Migration systems in southern Portugal: Regional and transatlantic circuits of labor migration in the Algarve (eighteenth-twentieth centuries)

International Review of Social History

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 171-208

  Borges, Marcelo J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040951490     PISSN: 00208590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020859000000110     Document Type: Article

References (179)

1. For reviews of old and new paradigms as well as analysis using the emerging approach, see Leslie Page Moch, Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650 (Bloomington, IN, 1992); Dirk Hoerder, "Changing Paradigms in Migration History: From 'To America' to World-Wide Systems", Canadian Review of American Studies, 24 (1994), pp. 105-126; Dirk Hoerder and Leslie Page Moch (eds), European Migrants: Global and Local Perspectives (Boston, MA, 1996); Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen (eds), Migration, Migration History, History: Old Paradigms and New Perspectives (Bern [etc.], 1997); Virginia Yans McLaughlin (ed.), Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics (New York, 1990); Rudolph Vecoli and Suzanne Sinke (eds), A Century of European Migrations, 1830-1930 (Urbana, IL, 1991).
2. For reviews of old and new paradigms as well as analysis using the emerging approach, see Leslie Page Moch, Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650 (Bloomington, IN, 1992); Dirk Hoerder, "Changing Paradigms in Migration History: From 'To America' to World-Wide Systems", Canadian Review of American Studies, 24 (1994), pp. 105-126; Dirk Hoerder and Leslie Page Moch (eds), European Migrants: Global and Local Perspectives (Boston, MA, 1996); Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen (eds), Migration, Migration History, History: Old Paradigms and New Perspectives (Bern [etc.], 1997); Virginia Yans McLaughlin (ed.), Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics (New York, 1990); Rudolph Vecoli and Suzanne Sinke (eds), A Century of European Migrations, 1830-1930 (Urbana, IL, 1991).
3. For reviews of old and new paradigms as well as analysis using the emerging approach, see Leslie Page Moch, Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650 (Bloomington, IN, 1992); Dirk Hoerder, "Changing Paradigms in Migration History: From 'To America' to World-Wide Systems", Canadian Review of American Studies, 24 (1994), pp. 105-126; Dirk Hoerder and Leslie Page Moch (eds), European Migrants: Global and Local Perspectives (Boston, MA, 1996); Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen (eds), Migration, Migration History, History: Old Paradigms and New Perspectives (Bern [etc.], 1997); Virginia Yans McLaughlin (ed.), Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics (New York, 1990); Rudolph Vecoli and Suzanne Sinke (eds), A Century of European Migrations, 1830-1930 (Urbana, IL, 1991).
4. For reviews of old and new paradigms as well as analysis using the emerging approach, see Leslie Page Moch, Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650 (Bloomington, IN, 1992); Dirk Hoerder, "Changing Paradigms in Migration History: From 'To America' to World-Wide Systems", Canadian Review of American Studies, 24 (1994), pp. 105-126; Dirk Hoerder and Leslie Page Moch (eds), European Migrants: Global and Local Perspectives (Boston, MA, 1996); Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen (eds), Migration, Migration History, History: Old Paradigms and New Perspectives (Bern [etc.], 1997); Virginia Yans McLaughlin (ed.), Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics (New York, 1990); Rudolph Vecoli and Suzanne Sinke (eds), A Century of European Migrations, 1830-1930 (Urbana, IL, 1991).
5. For reviews of old and new paradigms as well as analysis using the emerging approach, see Leslie Page Moch, Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650 (Bloomington, IN, 1992); Dirk Hoerder, "Changing Paradigms in Migration History: From 'To America' to World-Wide Systems", Canadian Review of American Studies, 24 (1994), pp. 105-126; Dirk Hoerder and Leslie Page Moch (eds), European Migrants: Global and Local Perspectives (Boston, MA, 1996); Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen (eds), Migration, Migration History, History: Old Paradigms and New Perspectives (Bern [etc.], 1997); Virginia Yans McLaughlin (ed.), Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics (New York, 1990); Rudolph Vecoli and Suzanne Sinke (eds), A Century of European Migrations, 1830-1930 (Urbana, IL, 1991).
6. For reviews of old and new paradigms as well as analysis using the emerging approach, see Leslie Page Moch, Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650 (Bloomington, IN, 1992); Dirk Hoerder, "Changing Paradigms in Migration History: From 'To America' to World-Wide Systems", Canadian Review of American Studies, 24 (1994), pp. 105-126; Dirk Hoerder and Leslie Page Moch (eds), European Migrants: Global and Local Perspectives (Boston, MA, 1996); Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen (eds), Migration, Migration History, History: Old Paradigms and New Perspectives (Bern [etc.], 1997); Virginia Yans McLaughlin (ed.), Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics (New York, 1990); Rudolph Vecoli and Suzanne Sinke (eds), A Century of European Migrations, 1830-1930 (Urbana, IL, 1991).
7. Akin Mabogunje, "Systems Approach to a Theory of Rural-Urban Migration", Geographical Analysis, 1 (1970), pp. 1-18; Aristide Zolberg, "The Next Waves: Migration Theory for a Changing World", International Migration Review, 23 (1989), pp. 403-430; John Salt, "A Comparative Overview of International Trends and Types", ibid., pp. 431-456; Alejandro Portes and Jòzsef Böröcz, "Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation", ibid., pp. 606-630; James Fawcett, "Networks, Linkages and Migration Systems", ibid., pp. 671-680; Mary Kritz, Lin Lean Lim, and Haniz Zlotnik (eds), International Migration Systems: A Global Approach (Oxford, 1992).
8. Akin Mabogunje, "Systems Approach to a Theory of Rural-Urban Migration", Geographical Analysis, 1 (1970), pp. 1-18; Aristide Zolberg, "The Next Waves: Migration Theory for a Changing World", International Migration Review, 23 (1989), pp. 403-430; John Salt, "A Comparative Overview of International Trends and Types", ibid., pp. 431-456; Alejandro Portes and Jòzsef Böröcz, "Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation", ibid., pp. 606-630; James Fawcett, "Networks, Linkages and Migration Systems", ibid., pp. 671-680; Mary Kritz, Lin Lean Lim, and Haniz Zlotnik (eds), International Migration Systems: A Global Approach (Oxford, 1992).
9. Akin Mabogunje, "Systems Approach to a Theory of Rural-Urban Migration", Geographical Analysis, 1 (1970), pp. 1-18; Aristide Zolberg, "The Next Waves: Migration Theory for a Changing World", International Migration Review, 23 (1989), pp. 403-430; John Salt, "A Comparative Overview of International Trends and Types", ibid., pp. 431-456; Alejandro Portes and Jòzsef Böröcz, "Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation", ibid., pp. 606-630; James Fawcett, "Networks, Linkages and Migration Systems", ibid., pp. 671-680; Mary Kritz, Lin Lean Lim, and Haniz Zlotnik (eds), International Migration Systems: A Global Approach (Oxford, 1992).
10. Akin Mabogunje, "Systems Approach to a Theory of Rural-Urban Migration", Geographical Analysis, 1 (1970), pp. 1-18; Aristide Zolberg, "The Next Waves: Migration Theory for a Changing World", International Migration Review, 23 (1989), pp. 403-430; John Salt, "A Comparative Overview of International Trends and Types", ibid., pp. 431-456; Alejandro Portes and Jòzsef Böröcz, "Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation", ibid., pp. 606-630; James Fawcett, "Networks, Linkages and Migration Systems", ibid., pp. 671-680; Mary Kritz, Lin Lean Lim, and Haniz Zlotnik (eds), International Migration Systems: A Global Approach (Oxford, 1992).
11. Akin Mabogunje, "Systems Approach to a Theory of Rural-Urban Migration", Geographical Analysis, 1 (1970), pp. 1-18; Aristide Zolberg, "The Next Waves: Migration Theory for a Changing World", International Migration Review, 23 (1989), pp. 403-430; John Salt, "A Comparative Overview of International Trends and Types", ibid., pp. 431-456; Alejandro Portes and Jòzsef Böröcz, "Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation", ibid., pp. 606-630; James Fawcett, "Networks, Linkages and Migration Systems", ibid., pp. 671-680; Mary Kritz, Lin Lean Lim, and Haniz Zlotnik (eds), International Migration Systems: A Global Approach (Oxford, 1992).
12. Akin Mabogunje, "Systems Approach to a Theory of Rural-Urban Migration", Geographical Analysis, 1 (1970), pp. 1-18; Aristide Zolberg, "The Next Waves: Migration Theory for a Changing World", International Migration Review, 23 (1989), pp. 403-430; John Salt, "A Comparative Overview of International Trends and Types", ibid., pp. 431-456; Alejandro Portes and Jòzsef Böröcz, "Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation", ibid., pp. 606-630; James Fawcett, "Networks, Linkages and Migration Systems", ibid., pp. 671-680; Mary Kritz, Lin Lean Lim, and Haniz Zlotnik (eds), International Migration Systems: A Global Approach (Oxford, 1992).
13. Jan Lucassen, Migrant Labour in Europe, 1600-1900: The Drift to the North Sea (London, 1987); Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen, "Migration, Migration History, History: Old Paradigms and New Perspectives", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 9-38; Moch, Moving Europeans; Leslie Page Moch, "The European Perspective: Changing Conditions and Multiple Migrations, 1750-1914", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 115-140; Leslie Page Moch, "Dividing Time: An Analytical Framework for Migration History Periodization", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 41-56; James Jackson, Jr and Leslie Page Moch, "Migration and the Social History of Modern Europe", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 52-69 [orig. 1989]; Hoerder, "Changing Paradigms"; Dirk Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies: Regional European Origins and Worldwide Expansion") in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 21-51; Dirk Hoerder, "Segmented Macrosystems and Networking Individuals: The Balancing Functions of Migration Processes", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 73-84.
14. Jan Lucassen, Migrant Labour in Europe, 1600-1900: The Drift to the North Sea (London, 1987); Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen, "Migration, Migration History, History: Old Paradigms and New Perspectives", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 9-38; Moch, Moving Europeans; Leslie Page Moch, "The European Perspective: Changing Conditions and Multiple Migrations, 1750-1914", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 115-140; Leslie Page Moch, "Dividing Time: An Analytical Framework for Migration History Periodization", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 41-56; James Jackson, Jr and Leslie Page Moch, "Migration and the Social History of Modern Europe", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 52-69 [orig. 1989]; Hoerder, "Changing Paradigms"; Dirk Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies: Regional European Origins and Worldwide Expansion") in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 21-51; Dirk Hoerder, "Segmented Macrosystems and Networking Individuals: The Balancing Functions of Migration Processes", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 73-84.
