Organization of American States, MRE/RES. 1/91, “Support to the Democratic Government of Haiti, ” 3 October 1991, 2.
23. For more details on the sanctions see Organization of American States, MRE/RES. 1/91, 3 October 1991, and MRE/RES. 2/91, 8 October 1991
24. President Bush's executive order as quoted in John M. Goshko, “Bush Strengthens Curb on Haiti Trade, ” Washington Post, October 30, 1991
25. Julia Preston, “UN Votes to Clamp Oil Embargo on Haiti,” Washington Post, June 17, 1993.
26. Lee Hockstader, “Haiti Loses Jobs as Gas Lines Grow, ”Washington Post, October 29, 1991.
27. See, for example. Report by the Assistant Secretary General to the Permanent Council on Humanitarian Aid to Haiti, September 29,1992
28. Garry Pierre-Pierre, “Haiti is Suffering Under Oil Embargo,” New York Times, November 3, 1993, A7.
29. Lee Hockstader, “Haiti Embargo Raises Specter of Famine; Rich Still Dine,” Washington Post, February 11, 1992.
30. Kathie Klarreich, “Haiti Embargo Hits Middle Class; Elite Exploits Black Market,”Christian Science Monitor, August 1, 1994, 3.
31. See Lee Hockstader, “U.S. Memo on Haiti Embargo Says Widespread Hunger Looms,” Washington Post, December 14,1991
32. Stuart Auerbach, “Are Sanctions More Harmful Than Helpful?” Washington Post, March 28, 1993.
33. See U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Humanitarian Relief Efforts in Haiti: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, February 9, 1994.
34. “Prepared Statement of William D. Novelli, in Humanitarian Relief Efforts in Haiti: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere,. 33.
35. Damrosch, “The Collective Enforcement of International Norms,” 69.
36. “The Collective Enforcement of International Norms,”. 74
37. Catholic Bishops, Challenge of Peace, 28–31.
38. Challenge of Peace, 31.
39. James Turner Johnson, Can Modern War Be Just? (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 25.
40. Can Modern War Be Just?.
41. OAS, “Support to the Democratic Government of Haiti.”
42. See the testimony of officials of CARE and Catholic Relief Services in Humanitarian Relief Efforts in Haiti: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, cited above.
43. Pierre-Pierre, “Haiti Is Suffering Under Oil Embargo.”
44. Damrosch, “The Civilian Impact of Economic Sanctions,” 302–3.
45. Susan Benesch, “Haitian Views Split On Tighter Embargo,” Journal of Commerce, May 5, 1994, 3A.
46. Pierre-Pierre, “Haiti is Suffering Under Oil Embargo,” A7.
47. Catholic Bishops, Challenge of Peace, 30.
48. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed. and trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), 585.
49. Hufbauer et al., Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 92.
50. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 93.
51. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 51–52.
52. See David Hendrickson on this point in “The Democratist Crusade,” World Policy Journal 11 (Winter 1994–1995), 24.
53. Damrosch, “The Civilian Impact of Economic Sanctions,” 298.
54. Kimberly Ann Elliott and Gary Clyde Hufbauer, “New’ Approaches to Economic Sanctions, ” in Arnold Kanter and Linton F. Brooks, eds., U.S. Intervention Policy for the Post-Cold War World: New Challenges and New Responses (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994), 151–154.
55. Tom L. Beauchamp and James F. Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 4th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 128–129.
56. Walzer invokes consent in his discussion of siege warfare. See his Just and Unjust Wars, esp. 161–169.
57. Beauchamp and Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 145.
58. Principles of Biomedical Ethics., 207.
59. Catholic Bishops, Challenge of Peace, 30.
60. Damrosch, “The Civilian Impact of Economic Sanctions,” 300–1.