15. Jan Lucassen, Migrant Labour in Europe, 1600-1900: The Drift to the North Sea (London, 1987); Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen, "Migration, Migration History, History: Old Paradigms and New Perspectives", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 9-38; Moch, Moving Europeans; Leslie Page Moch, "The European Perspective: Changing Conditions and Multiple Migrations, 1750-1914", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 115-140; Leslie Page Moch, "Dividing Time: An Analytical Framework for Migration History Periodization", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 41-56; James Jackson, Jr and Leslie Page Moch, "Migration and the Social History of Modern Europe", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 52-69 [orig. 1989]; Hoerder, "Changing Paradigms"; Dirk Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies: Regional European Origins and Worldwide Expansion") in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 21-51; Dirk Hoerder, "Segmented Macrosystems and Networking Individuals: The Balancing Functions of Migration Processes", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 73-84.
16. Jan Lucassen, Migrant Labour in Europe, 1600-1900: The Drift to the North Sea (London, 1987); Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen, "Migration, Migration History, History: Old Paradigms and New Perspectives", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 9-38; Moch, Moving Europeans; Leslie Page Moch, "The European Perspective: Changing Conditions and Multiple Migrations, 1750-1914", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 115-140; Leslie Page Moch, "Dividing Time: An Analytical Framework for Migration History Periodization", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 41-56; James Jackson, Jr and Leslie Page Moch, "Migration and the Social History of Modern Europe", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 52-69 [orig. 1989]; Hoerder, "Changing Paradigms"; Dirk Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies: Regional European Origins and Worldwide Expansion") in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 21-51; Dirk Hoerder, "Segmented Macrosystems and Networking Individuals: The Balancing Functions of Migration Processes", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 73-84.
17. Jan Lucassen, Migrant Labour in Europe, 1600-1900: The Drift to the North Sea (London, 1987); Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen, "Migration, Migration History, History: Old Paradigms and New Perspectives", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 9-38; Moch, Moving Europeans; Leslie Page Moch, "The European Perspective: Changing Conditions and Multiple Migrations, 1750-1914", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 115-140; Leslie Page Moch, "Dividing Time: An Analytical Framework for Migration History Periodization", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 41-56; James Jackson, Jr and Leslie Page Moch, "Migration and the Social History of Modern Europe", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 52-69 [orig. 1989]; Hoerder, "Changing Paradigms"; Dirk Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies: Regional European Origins and Worldwide Expansion") in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 21-51; Dirk Hoerder, "Segmented Macrosystems and Networking Individuals: The Balancing Functions of Migration Processes", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 73-84.
18. Jan Lucassen, Migrant Labour in Europe, 1600-1900: The Drift to the North Sea (London, 1987); Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen, "Migration, Migration History, History: Old Paradigms and New Perspectives", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 9-38; Moch, Moving Europeans; Leslie Page Moch, "The European Perspective: Changing Conditions and Multiple Migrations, 1750-1914", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 115-140; Leslie Page Moch, "Dividing Time: An Analytical Framework for Migration History Periodization", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 41-56; James Jackson, Jr and Leslie Page Moch, "Migration and the Social History of Modern Europe", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 52-69 [orig. 1989]; Hoerder, "Changing Paradigms"; Dirk Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies: Regional European Origins and Worldwide Expansion") in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 21-51; Dirk Hoerder, "Segmented Macrosystems and Networking Individuals: The Balancing Functions of Migration Processes", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 73-84.
19. Jan Lucassen, Migrant Labour in Europe, 1600-1900: The Drift to the North Sea (London, 1987); Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen, "Migration, Migration History, History: Old Paradigms and New Perspectives", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 9-38; Moch, Moving Europeans; Leslie Page Moch, "The European Perspective: Changing Conditions and Multiple Migrations, 1750-1914", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 115-140; Leslie Page Moch, "Dividing Time: An Analytical Framework for Migration History Periodization", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 41-56; James Jackson, Jr and Leslie Page Moch, "Migration and the Social History of Modern Europe", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 52-69 [orig. 1989]; Hoerder, "Changing Paradigms"; Dirk Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies: Regional European Origins and Worldwide Expansion") in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 21-51; Dirk Hoerder, "Segmented Macrosystems and Networking Individuals: The Balancing Functions of Migration Processes", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 73-84.
20. Jan Lucassen, Migrant Labour in Europe, 1600-1900: The Drift to the North Sea (London, 1987); Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen, "Migration, Migration History, History: Old Paradigms and New Perspectives", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 9-38; Moch, Moving Europeans; Leslie Page Moch, "The European Perspective: Changing Conditions and Multiple Migrations, 1750-1914", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 115-140; Leslie Page Moch, "Dividing Time: An Analytical Framework for Migration History Periodization", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 41-56; James Jackson, Jr and Leslie Page Moch, "Migration and the Social History of Modern Europe", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 52-69 [orig. 1989]; Hoerder, "Changing Paradigms"; Dirk Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies: Regional European Origins and Worldwide Expansion") in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 21-51; Dirk Hoerder, "Segmented Macrosystems and Networking Individuals: The Balancing Functions of Migration Processes", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 73-84.
21. Jan Lucassen, Migrant Labour in Europe, 1600-1900: The Drift to the North Sea (London, 1987); Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen, "Migration, Migration History, History: Old Paradigms and New Perspectives", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 9-38; Moch, Moving Europeans; Leslie Page Moch, "The European Perspective: Changing Conditions and Multiple Migrations, 1750-1914", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 115-140; Leslie Page Moch, "Dividing Time: An Analytical Framework for Migration History Periodization", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 41-56; James Jackson, Jr and Leslie Page Moch, "Migration and the Social History of Modern Europe", in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 52-69 [orig. 1989]; Hoerder, "Changing Paradigms"; Dirk Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies: Regional European Origins and Worldwide Expansion") in Hoerder and Moch, European Migrants, pp. 21-51; Dirk Hoerder, "Segmented Macrosystems and Networking Individuals: The Balancing Functions of Migration Processes", in Lucassen and Lucassen, Migration, Migration History, History, pp. 73-84.
22. Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies', p. 21; Lucassen, Migrant Labour, pp. 4, 100-101.
23. Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies', p. 21; Lucassen, Migrant Labour, pp. 4, 100-101.
24. Hoerder, "Segmented Macrosystems", pp. 74, 78-81.
25. Moch, "Dividing Time", p. 74.
26. Antonio Meijide Pardo, La emigración gallega intrapeninsular en el siglo XVIII (Madrid, 1960); Antonio Eiras Roel, "Migraciones internas y medium-distance en España en la edad moderna", in Antonio Eiras Roel and Ofelia Rey Castelao (eds), Les migrations internes et àmoyenne distance en Europe, 1500-1900 (Santiago de Compostela, 1994), 2, pp. 37-83; António de Oliveira, "Migrações internas e de média distância em Portugal de 1500 a 1900", in Eiras Roel and Rey Castelao, Les migrations internes, 2, pp. 1-36. See also Lucassen, Migrant Labour, Moch, Moving Europeans; and Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies". For a general overview of Portuguese emigration, see Joel Serrão, A emigração portuguesa. Sondagem histórica (Lisbon, 1972); Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, "L'émigration portugaise (XVe-XXe siécles): une constante structurele et les réponses aux changements du monde", Revista de História Económica e Social, 1 (1978), pp. 5-32; Maria Beatriz Nizza da Silva et al. (eds), Emigração/Imigração em Portugal (Lisbon, 1993).
27. Antonio Meijide Pardo, La emigración gallega intrapeninsular en el siglo XVIII (Madrid, 1960); Antonio Eiras Roel, "Migraciones internas y medium-distance en España en la edad moderna", in Antonio Eiras Roel and Ofelia Rey Castelao (eds), Les migrations internes et àmoyenne distance en Europe, 1500-1900 (Santiago de Compostela, 1994), 2, pp. 37-83; António de Oliveira, "Migrações internas e de média distância em Portugal de 1500 a 1900", in Eiras Roel and Rey Castelao, Les migrations internes, 2, pp. 1-36. See also Lucassen, Migrant Labour, Moch, Moving Europeans; and Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies". For a general overview of Portuguese emigration, see Joel Serrão, A emigração portuguesa. Sondagem histórica (Lisbon, 1972); Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, "L'émigration portugaise (XVe-XXe siécles): une constante structurele et les réponses aux changements du monde", Revista de História Económica e Social, 1 (1978), pp. 5-32; Maria Beatriz Nizza da Silva et al. (eds), Emigração/Imigração em Portugal (Lisbon, 1993).
28. Antonio Meijide Pardo, La emigración gallega intrapeninsular en el siglo XVIII (Madrid, 1960); Antonio Eiras Roel, "Migraciones internas y medium-distance en España en la edad moderna", in Antonio Eiras Roel and Ofelia Rey Castelao (eds), Les migrations internes et àmoyenne distance en Europe, 1500-1900 (Santiago de Compostela, 1994), 2, pp. 37-83; António de Oliveira, "Migrações internas e de média distância em Portugal de 1500 a 1900", in Eiras Roel and Rey Castelao, Les migrations internes, 2, pp. 1-36. See also Lucassen, Migrant Labour, Moch, Moving Europeans; and Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies". For a general overview of Portuguese emigration, see Joel Serrão, A emigração portuguesa. Sondagem histórica (Lisbon, 1972); Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, "L'émigration portugaise (XVe-XXe siécles): une constante structurele et les réponses aux changements du monde", Revista de História Económica e Social, 1 (1978), pp. 5-32; Maria Beatriz Nizza da Silva et al. (eds), Emigração/Imigração em Portugal (Lisbon, 1993).
29. Antonio Meijide Pardo, La emigración gallega intrapeninsular en el siglo XVIII (Madrid, 1960); Antonio Eiras Roel, "Migraciones internas y medium-distance en España en la edad moderna", in Antonio Eiras Roel and Ofelia Rey Castelao (eds), Les migrations internes et àmoyenne distance en Europe, 1500-1900 (Santiago de Compostela, 1994), 2, pp. 37-83; António de Oliveira, "Migrações internas e de média distância em Portugal de 1500 a 1900", in Eiras Roel and Rey Castelao, Les migrations internes, 2, pp. 1-36. See also Lucassen, Migrant Labour, Moch, Moving Europeans; and Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies". For a general overview of Portuguese emigration, see Joel Serrão, A emigração portuguesa. Sondagem histórica (Lisbon, 1972); Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, "L'émigration portugaise (XVe-XXe siécles): une constante structurele et les réponses aux changements du monde", Revista de História Económica e Social, 1 (1978), pp. 5-32; Maria Beatriz Nizza da Silva et al. (eds), Emigração/Imigração em Portugal (Lisbon, 1993).
30. Antonio Meijide Pardo, La emigración gallega intrapeninsular en el siglo XVIII (Madrid, 1960); Antonio Eiras Roel, "Migraciones internas y medium-distance en España en la edad moderna", in Antonio Eiras Roel and Ofelia Rey Castelao (eds), Les migrations internes et àmoyenne distance en Europe, 1500-1900 (Santiago de Compostela, 1994), 2, pp. 37-83; António de Oliveira, "Migrações internas e de média distância em Portugal de 1500 a 1900", in Eiras Roel and Rey Castelao, Les migrations internes, 2, pp. 1-36. See also Lucassen, Migrant Labour, Moch, Moving Europeans; and Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies". For a general overview of Portuguese emigration, see Joel Serrão, A emigração portuguesa. Sondagem histórica (Lisbon, 1972); Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, "L'émigration portugaise (XVe-XXe siécles): une constante structurele et les réponses aux changements du monde", Revista de História Económica e Social, 1 (1978), pp. 5-32; Maria Beatriz Nizza da Silva et al. (eds), Emigração/Imigração em Portugal (Lisbon, 1993).
31. Antonio Meijide Pardo, La emigración gallega intrapeninsular en el siglo XVIII (Madrid, 1960); Antonio Eiras Roel, "Migraciones internas y medium-distance en España en la edad moderna", in Antonio Eiras Roel and Ofelia Rey Castelao (eds), Les migrations internes et àmoyenne distance en Europe, 1500-1900 (Santiago de Compostela, 1994), 2, pp. 37-83; António de Oliveira, "Migrações internas e de média distância em Portugal de 1500 a 1900", in Eiras Roel and Rey Castelao, Les migrations internes, 2, pp. 1-36. See also Lucassen, Migrant Labour, Moch, Moving Europeans; and Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies". For a general overview of Portuguese emigration, see Joel Serrão, A emigração portuguesa. Sondagem histórica (Lisbon, 1972); Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, "L'émigration portugaise (XVe-XXe siécles): une constante structurele et les réponses aux changements du monde", Revista de História Económica e Social, 1 (1978), pp. 5-32; Maria Beatriz Nizza da Silva et al. (eds), Emigração/Imigração em Portugal (Lisbon, 1993).
32. Antonio Meijide Pardo, La emigración gallega intrapeninsular en el siglo XVIII (Madrid, 1960); Antonio Eiras Roel, "Migraciones internas y medium-distance en España en la edad moderna", in Antonio Eiras Roel and Ofelia Rey Castelao (eds), Les migrations internes et àmoyenne distance en Europe, 1500-1900 (Santiago de Compostela, 1994), 2, pp. 37-83; António de Oliveira, "Migrações internas e de média distância em Portugal de 1500 a 1900", in Eiras Roel and Rey Castelao, Les migrations internes, 2, pp. 1-36. See also Lucassen, Migrant Labour, Moch, Moving Europeans; and Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies". For a general overview of Portuguese emigration, see Joel Serrão, A emigração portuguesa. Sondagem histórica (Lisbon, 1972); Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, "L'émigration portugaise (XVe-XXe siécles): une constante structurele et les réponses aux changements du monde", Revista de História Económica e Social, 1 (1978), pp. 5-32; Maria Beatriz Nizza da Silva et al. (eds), Emigração/Imigração em Portugal (Lisbon, 1993).
33. Antonio Meijide Pardo, La emigración gallega intrapeninsular en el siglo XVIII (Madrid, 1960); Antonio Eiras Roel, "Migraciones internas y medium-distance en España en la edad moderna", in Antonio Eiras Roel and Ofelia Rey Castelao (eds), Les migrations internes et àmoyenne distance en Europe, 1500-1900 (Santiago de Compostela, 1994), 2, pp. 37-83; António de Oliveira, "Migrações internas e de média distância em Portugal de 1500 a 1900", in Eiras Roel and Rey Castelao, Les migrations internes, 2, pp. 1-36. See also Lucassen, Migrant Labour, Moch, Moving Europeans; and Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies". For a general overview of Portuguese emigration, see Joel Serrão, A emigração portuguesa. Sondagem histórica (Lisbon, 1972); Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, "L'émigration portugaise (XVe-XXe siécles): une constante structurele et les réponses aux changements du monde", Revista de História Económica e Social, 1 (1978), pp. 5-32; Maria Beatriz Nizza da Silva et al. (eds), Emigração/Imigração em Portugal (Lisbon, 1993).
34. Antonio Meijide Pardo, La emigración gallega intrapeninsular en el siglo XVIII (Madrid, 1960); Antonio Eiras Roel, "Migraciones internas y medium-distance en España en la edad moderna", in Antonio Eiras Roel and Ofelia Rey Castelao (eds), Les migrations internes et àmoyenne distance en Europe, 1500-1900 (Santiago de Compostela, 1994), 2, pp. 37-83; António de Oliveira, "Migrações internas e de média distância em Portugal de 1500 a 1900", in Eiras Roel and Rey Castelao, Les migrations internes, 2, pp. 1-36. See also Lucassen, Migrant Labour, Moch, Moving Europeans; and Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies". For a general overview of Portuguese emigration, see Joel Serrão, A emigração portuguesa. Sondagem histórica (Lisbon, 1972); Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, "L'émigration portugaise (XVe-XXe siécles): une constante structurele et les réponses aux changements du monde", Revista de História Económica e Social, 1 (1978), pp. 5-32; Maria Beatriz Nizza da Silva et al. (eds), Emigração/Imigração em Portugal (Lisbon, 1993).
35. Two occupations predominated in the Algarvian countryside: proprietários - proprietors, and trabalhadores - workers. However, in a society characterized by widespread access to land and the combination of small farming and wage labor by the same individuals, these categories were not exclusive and usually overlapped. Thus most rural Algarvians were"peasant-workers". For this concept, see Douglas Holmes, Cultural Disenchantments: Worker Peasantries in Northeast Italy (Princeton, NJ, 1989). For an analysis of Algarvian emigration in the context of regional and household economy, see Marcelo Borges, "Portuguese in Two Worlds: A Historical Study of Migration from Algarve to Argentina" (Ph.D., Rutgers University, 1997), chs 1 and 3.
36. Two occupations predominated in the Algarvian countryside: proprietários - proprietors, and trabalhadores - workers. However, in a society characterized by widespread access to land and the combination of small farming and wage labor by the same individuals, these categories were not exclusive and usually overlapped. Thus most rural Algarvians were"peasant-workers". For this concept, see Douglas Holmes, Cultural Disenchantments: Worker Peasantries in Northeast Italy (Princeton, NJ, 1989). For an analysis of Algarvian emigration in the context of regional and household economy, see Marcelo Borges, "Portuguese in Two Worlds: A Historical Study of Migration from Algarve to Argentina" (Ph.D., Rutgers University, 1997), chs 1 and 3.
37. Unless otherwise noticed, the analysis that follows is based on the information contained in the original passport requests' books for the District of Faro (Algarve), from the beginning of the series in 1834 until 1946. I have used a sample which includes the totality of the passports requested between 1834 and 1870 and complete years every five years after that (except for 1919). Livros de Registo de Passaportes, 1834-1946, Arquivo Distrital de Faro [hereafter, ADF], Governo Civil, 27 vols. The analysis of the third migratory system is beyond the scope of this article.
38. Joaquim Romero Magalhães, O Algarve econémico, 1600-1773 (Lisbon, 1988), p. 11.
39. For the characteristics and evolution of Gibraltar's population, as well as its political, military, economic, and social history, see Frederick Sayer, The History of Gibraltar and of Its Political Relation to Events in Europe (London, 1865); John D. Stewart, Gibraltar: The Keystone (Boston, MA, 1967); Sir William G.F. Jackson, The Rock of the Gibraltarians: A History of Gibraltar (London [etc.], 1987).
40. For the characteristics and evolution of Gibraltar's population, as well as its political, military, economic, and social history, see Frederick Sayer, The History of Gibraltar and of Its Political Relation to Events in Europe (London, 1865); John D. Stewart, Gibraltar: The Keystone (Boston, MA, 1967); Sir William G.F. Jackson, The Rock of the Gibraltarians: A History of Gibraltar (London [etc.], 1987).
41. For the characteristics and evolution of Gibraltar's population, as well as its political, military, economic, and social history, see Frederick Sayer, The History of Gibraltar and of Its Political Relation to Events in Europe (London, 1865); John D. Stewart, Gibraltar: The Keystone (Boston, MA, 1967); Sir William G.F. Jackson, The Rock of the Gibraltarians: A History of Gibraltar (London [etc.], 1987).
42. The commercial antagonism between British and Spanish authorities created opportunities for trade and contraband. These possibilities increased during certain periods - for example, after 1841, when strong antismuggling measures were taken by the Spanish authorities. The port was several times under siege, a situation that also created opportunities for a lucrative supply commerce. See Jackson, The Rock, pp. 233-238.
43. Sayer, History of Gibraltar, pp. 460-461. Sayer explained the importance of foreign labor in Gibraltar as follows: "The fixed population of Gibraltar is of such peculiar character that it is absolutely necessary to admit into this confined and crowded town a considerable number of foreigners. The natives are for the most part idle, dissolute, and phlegmatic; there are but few skilled artisans among them, and their demands for wages are exorbitant. Domestic service is almost entirely supplied by foreigners, the natives being quite unfitted for such duties. It would be difficult to instance a single possession under the British Crown where the material for general and domestic labour is worse than in Gibraltar" (p. 460).
44. Magalhães, O Algarve económico, pp. 301-308.
45. João Baptista da Silva Lopes, Corografia ou memória económica, estatística e topográfica do Reino do Algarve (Lisbon, 1841; repr. Faro, 1988), pp. 33-34, 341, 343, 362-363, 366.
46. José de la Vega Rodríguez.ast;, La Línea de la Concepción (Cádiz). Cien años de historia, 1870-1970 (Jerez, n.d.), p. 92.
47. Jackson, The Rock, pp. 248-249.
48. There are some scattered references to emigration from other Portuguese regions. Rodrigues refers to some emigrants from Viana do Castelo going to Gibraltar in the 1840s. And for the beginning of the nineteenth century, Jackson argues that "the close links between the British naval bases at Lisbon and Gibraltar [...] led to Portuguese tradesmen being drawn to Gibraltar to work in the dockyard and on the fortifications." See Henrique Rodrigues, "Emigração, conjunturas políticas e económicas", in Silva et al., Emigração/Imigração, p. 65, and Jackson, The Rock, p. 225.
49. There are some scattered references to emigration from other Portuguese regions. Rodrigues refers to some emigrants from Viana do Castelo going to Gibraltar in the 1840s. And for the beginning of the nineteenth century, Jackson argues that "the close links between the British naval bases at Lisbon and Gibraltar [...] led to Portuguese tradesmen being drawn to Gibraltar to work in the dockyard and on the fortifications." See Henrique Rodrigues, "Emigração, conjunturas políticas e económicas", in Silva et al., Emigração/Imigração, p. 65, and Jackson, The Rock, p. 225.
50. According to the passport requests' books, maritime workers represented 30.7 per cent of the male emigrants over 14 years in 1834-1850, 18.8 per cent in 1851-1870, and 7.1 per cent in 1875; trabalhadores and day laborers increased from 2.6 per cent in 1834-1850 to 28.1 per cent in 1851-1870, to 69 per cent in 1875; merchants represented 22.8 per cent in 1834-1850 and 4 per cent in 1851-1870. A shift in the geographical origins of the migrants within the Algarve, from the coast to the interior, also helps to explain these changes in the occupational background of the emigrants.
51. We can observe the contrast of the Algarvian emigration in the general Portuguese context by comparing these figures with those presented by Oporto, the main port of emigration during the nineteenth century. Emigration in this area was almost exclusively dominated by Brazil. According to Alves, women represented 2 per cent of the emigrants in 1836 and 5.8 per cent in 1860. Their presence grew by the end of the century, representing 22 per cent in 1899. This difference might also be related to the gender composition of short- and medium-distance migration vis-a-vis overseas migration. As Ravestein noted in his famous "laws", women tend to migrate more than men in shorter distances, but men tend to predominate in long-distance migrations. See Jorge Fernandes Alves, "Emigração portuguesa: o exemplo do Porto nos meados do século XIX", Revista de História, Centro de Historia da Universidade do Porto, 9 (1989). pp. 267-289, and "Lógicas migratorias no Porto oitocentista", in Silva et al., Emigração/Imigração, pp. 78-97; E.G. Ravestein, The Laws of Migration. [Paper # 1 and # 2] (New York, 1976; original published in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, in 1885 and 1889), pp. 196-199.
52. We can observe the contrast of the Algarvian emigration in the general Portuguese context by comparing these figures with those presented by Oporto, the main port of emigration during the nineteenth century. Emigration in this area was almost exclusively dominated by Brazil. According to Alves, women represented 2 per cent of the emigrants in 1836 and 5.8 per cent in 1860. Their presence grew by the end of the century, representing 22 per cent in 1899. This difference might also be related to the gender composition of short- and medium-distance migration vis-a-vis overseas migration. As Ravestein noted in his famous "laws", women tend to migrate more than men in shorter distances, but men tend to predominate in long-distance migrations. See Jorge Fernandes Alves, "Emigração portuguesa: o exemplo do Porto nos meados do século XIX", Revista de História, Centro de Historia da Universidade do Porto, 9 (1989). pp. 267-289, and "Lógicas migratorias no Porto oitocentista", in Silva et al., Emigração/Imigração, pp. 78-97; E.G. Ravestein, The Laws of Migration. [Paper # 1 and # 2] (New York, 1976; original published in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, in 1885 and 1889), pp. 196-199.
53. We can observe the contrast of the Algarvian emigration in the general Portuguese context by comparing these figures with those presented by Oporto, the main port of emigration during the nineteenth century. Emigration in this area was almost exclusively dominated by Brazil. According to Alves, women represented 2 per cent of the emigrants in 1836 and 5.8 per cent in 1860. Their presence grew by the end of the century, representing 22 per cent in 1899. This difference might also be related to the gender composition of short- and medium-distance migration vis-a-vis overseas migration. As Ravestein noted in his famous "laws", women tend to migrate more than men in shorter distances, but men tend to predominate in long-distance migrations. See Jorge Fernandes Alves, "Emigração portuguesa: o exemplo do Porto nos meados do século XIX", Revista de História, Centro de Historia da Universidade do Porto, 9 (1989). pp. 267-289, and "Lógicas migratorias no Porto oitocentista", in Silva et al., Emigração/Imigração, pp. 78-97; E.G. Ravestein, The Laws of Migration. [Paper # 1 and # 2] (New York, 1976; original published in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, in 1885 and 1889), pp. 196-199.
54. Sayer, History of Gibraltar, p. 460.
55. Tuna fishing was the main activity. This was a task that required the cooperation of many and diverse people. In the Algarve, women participated in cutting, salting, and storing the fish; and children worked along with their parents. As Lopes pointed in the 18405, tuna fishing "occupies many hands, not only men, but also women and young men [...]" (This and all other translations in the article are my own.) See Lopes, Corografia, p. 97; also pp. 34, 82-83. Frei João de São José described tuna fishing in the Algarve during the sixteenth century as a lively family enterprise; see his "Corografia do Reino do Algarve (1577)", in Manuel Viegas Guerreiro and Joaquim Romero Magalhães (eds), Duas descrições do Algarve no século XVI, Cadernos da Revista de História Económica e Social 3 (Lisbon, 1983), pp. 121-122.
56. Tuna fishing was the main activity. This was a task that required the cooperation of many and diverse people. In the Algarve, women participated in cutting, salting, and storing the fish; and children worked along with their parents. As Lopes pointed in the 18405, tuna fishing "occupies many hands, not only men, but also women and young men [...]" (This and all other translations in the article are my own.) See Lopes, Corografia, p. 97; also pp. 34, 82-83. Frei João de São José described tuna fishing in the Algarve during the sixteenth century as a lively family enterprise; see his "Corografia do Reino do Algarve (1577)", in Manuel Viegas Guerreiro and Joaquim Romero Magalhães (eds), Duas descrições do Algarve no século XVI, Cadernos da Revista de História Económica e Social 3 (Lisbon, 1983), pp. 121-122.
57. Tuna fishing was the main activity. This was a task that required the cooperation of many and diverse people. In the Algarve, women participated in cutting, salting, and storing the fish; and children worked along with their parents. As Lopes pointed in the 18405, tuna fishing "occupies many hands, not only men, but also women and young men [...]" (This and all other translations in the article are my own.) See Lopes, Corografia, p. 97; also pp. 34, 82-83. Frei João de São José described tuna fishing in the Algarve during the sixteenth century as a lively family enterprise; see his "Corografia do Reino do Algarve (1577)", in Manuel Viegas Guerreiro and Joaquim Romero Magalhães (eds), Duas descrições do Algarve no século XVI, Cadernos da Revista de História Económica e Social 3 (Lisbon, 1983), pp. 121-122.
58. Report of the Civil Governor of Faro, 27 October 1873, Processos da Comissão Parlamentar sobre a Emigração Portuguesa, 1872-1875, ADF, Governo Civil, caixa 20, maço 3.
59. Report from Consul N. Nunes Tavares (27 December 1911), and information from the Portuguese Vice-Consulate in La Línea de la Concepción, in Sociedade de Geografía de Lisboa, Colonias portuguesas em países estranjeiros (Lisbon, 1915), pp. 11-12, 62-63.
60. The expression belongs to historian Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, cited by Magalhães, O Algarve económico, p. 24. Caroline Brettell mentions a letter written by Philip II "dealing with recommendations to halt this migration flow from Portugal to Spain". See Caroline Brettell, Men Who Migrate, Women Who Wait: Population and History in a Portuguese Parish (Princeton, NJ, 1986), p. 287, n. 2.
61. The expression belongs to historian Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, cited by Magalhães, O Algarve económico, p. 24. Caroline Brettell mentions a letter written by Philip II "dealing with recommendations to halt this migration flow from Portugal to Spain". See Caroline Brettell, Men Who Migrate, Women Who Wait: Population and History in a Portuguese Parish (Princeton, NJ, 1986), p. 287, n. 2.
62. Manuel Severim de Faria, "Remédies para a falta de gente", in Joel Serrão (ed.), Testemunhos sobre a emigração portuguesa. Antologia (Lisbon, 1976), pp. 73-75.
63. José L. Sánchez Lora, "La inmigración portuguesa en Ayamonte: 1600-1860", in Huelva en su historia. Miscelánea histórica (Huelva, 1986), 1, pp. 317-331; Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, "La inmigración de corto y medio radio en la Andalucia moderna: modalidades y comportamientos", Isabel Rodriguez Alemán, "La emigración hacia Málaga en el siglo XVII (1651-1700)", Juan Diego Pérez Ccbada, "La emigración portuguesa a Jerez (ss. XVI-XVIII)", all in Roel and Castelao, Les migrations internes, 2, pp. 357-379, 859-871, and 887-910, respectively.
64. José L. Sánchez Lora, "La inmigración portuguesa en Ayamonte: 1600-1860", in Huelva en su historia. Miscelánea histórica (Huelva, 1986), 1, pp. 317-331; Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, "La inmigración de corto y medio radio en la Andalucia moderna: modalidades y comportamientos", Isabel Rodriguez Alemán, "La emigración hacia Málaga en el siglo XVII (1651-1700)", Juan Diego Pérez Ccbada, "La emigración portuguesa a Jerez (ss. XVI-XVIII)", all in Roel and Castelao, Les migrations internes, 2, pp. 357-379, 859-871, and 887-910, respectively.
65. José L. Sánchez Lora, "La inmigración portuguesa en Ayamonte: 1600-1860", in Huelva en su historia. Miscelánea histórica (Huelva, 1986), 1, pp. 317-331; Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, "La inmigración de corto y medio radio en la Andalucia moderna: modalidades y comportamientos", Isabel Rodriguez Alemán, "La emigración hacia Málaga en el siglo XVII (1651-1700)", Juan Diego Pérez Ccbada, "La emigración portuguesa a Jerez (ss. XVI-XVIII)", all in Roel and Castelao, Les migrations internes, 2, pp. 357-379, 859-871, and 887-910, respectively.
66. José L. Sánchez Lora, "La inmigración portuguesa en Ayamonte: 1600-1860", in Huelva en su historia. Miscelánea histórica (Huelva, 1986), 1, pp. 317-331; Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, "La inmigración de corto y medio radio en la Andalucia moderna: modalidades y comportamientos", Isabel Rodriguez Alemán, "La emigración hacia Málaga en el siglo XVII (1651-1700)", Juan Diego Pérez Ccbada, "La emigración portuguesa a Jerez (ss. XVI-XVIII)", all in Roel and Castelao, Les migrations internes, 2, pp. 357-379, 859-871, and 887-910, respectively.
67. José L. Sánchez Lora, "La inmigración portuguesa en Ayamonte: 1600-1860", in Huelva en su historia. Miscelánea histórica (Huelva, 1986), 1, pp. 317-331; Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, "La inmigración de corto y medio radio en la Andalucia moderna: modalidades y comportamientos", Isabel Rodriguez Alemán, "La emigración hacia Málaga en el siglo XVII (1651-1700)", Juan Diego Pérez Ccbada, "La emigración portuguesa a Jerez (ss. XVI-XVIII)", all in Roel and Castelao, Les migrations internes, 2, pp. 357-379, 859-871, and 887-910, respectively.
68. São José, "Corografia, p. 51.
69. See also Godinho, "L'émigration portugaise", p. 20;
70. and Magalhães, O Algarve económico, p. 122. Magalhães argues that this migration of Algarvian merchants deepened the commercial depression that, along with a process of ruralization, affected the Algarve during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
71. Sánchez Lora, "La inmigración portuguesa en Ayamonte".
72. Pérez Cebada, "La emigración portuguesa a Jerez".
73. Relatório apresentado à Junta Geral do Districto de Faro na sessão ordinaria de 1875 pela Conselheiro Governador Civil José de Beires com documentos e mappas illustrativos. Resoluções e consultas da Junta Geral (Coimbra, 1875), p. 298.
74. Carminda Cavaco, "Migrações internacionais de trabalhadores do Sotavento Algarvio", Finisterra. Revista Portuguesa de Geografia, 6, 11 (1971), pp. 45-48, 55, 58. Cavaco refers to a pattern of geographical origin according to which the fishermen from the Algarvian western coast (Lagos) migrated temporarily to the fishing areas south of Lisbon; those from the center-west (Portimão, Armação de Pera, Albufeira, Quarteira) to the previous area and to the eastern Algarve; and those from the eastern Algarve (Faro, Olhão, Tavira, Vila Real de Santo Antonio) to southern Spain (p. 50). Algarvian fishermen also worked temporarily in Africa and the Americas.
75. Because of their geographical location, the fishermen of the eastern Algarve and the adjacent area of Andalusia had privileged access to the tuna's annual migration. Tuna migrate eastward from the Atlantic toward the Mediterranean to spawn during May and June, and westward, back to the Atlantic, during July and August. For a description of Algarvian fishing areas and techniques, see Dan Stanislawski, Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve (Austin, TX, 1963), ch. 3.
76. Henry Frederick Link, Travels in Portugal and Through France and Spain (London, 1801), p. 462. Link relies, for some of these figures, on Constantino Botelho de Lacerda Lobo, "Sobre o estado das pescarias da costa do Algarve no ano de 1790", Memórias Económicas da Academia das Ciênaas vol. 5.
77. Henry Frederick Link, Travels in Portugal and Through France and Spain (London, 1801), p. 462. Link relies, for some of these figures, on Constantino Botelho de Lacerda Lobo, "Sobre o estado das pescarias da costa do Algarve no ano de 1790", Memórias Económicas da Academia das Ciênaas vol. 5.
78. See also Sánchez Lora, "La inmigración portuguesa en Ayamonte".
79. Link, Travels in Portugal, p. 457.
80. Cavaco, "Migrações internacionais", pp. 59-62.
81. Faro's passport request books began to register the temporary emigration of fishermen to ipam in April, 1874. This movement is the reason for the important increase in the number of passports issued during the second half of the 1870s: from eighty-four in 1873 to 304 in 1876. But this flow of temporary migration disappeared from the passport records after 1878, only to appear again for one year in 1885 (thus explaining the great increase in the number of passports for that year and the dominance of fishermen in the occupational profile of the migrants). For local examples of temporary migration for fishing and processing in Spain, see Cavaco, "Migrações internacionais", pp. 47, 52-53, 56-58, 61.
82. In 1799 Link noted that it was easy to get a passport with the Juiz de fora in Vila Real de Santo Antonio to go from the Algarve to Ayamonte. He further noted that Spaniards were not very strict in patrolling the crossing of the frontier. Link, Travels in Portugal, p. 457.
83. Fernando Emygdio da Silva, Emigração portuguesa (Coimbra, 1917), pp. 206-208; F.G. Cassola Ribeiro, Emigração portuguesa. Regulamentação emigratória: do Liberalismo do fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Contribuição para o seu estudo (Lisbon, 1987); and Maria I. B. Baganha, Portuguese Emigration in the United States, 1820-1930 (New York [etc.], 1990), pp. 94-127.
84. Fernando Emygdio da Silva, Emigração portuguesa (Coimbra, 1917), pp. 206-208; F.G. Cassola Ribeiro, Emigração portuguesa. Regulamentação emigratória: do Liberalismo do fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Contribuição para o seu estudo (Lisbon, 1987); and Maria I. B. Baganha, Portuguese Emigration in the United States, 1820-1930 (New York [etc.], 1990), pp. 94-127.
85. Fernando Emygdio da Silva, Emigração portuguesa (Coimbra, 1917), pp. 206-208; F.G. Cassola Ribeiro, Emigração portuguesa. Regulamentação emigratória: do Liberalismo do fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Contribuição para o seu estudo (Lisbon, 1987); and Maria I. B. Baganha, Portuguese Emigration in the United States, 1820-1930 (New York [etc.], 1990), pp. 94-127.
86. Cavaco, "Migrações internacionais", pp. 55-56, 58.
87. Primeiro Inquerito Parlamentar sobre a emigração portugueza pela commissão da Câmara dos Senhores Deputados (Lisbon, 1873), p. 17.
88. Francisco D'Almeida de Bivar Weinholtz, Memória sobre a economia rural na 9a região agronómica apresentada ao Concelho do Instituto de Agronomia e Veterinaria pelo alumno agronomo (Tavira, 1891), p. 59.
89. For the organization of rural family production in the Algarve, see
90. For the organization of rural family production in the Algarve, see Lopes, Corografia, p. 34; Weinholtz, Memória, pp. 27, 49, 55-56, 59-60; Geraldino Brites, Febres infecciosas: notas sobre o cocelho de Loulé (Lisbon, 1914), pp. 136, 183-188; M.F. do Estanco Louro O Livro de Alportel. Monografia de uma freguesia rural-concelho (Lisbon, 1928-1929; repr., São Brás de Alportel, 1986), pp. 132, 142, 169, 418-427; Léon Poinsard, "Le Portugal incunnu", La Science sociale, 2, fasc. 67-68 (March-April 1910), pp. 131-142; Paul Descamps, Le Pertugal. La vie sociale actualle (Paris, 1935), pp. 167-179.
91. For the organization of rural family production in the Algarve, see Lopes, Corografia, p. 34; Weinholtz, Memória, pp. 27, 49, 55-56, 59-60; Geraldino Brites, Febres infecciosas: notas sobre o cocelho de Loulé (Lisbon, 1914), pp. 136, 183-188; M.F. do Estanco Louro O Livro de Alportel. Monografia de uma freguesia rural-concelho (Lisbon, 1928-1929; repr., São Brás de Alportel, 1986), pp. 132, 142, 169, 418-427; Léon Poinsard, "Le Portugal incunnu", La Science sociale, 2, fasc. 67-68 (March-April 1910), pp. 131-142; Paul Descamps, Le Pertugal. La vie sociale actualle (Paris, 1935), pp. 167-179.
92. For the organization of rural family production in the Algarve, see Lopes, Corografia, p. 34; Weinholtz, Memória, pp. 27, 49, 55-56, 59-60; Geraldino Brites, Febres infecciosas: notas sobre o cocelho de Loulé (Lisbon, 1914), pp. 136, 183-188; M.F. do Estanco Louro O Livro de Alportel. Monografia de uma freguesia rural-concelho (Lisbon, 1928-1929; repr., São Brás de Alportel, 1986), pp. 132, 142, 169, 418-427; Léon Poinsard, "Le Portugal incunnu", La Science sociale, 2, fasc. 67-68 (March-April 1910), pp. 131-142; Paul Descamps, Le Pertugal. La vie sociale actualle (Paris, 1935), pp. 167-179.
93. For the organization of rural family production in the Algarve, see Lopes, Corografia, p. 34; Weinholtz, Memória, pp. 27, 49, 55-56, 59-60; Geraldino Brites, Febres infecciosas: notas sobre o cocelho de Loulé (Lisbon, 1914), pp. 136, 183-188; M.F. do Estanco Louro O Livro de Alportel. Monografia de uma freguesia rural-concelho (Lisbon, 1928-1929; repr., São Brás de Alportel, 1986), pp. 132, 142, 169, 418-427; Léon Poinsard, "Le Portugal incunnu", La Science sociale, 2, fasc. 67-68 (March-April 1910), pp. 131-142; Paul Descamps, Le Pertugal. La vie sociale actualle (Paris, 1935), pp. 167-179.
94. For the organization of rural family production in the Algarve, see Lopes, Corografia, p. 34; Weinholtz, Memória, pp. 27, 49, 55-56, 59-60; Geraldino Brites, Febres infecciosas: notas sobre o cocelho de Loulé (Lisbon, 1914), pp. 136, 183-188; M.F. do Estanco Louro O Livro de Alportel. Monografia de uma freguesia rural-concelho (Lisbon, 1928-1929; repr., São Brás de Alportel, 1986), pp. 132, 142, 169, 418-427; Léon Poinsard, "Le Portugal incunnu", La Science sociale, 2, fasc. 67-68 (March-April 1910), pp. 131-142; Paul Descamps, Le Pertugal. La vie sociale actualle (Paris, 1935), pp. 167-179.
95. O Algarve (Faro), 19 May 1912, p. 3; see also O Algarve, 29 June 1913, p. 3, for a report on the return of harvesters from the Alentejo.
96. O Algarve (Faro), 19 May 1912, p. 3; see also O Algarve, 29 June 1913, p. 3, for a report on the return of harvesters from the Alentejo.
97. Brites, Febres infecciosas, p. 136.
98. Letter from the Provisional Prefect of the Algarve, 24 February 1835, Arquivo do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros (Lisbon), caixa 945.
99. Registo de salvo-conductos, 1906-1928, and Certidões, guias de tránsito, termos de abonação, salvo-conductos, 1909, 1910, 1919, 1921, Arquivo Histórico Municipal de Loulé [hereafter, AHML], Administração do Concelho.
100. Taking the case of the safe-conducts holders from the parish of Boliqueime, in Loulé, 98.8 per cent of the safe-conduct holders were men; more than 74 per cent were between 15 and 34 years old, a large proportion of whom were in their twenties (43 per cent). The average age was 28.81 years. The majority of these men were married (56.2 per cent married, 42.7 per cent single, and 1 per cent widowers). Almost all of them are listed as trabalhadores (as explained before, this is a mixed category of small farmer and rural worker or peasant-worker).
101. The following paragraphs are based on Temma Kaplan, Anarchists of Andalusia, 1868-190) (Princeton, NJ, 1977), mainly chs 1 and 7; Michel Drain, Les campagnes de la Province de Séville. Espace agricole et société rurale (Lille [etc.], 1977), 2 vols, particularly vol. 2, pp. 640-667; and Jerome R. Mintz, The Anarchists of Casas Viejas, 2nd ed. (Bloomington, IN, 1994), pp. 17-19, 47-61, 147, 167.
102. The following paragraphs are based on Temma Kaplan, Anarchists of Andalusia, 1868-190) (Princeton, NJ, 1977), mainly chs 1 and 7; Michel Drain, Les campagnes de la Province de Séville. Espace agricole et société rurale (Lille [etc.], 1977), 2 vols, particularly vol. 2, pp. 640-667; and Jerome R. Mintz, The Anarchists of Casas Viejas, 2nd ed. (Bloomington, IN, 1994), pp. 17-19, 47-61, 147, 167.
103. The following paragraphs are based on Temma Kaplan, Anarchists of Andalusia, 1868-190) (Princeton, NJ, 1977), mainly chs 1 and 7; Michel Drain, Les campagnes de la Province de Séville. Espace agricole et société rurale (Lille [etc.], 1977), 2 vols, particularly vol. 2, pp. 640-667; and Jerome R. Mintz, The Anarchists of Casas Viejas, 2nd ed. (Bloomington, IN, 1994), pp. 17-19, 47-61, 147, 167.
104. It is interesting to note that workers from the Alentejo also went to the harvests in Andalusia. Given the fact that the Alentejo itself was in need of harvesters - as the migration of Algarvians shows - this dynamic is not easy to explain. Perhaps, the answer resides in wage differences, geographical proximity, and the harvesting cycles in both regions.
105. Kaplan, Anarchists of Andalusia, p. 150.
106. Drain, Les campagnes de la province de Seville, p. 663.
107. Registo de salvo-conductos, 1906-1928, and Termos de fiança e responsabilidade, 1923-1925. AHML, Administratção do concelho.
108. Jan Lucassen, "The Other Proletarians: Seasonal Laborers, Mercenaries and Miners", International Review of Social History, 39 (1994, Supplement 2), pp. 171-194.
109. Mintz, The Anarchists of Casas Viejas, pp. 50-51.
110. Orlando Ribeiro, Geografia de Portugal, vol. 5 of Manuel de Terán (ed.), Geografia de España y Portugal, (Barcelona, 1955), pp. 231-140, and idem, "Deslocamentos da população em Portugal", Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, (1940-1941), pp. 318-325: Poinsard, "Le Portugal inconnu", pp. 171, 179-180; Descamps, Le Portugal, pp. 190-191, 197-199. Leite de Vasconcellos describes the organization of migratory ranchos of northerners in the Alentejo. See J. Leite de Vasconcellos, Etnografia portuguesa. Tentamente de sistematização (Lisbon, 1967), 5, pp. 657-664. See also, José da Silva Picão, Através dos campos (Lisbon, 1983; orig. 1903), pp. 225-245. A first-person account in M. Viegas Guerreiro, "Tradição oral e identidade cultural regional. Textos de camponeses de Querença", in O Algarve na perpectiva da Antropologia Ecológica (Lisbon, 1989), pp. 301-304. A similar account is presented by Cristiana Bastos for the case of the northeastern Algarve in Bastos, Os montes do nordeste algarvio (Lisbon, 1993), pp. 89-93.
111. Orlando Ribeiro, Geografia de Portugal, vol. 5 of Manuel de Terán (ed.), Geografia de España y Portugal, (Barcelona, 1955), pp. 231-140, and idem, "Deslocamentos da população em Portugal", Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, (1940-1941), pp. 318-325: Poinsard, "Le Portugal inconnu", pp. 171, 179-180; Descamps, Le Portugal, pp. 190-191, 197-199. Leite de Vasconcellos describes the organization of migratory ranchos of northerners in the Alentejo. See J. Leite de Vasconcellos, Etnografia portuguesa. Tentamente de sistematização (Lisbon, 1967), 5, pp. 657-664. See also, José da Silva Picão, Através dos campos (Lisbon, 1983; orig. 1903), pp. 225-245. A first-person account in M. Viegas Guerreiro, "Tradição oral e identidade cultural regional. Textos de camponeses de Querença", in O Algarve na perpectiva da Antropologia Ecológica (Lisbon, 1989), pp. 301-304. A similar account is presented by Cristiana Bastos for the case of the northeastern Algarve in Bastos, Os montes do nordeste algarvio (Lisbon, 1993), pp. 89-93.
112. Orlando Ribeiro, Geografia de Portugal, vol. 5 of Manuel de Terán (ed.), Geografia de España y Portugal, (Barcelona, 1955), pp. 231-140, and idem, "Deslocamentos da população em Portugal", Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, (1940-1941), pp. 318-325: Poinsard, "Le Portugal inconnu", pp. 171, 179-180; Descamps, Le Portugal, pp. 190-191, 197-199. Leite de Vasconcellos describes the organization of migratory ranchos of northerners in the Alentejo. See J. Leite de Vasconcellos, Etnografia portuguesa. Tentamente de sistematização (Lisbon, 1967), 5, pp. 657-664. See also, José da Silva Picão, Através dos campos (Lisbon, 1983; orig. 1903), pp. 225-245. A first-person account in M. Viegas Guerreiro, "Tradição oral e identidade cultural regional. Textos de camponeses de Querença", in O Algarve na perpectiva da Antropologia Ecológica (Lisbon, 1989), pp. 301-304. A similar account is presented by Cristiana Bastos for the case of the northeastern Algarve in Bastos, Os montes do nordeste algarvio (Lisbon, 1993), pp. 89-93.
113. Orlando Ribeiro, Geografia de Portugal, vol. 5 of Manuel de Terán (ed.), Geografia de España y Portugal, (Barcelona, 1955), pp. 231-140, and idem, "Deslocamentos da população em Portugal", Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, (1940-1941), pp. 318-325: Poinsard, "Le Portugal inconnu", pp. 171, 179-180; Descamps, Le Portugal, pp. 190-191, 197-199. Leite de Vasconcellos describes the organization of migratory ranchos of northerners in the Alentejo. See J. Leite de Vasconcellos, Etnografia portuguesa. Tentamente de sistematização (Lisbon, 1967), 5, pp. 657-664. See also, José da Silva Picão, Através dos campos (Lisbon, 1983; orig. 1903), pp. 225-245. A first-person account in M. Viegas Guerreiro, "Tradição oral e identidade cultural regional. Textos de camponeses de Querença", in O Algarve na perpectiva da Antropologia Ecológica (Lisbon, 1989), pp. 301-304. A similar account is presented by Cristiana Bastos for the case of the northeastern Algarve in Bastos, Os montes do nordeste algarvio (Lisbon, 1993), pp. 89-93.
114. Orlando Ribeiro, Geografia de Portugal, vol. 5 of Manuel de Terán (ed.), Geografia de España y Portugal, (Barcelona, 1955), pp. 231-140, and idem, "Deslocamentos da população em Portugal", Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, (1940-1941), pp. 318-325: Poinsard, "Le Portugal inconnu", pp. 171, 179-180; Descamps, Le Portugal, pp. 190-191, 197-199. Leite de Vasconcellos describes the organization of migratory ranchos of northerners in the Alentejo. See J. Leite de Vasconcellos, Etnografia portuguesa. Tentamente de sistematização (Lisbon, 1967), 5, pp. 657-664. See also, José da Silva Picão, Através dos campos (Lisbon, 1983; orig. 1903), pp. 225-245. A first-person account in M. Viegas Guerreiro, "Tradição oral e identidade cultural regional. Textos de camponeses de Querença", in O Algarve na perpectiva da Antropologia Ecológica (Lisbon, 1989), pp. 301-304. A similar account is presented by Cristiana Bastos for the case of the northeastern Algarve in Bastos, Os montes do nordeste algarvio (Lisbon, 1993), pp. 89-93.
115. Orlando Ribeiro, Geografia de Portugal, vol. 5 of Manuel de Terán (ed.), Geografia de España y Portugal, (Barcelona, 1955), pp. 231-140, and idem, "Deslocamentos da população em Portugal", Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, (1940-1941), pp. 318-325: Poinsard, "Le Portugal inconnu", pp. 171, 179-180; Descamps, Le Portugal, pp. 190-191, 197-199. Leite de Vasconcellos describes the organization of migratory ranchos of northerners in the Alentejo. See J. Leite de Vasconcellos, Etnografia portuguesa. Tentamente de sistematização (Lisbon, 1967), 5, pp. 657-664. See also, José da Silva Picão, Através dos campos (Lisbon, 1983; orig. 1903), pp. 225-245. A first-person account in M. Viegas Guerreiro, "Tradição oral e identidade cultural regional. Textos de camponeses de Querença", in O Algarve na perpectiva da Antropologia Ecológica (Lisbon, 1989), pp. 301-304. A similar account is presented by Cristiana Bastos for the case of the northeastern Algarve in Bastos, Os montes do nordeste algarvio (Lisbon, 1993), pp. 89-93.
116. Orlando Ribeiro, Geografia de Portugal, vol. 5 of Manuel de Terán (ed.), Geografia de España y Portugal, (Barcelona, 1955), pp. 231-140, and idem, "Deslocamentos da população em Portugal", Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, (1940-1941), pp. 318-325: Poinsard, "Le Portugal inconnu", pp. 171, 179-180; Descamps, Le Portugal, pp. 190-191, 197-199. Leite de Vasconcellos describes the organization of migratory ranchos of northerners in the Alentejo. See J. Leite de Vasconcellos, Etnografia portuguesa. Tentamente de sistematização (Lisbon, 1967), 5, pp. 657-664. See also, José da Silva Picão, Através dos campos (Lisbon, 1983; orig. 1903), pp. 225-245. A first-person account in M. Viegas Guerreiro, "Tradição oral e identidade cultural regional. Textos de camponeses de Querença", in O Algarve na perpectiva da Antropologia Ecológica (Lisbon, 1989), pp. 301-304. A similar account is presented by Cristiana Bastos for the case of the northeastern Algarve in Bastos, Os montes do nordeste algarvio (Lisbon, 1993), pp. 89-93.
117. Orlando Ribeiro, Geografia de Portugal, vol. 5 of Manuel de Terán (ed.), Geografia de España y Portugal, (Barcelona, 1955), pp. 231-140, and idem, "Deslocamentos da população em Portugal", Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, (1940-1941), pp. 318-325: Poinsard, "Le Portugal inconnu", pp. 171, 179-180; Descamps, Le Portugal, pp. 190-191, 197-199. Leite de Vasconcellos describes the organization of migratory ranchos of northerners in the Alentejo. See J. Leite de Vasconcellos, Etnografia portuguesa. Tentamente de sistematização (Lisbon, 1967), 5, pp. 657-664. See also, José da Silva Picão, Através dos campos (Lisbon, 1983; orig. 1903), pp. 225-245. A first-person account in M. Viegas Guerreiro, "Tradição oral e identidade cultural regional. Textos de camponeses de Querença", in O Algarve na perpectiva da Antropologia Ecológica (Lisbon, 1989), pp. 301-304. A similar account is presented by Cristiana Bastos for the case of the northeastern Algarve in Bastos, Os montes do nordeste algarvio (Lisbon, 1993), pp. 89-93.
118. Brites, Febres infecciosas, pp. 135, 186.
119. Lucassen, "Other Proletarians", especially pp. 186-190.
120. According to the applications for reservist soldiers' guarantees to leave the country filed in the concelho of Loulé, in 1911, 1912, and 1919, several emigrants were going to Spain during the montns of January, September, and December to work in the mines. See Termos de fiança e responsabilidade, 1911 and 1912, AHML, Administração do Concelho; Registo de termo de abonação, 1919, AHML, Câmara Municipal de Loulé.
121. The following discussion on Río Tinto and its immigrant population is based on David Avery, Not on Queen Victoria's Birthday: The Story of the Rio Tinto Mines (London, 1974); Miguel González Vilchez, El muelle de Riotinto (Huelva, 1978); Luis Gil Varón, Migration and Development: A Migration Model for Río Tinto (1877-1887) (Córdoba, 1981), and idem, "Migración portuguesa a las minas de Rio Tinto", in III Coloquio Ibérico de Geografia. Barcelona, 27 Septiembre-2 Octubre, 1983. Acta, ponencias y comunicaciones (Barcelona, 1984), pp. 322-329 Rosario Marques Macias and Pablo Tornero Tinajero, "Minería, población y sociedad en la Provincia de Huelva (1840-1900)", in Huelva en su historia. Miscelánea histórica (Huelva, 1986), 1, pp. 379-413.
122. The following discussion on Río Tinto and its immigrant population is based on David Avery, Not on Queen Victoria's Birthday: The Story of the Rio Tinto Mines (London, 1974); Miguel González Vilchez, El muelle de Riotinto (Huelva, 1978); Luis Gil Varón, Migration and Development: A Migration Model for Río Tinto (1877-1887) (Córdoba, 1981), and idem, "Migración portuguesa a las minas de Rio Tinto", in III Coloquio Ibérico de Geografia. Barcelona, 27 Septiembre-2 Octubre, 1983. Acta, ponencias y comunicaciones (Barcelona, 1984), pp. 322-329 Rosario Marques Macias and Pablo Tornero Tinajero, "Minería, población y sociedad en la Provincia de Huelva (1840-1900)", in Huelva en su historia. Miscelánea histórica (Huelva, 1986), 1, pp. 379-413.
123. The following discussion on Río Tinto and its immigrant population is based on David Avery, Not on Queen Victoria's Birthday: The Story of the Rio Tinto Mines (London, 1974); Miguel González Vilchez, El muelle de Riotinto (Huelva, 1978); Luis Gil Varón, Migration and Development: A Migration Model for Río Tinto (1877-1887) (Córdoba, 1981), and idem, "Migración portuguesa a las minas de Rio Tinto", in III Coloquio Ibérico de Geografia. Barcelona, 27 Septiembre-2 Octubre, 1983. Acta, ponencias y comunicaciones (Barcelona, 1984), pp. 322-329 Rosario Marques Macias and Pablo Tornero Tinajero, "Minería, población y sociedad en la Provincia de Huelva (1840-1900)", in Huelva en su historia. Miscelánea histórica (Huelva, 1986), 1, pp. 379-413.
124. The following discussion on Río Tinto and its immigrant population is based on David Avery, Not on Queen Victoria's Birthday: The Story of the Rio Tinto Mines (London, 1974); Miguel González Vilchez, El muelle de Riotinto (Huelva, 1978); Luis Gil Varón, Migration and Development: A Migration Model for Río Tinto (1877-1887) (Córdoba, 1981), and idem, "Migración portuguesa a las minas de Rio Tinto", in III Coloquio Ibérico de Geografia. Barcelona, 27 Septiembre-2 Octubre, 1983. Acta, ponencias y comunicaciones (Barcelona, 1984), pp. 322-329 Rosario Marques Macias and Pablo Tornero Tinajero, "Minería, población y sociedad en la Provincia de Huelva (1840-1900)", in Huelva en su historia. Miscelánea histórica (Huelva, 1986), 1, pp. 379-413.
125. The following discussion on Río Tinto and its immigrant population is based on David Avery, Not on Queen Victoria's Birthday: The Story of the Rio Tinto Mines (London, 1974); Miguel González Vilchez, El muelle de Riotinto (Huelva, 1978); Luis Gil Varón, Migration and Development: A Migration Model for Río Tinto (1877-1887) (Córdoba, 1981), and idem, "Migración portuguesa a las minas de Rio Tinto", in III Coloquio Ibérico de Geografia. Barcelona, 27 Septiembre-2 Octubre, 1983. Acta, ponencias y comunicaciones (Barcelona, 1984), pp. 322-329 Rosario Marques Macias and Pablo Tornero Tinajero, "Minería, población y sociedad en la Provincia de Huelva (1840-1900)", in Huelva en su historia. Miscelánea histórica (Huelva, 1986), 1, pp. 379-413.
126. Luis Gil Varón, who has studied the migration population of Río Tinto, estimates that more than 86 per cent of the Portuguese migrants were from die Algarve, 7.9 per cent from f**** 3-9 per cent from Trás-os-Montes, 1.4 per cent from Minho and Douro, etc. See Gil Varón, Migration and Development, and "Migración portuguesa".
127. Gil Varón, Migration and Development, p. 74.
128. Gil Varón, "Migración portuguesa", p. 326.
129. Gil Varón, Migration and Development, pp. 143-144, 163-164; and "Migración portuguesa", p. 324.
130. Gil Varón, Migration and Development, pp. 143-144, 163-164; and "Migración portuguesa", p. 324.
131. Gil Varón, "Migración portuguesa", pp. 328-329.
132. Gil Varón, Migration and Development, pp. 13-24, 54. In his study of the Algarvian parish of São Brás de Alportel, Estanco Louro noted that the Sambrazenses who emigrated to work in the mines of Andalusia stayed there for longer periods than those who went to the Alentejo, and some even settled there permanently.
133. Louro, O Livro de Alportel, p. 130.
134. Algarve e Alentejo (Faro), 26 March 1898.
135. Evidence of migration to these mines in Róis dos Confessados, 1909, 1910, and 1912, Arquivo da Paróquia de São Sebastião de Boliqueime; Recenseamentos militares (aos 20 anos), Concelho de Faro, 1900-1909, 1911-1914, Arquivo Histórico Municipal de Faro; Livros de recenseamento militar aos 20 anos, 1917-1930, Arquivo Municipal de São Brás de Alportel. Ecos do Sul, 26 October 1912, and 12 July 1913. For information about these mines and mining activities in the Alentejo, see Poinsard, "Le Portugal inconnu", pp. 214-122; Descamps, "Le Portugal, pp. 286-296; Paulo Guimarães, Crónica da ordem pública, 1867-1932 (Aljustrel, 1984).
136. Evidence of migration to these mines in Róis dos Confessados, 1909, 1910, and 1912, Arquivo da Paróquia de São Sebastião de Boliqueime; Recenseamentos militares (aos 20 anos), Concelho de Faro, 1900-1909, 1911-1914, Arquivo Histórico Municipal de Faro; Livros de recenseamento militar aos 20 anos, 1917-1930, Arquivo Municipal de São Brás de Alportel. Ecos do Sul, 26 October 1912, and 12 July 1913. For information about these mines and mining activities in the Alentejo, see Poinsard, "Le Portugal inconnu", pp. 214-122; Descamps, "Le Portugal, pp. 286-296; Paulo Guimarães, Crónica da ordem pública, 1867-1932 (Aljustrel, 1984).
137. Evidence of migration to these mines in Róis dos Confessados, 1909, 1910, and 1912, Arquivo da Paróquia de São Sebastião de Boliqueime; Recenseamentos militares (aos 20 anos), Concelho de Faro, 1900-1909, 1911-1914, Arquivo Histórico Municipal de Faro; Livros de recenseamento militar aos 20 anos, 1917-1930, Arquivo Municipal de São Brás de Alportel. Ecos do Sul, 26 October 1912, and 12 July 1913. For information about these mines and mining activities in the Alentejo, see Poinsard, "Le Portugal inconnu", pp. 214-122; Descamps, "Le Portugal, pp. 286-296; Paulo Guimarães, Crónica da ordem pública, 1867-1932 (Aljustrel, 1984).
138. For a study of the process of industrialization and migration in this region, see Maria Alfreda Cruz, A margem sul do estuário do Tejo. Factores e formas de organização do espaça (Montijo, 1973).
139. Livros de Registo de Passaportes, 1810-1820, 1833-1835, 1845-1864, AHML, Câmara Municipal de Loulé.
140. See, for example, O Algarvio (Loulé), 27 March 1892; 5 June 1892; 28 August 1892; 15 September 1892. Ecos do Sul (São Brás de Alportel), 17 August 1911, p. 3; 31 May 1913, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 2. O Heraldo (Faro), 1 June 1912, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 3; 13 June 1914, p. 3.
141. See, for example, O Algarvio (Loulé), 27 March 1892; 5 June 1892; 28 August 1892; 15 September 1892. Ecos do Sul (São Brás de Alportel), 17 August 1911, p. 3; 31 May 1913, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 2. O Heraldo (Faro), 1 June 1912, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 3; 13 June 1914, p. 3.
142. See, for example, O Algarvio (Loulé), 27 March 1892; 5 June 1892; 28 August 1892; 15 September 1892. Ecos do Sul (São Brás de Alportel), 17 August 1911, p. 3; 31 May 1913, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 2. O Heraldo (Faro), 1 June 1912, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 3; 13 June 1914, p. 3.
143. See, for example, O Algarvio (Loulé), 27 March 1892; 5 June 1892; 28 August 1892; 15 September 1892. Ecos do Sul (São Brás de Alportel), 17 August 1911, p. 3; 31 May 1913, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 2. O Heraldo (Faro), 1 June 1912, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 3; 13 June 1914, p. 3.
144. See, for example, O Algarvio (Loulé), 27 March 1892; 5 June 1892; 28 August 1892; 15 September 1892. Ecos do Sul (São Brás de Alportel), 17 August 1911, p. 3; 31 May 1913, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 2. O Heraldo (Faro), 1 June 1912, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 3; 13 June 1914, p. 3.
145. See, for example, O Algarvio (Loulé), 27 March 1892; 5 June 1892; 28 August 1892; 15 September 1892. Ecos do Sul (São Brás de Alportel), 17 August 1911, p. 3; 31 May 1913, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 2. O Heraldo (Faro), 1 June 1912, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 3; 13 June 1914, p. 3.
146. See, for example, O Algarvio (Loulé), 27 March 1892; 5 June 1892; 28 August 1892; 15 September 1892. Ecos do Sul (São Brás de Alportel), 17 August 1911, p. 3; 31 May 1913, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 2. O Heraldo (Faro), 1 June 1912, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 3; 13 June 1914, p. 3.
147. See, for example, O Algarvio (Loulé), 27 March 1892; 5 June 1892; 28 August 1892; 15 September 1892. Ecos do Sul (São Brás de Alportel), 17 August 1911, p. 3; 31 May 1913, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 2. O Heraldo (Faro), 1 June 1912, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 3; 13 June 1914, p. 3.
148. See, for example, O Algarvio (Loulé), 27 March 1892; 5 June 1892; 28 August 1892; 15 September 1892. Ecos do Sul (São Brás de Alportel), 17 August 1911, p. 3; 31 May 1913, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 2. O Heraldo (Faro), 1 June 1912, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 3; 13 June 1914, p. 3.
149. See, for example, O Algarvio (Loulé), 27 March 1892; 5 June 1892; 28 August 1892; 15 September 1892. Ecos do Sul (São Brás de Alportel), 17 August 1911, p. 3; 31 May 1913, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 2. O Heraldo (Faro), 1 June 1912, p. 3; 7 June 1913, p. 3; 13 June 1914, p. 3.
150. Algarve e Alentejo (Faro), 8 June 1901.
151. Ministério do Interior, Comissariado General dos Serviços de Emigração, Boletim de Emigração, 11, 1-4 (January-December 1930), pp. 19-20; O Sul (Faro), 1 August 1915; O Algarve (Faro), 4 April 1921; "A emigração algarvia para Marrocos", Vida Algarvia (Faro), 21 July 1929. p. 1; Cavaco, "Migrações internacionais", pp. 62, 64-78.
152. Ministério do Interior, Comissariado General dos Serviços de Emigração, Boletim de Emigração, 11, 1-4 (January-December 1930), pp. 19-20; O Sul (Faro), 1 August 1915; O Algarve (Faro), 4 April 1921; "A emigração algarvia para Marrocos", Vida Algarvia (Faro), 21 July 1929. p. 1; Cavaco, "Migrações internacionais", pp. 62, 64-78.
153. Ministério do Interior, Comissariado General dos Serviços de Emigração, Boletim de Emigração, 11, 1-4 (January-December 1930), pp. 19-20; O Sul (Faro), 1 August 1915; O Algarve (Faro), 4 April 1921; "A emigração algarvia para Marrocos", Vida Algarvia (Faro), 21 July 1929. p. 1; Cavaco, "Migrações internacionais", pp. 62, 64-78.
154. Ministério do Interior, Comissariado General dos Serviços de Emigração, Boletim de Emigração, 11, 1-4 (January-December 1930), pp. 19-20; O Sul (Faro), 1 August 1915; O Algarve (Faro), 4 April 1921; "A emigração algarvia para Marrocos", Vida Algarvia (Faro), 21 July 1929. p. 1; Cavaco, "Migrações internacionais", pp. 62, 64-78.
155. Ministério do Interior, Comissariado General dos Serviços de Emigração, Boletim de Emigração, 11, 1-4 (January-December 1930), pp. 19-20; O Sul (Faro), 1 August 1915; O Algarve (Faro), 4 April 1921; "A emigração algarvia para Marrocos", Vida Algarvia (Faro), 21 July 1929. p. 1; Cavaco, "Migrações internacionais", pp. 62, 64-78.
156. This analysis is based on the data provided by the passport requests' books for the Algarve, which for this period includes mostly overseas emigration. We should remember that the important migratory flow to Spain became exempt from passports after 1878 and, therefore, it is not considered in this distribution.
157. Cavaco, "Migrações internacionais", p. 51. They also participated in cod-fishing campaigns in Newfoundland, especially fishermen from the town of Fuzeta (Olhão).
158. Moch, Moving Europeans, "Dividing Time" and "The European Perspective"; Lucassen and Lucassen, "Migration, Migration History, History"; Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies"; Dino Cinel, "The Seasonal Emigration of Italians in the Nineteenth Century", Journal of Ethnic Studies, 10 (1982), pp. 43-58.
159. Moch, Moving Europeans, "Dividing Time" and "The European Perspective"; Lucassen and Lucassen, "Migration, Migration History, History"; Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies"; Dino Cinel, "The Seasonal Emigration of Italians in the Nineteenth Century", Journal of Ethnic Studies, 10 (1982), pp. 43-58.
160. Moch, Moving Europeans, "Dividing Time" and "The European Perspective"; Lucassen and Lucassen, "Migration, Migration History, History"; Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies"; Dino Cinel, "The Seasonal Emigration of Italians in the Nineteenth Century", Journal of Ethnic Studies, 10 (1982), pp. 43-58.
161. Moch, Moving Europeans, "Dividing Time" and "The European Perspective"; Lucassen and Lucassen, "Migration, Migration History, History"; Hoerder, "Migration in the Atlantic Economies"; Dino Cinel, "The Seasonal Emigration of Italians in the Nineteenth Century", Journal of Ethnic Studies, 10 (1982), pp. 43-58.
162. Moch, "The European Perspective", p. 132.
163. Ecos do Sul (São Brás de Alportel), 26 October 1912, p. 1.
164. O Sul (Faro), 15 August 1915, p. 1. 80. O Sul (Faro), 15 August 1915, p. 1.
165. Algarve e Alentejo (Faro), 4 April 1897, p. 1.
166. Copy of the letter from Fabre, Orey, Antunes e Cia. to the Minister of the Interior, sent to the Civil Governor of Faro, 24 October 1911, ADF, Governo Civil, caixa 20, maço 2.
167. O Distrito de Faro (Faro), 10 October 1908, p. 1. This movement was certainly well established by then. See examples of emigration from Estoi and Loulé departing from Gibraltar in O Futuro (Olhão), 28 March 1897, p. 1, and Algarve e Alentejo (Faro), 23 August 1896, p. 2.
168. O Distrito de Faro (Faro), 10 October 1908, p. 1. This movement was certainly well established by then. See examples of emigration from Estoi and Loulé departing from Gibraltar in O Futuro (Olhão), 28 March 1897, p. 1, and Algarve e Alentejo (Faro), 23 August 1896, p. 2.
169. O Distrito de Faro (Faro), 10 October 1908, p. 1. This movement was certainly well established by then. See examples of emigration from Estoi and Loulé departing from Gibraltar in O Futuro (Olhão), 28 March 1897, p. 1, and Algarve e Alentejo (Faro), 23 August 1896, p. 2.
170. The description of Portuguese and Algarvian immigration in Argentina is based on Borges, "Portuguese in Two Worlds", chs 4-7.
171. The evolution of female migrants as a percentage of total Algarvian emigration is as follows: 1886-1889, 29.6 per cent; 1900-1909, 18.5 per cent; 1910-1919, 21.6 per cent; 1920-1929, 15.5 per cent; 1930-1935, 40 per cent; 1943-1950, 45 per cent. Calculations are based on the following published statistics: Anuario estatístico (Lisbon, 1884-1886, 1892, 1900, 1921, 1923-1924, 1925-1950); Movimento da população (Lisbon, 1887, 1889-1896, 1909-1921); Emigração portuguesa (Lisbon, 1901-1912).
172. The evolution of female migrants as a percentage of total Algarvian emigration is as follows: 1886-1889, 29.6 per cent; 1900-1909, 18.5 per cent; 1910-1919, 21.6 per cent; 1920-1929, 15.5 per cent; 1930-1935, 40 per cent; 1943-1950, 45 per cent. Calculations are based on the following published statistics: Anuario estatístico (Lisbon, 1884-1886, 1892, 1900, 1921, 1923-1924, 1925-1950); Movimento da população (Lisbon, 1887, 1889-1896, 1909-1921); Emigração portuguesa (Lisbon, 1901-1912).
173. The evolution of female migrants as a percentage of total Algarvian emigration is as follows: 1886-1889, 29.6 per cent; 1900-1909, 18.5 per cent; 1910-1919, 21.6 per cent; 1920-1929, 15.5 per cent; 1930-1935, 40 per cent; 1943-1950, 45 per cent. Calculations are based on the following published statistics: Anuario estatístico (Lisbon, 1884-1886, 1892, 1900, 1921, 1923-1924, 1925-1950); Movimento da população (Lisbon, 1887, 1889-1896, 1909-1921); Emigração portuguesa (Lisbon, 1901-1912).
174. For an overview of Portuguese emigration to northern Europe, especially to France, see Serrão, A emigração portuguesa. Sec also Carlos Almeida and Antonio Barreto, Capitalismo e emigração em Portugal (Lisbon, 1970); Maria Beatriz Rocha-Trindade, Immigrés portugais. Observation psychosociologique d'un groupe de portugais dans la banlieue parisienne (Orsay) (Lisbon, 1973), and idem, (ed.), Estudos sobre a emigraçâo portuguesa (Lisbon, 1981); Caroline Brettell and Colette Callier-Boisvert, "Portuguese Immigrants in France: Familial and Social Networks and the Structuring of 'Community'", Studi Emigrazione, 14, 46 (June 1977), pp. 149-203; Thomas Bruneau, Victor M.P. Da Rosa, and Alex Macleod (eds), Portugal in Development: Emigration, Industrialization, the European Community (Ottawa, 1984).
175. For an overview of Portuguese emigration to northern Europe, especially to France, see Serrão, A emigração portuguesa. Sec also Carlos Almeida and Antonio Barreto, Capitalismo e emigração em Portugal (Lisbon, 1970); Maria Beatriz Rocha-Trindade, Immigrés portugais. Observation psychosociologique d'un groupe de portugais dans la banlieue parisienne (Orsay) (Lisbon, 1973), and idem, (ed.), Estudos sobre a emigraçâo portuguesa (Lisbon, 1981); Caroline Brettell and Colette Callier-Boisvert, "Portuguese Immigrants in France: Familial and Social Networks and the Structuring of 'Community'", Studi Emigrazione, 14, 46 (June 1977), pp. 149-203; Thomas Bruneau, Victor M.P. Da Rosa, and Alex Macleod (eds), Portugal in Development: Emigration, Industrialization, the European Community (Ottawa, 1984).
176. For an overview of Portuguese emigration to northern Europe, especially to France, see Serrão, A emigração portuguesa. Sec also Carlos Almeida and Antonio Barreto, Capitalismo e emigração em Portugal (Lisbon, 1970); Maria Beatriz Rocha-Trindade, Immigrés portugais. Observation psychosociologique d'un groupe de portugais dans la banlieue parisienne (Orsay) (Lisbon, 1973), and idem, (ed.), Estudos sobre a emigraçâo portuguesa (Lisbon, 1981); Caroline Brettell and Colette Callier-Boisvert, "Portuguese Immigrants in France: Familial and Social Networks and the Structuring of 'Community'", Studi Emigrazione, 14, 46 (June 1977), pp. 149-203; Thomas Bruneau, Victor M.P. Da Rosa, and Alex Macleod (eds), Portugal in Development: Emigration, Industrialization, the European Community (Ottawa, 1984).
177. For an overview of Portuguese emigration to northern Europe, especially to France, see Serrão, A emigração portuguesa. Sec also Carlos Almeida and Antonio Barreto, Capitalismo e emigração em Portugal (Lisbon, 1970); Maria Beatriz Rocha-Trindade, Immigrés portugais. Observation psychosociologique d'un groupe de portugais dans la banlieue parisienne (Orsay) (Lisbon, 1973), and idem, (ed.), Estudos sobre a emigraçâo portuguesa (Lisbon, 1981); Caroline Brettell and Colette Callier-Boisvert, "Portuguese Immigrants in France: Familial and Social Networks and the Structuring of 'Community'", Studi Emigrazione, 14, 46 (June 1977), pp. 149-203; Thomas Bruneau, Victor M.P. Da Rosa, and Alex Macleod (eds), Portugal in Development: Emigration, Industrialization, the European Community (Ottawa, 1984).
178. For an overview of Portuguese emigration to northern Europe, especially to France, see Serrão, A emigração portuguesa. Sec also Carlos Almeida and Antonio Barreto, Capitalismo e emigração em Portugal (Lisbon, 1970); Maria Beatriz Rocha-Trindade, Immigrés portugais. Observation psychosociologique d'un groupe de portugais dans la banlieue parisienne (Orsay) (Lisbon, 1973), and idem, (ed.), Estudos sobre a emigraçâo portuguesa (Lisbon, 1981); Caroline Brettell and Colette Callier-Boisvert, "Portuguese Immigrants in France: Familial and Social Networks and the Structuring of 'Community'", Studi Emigrazione, 14, 46 (June 1977), pp. 149-203; Thomas Bruneau, Victor M.P. Da Rosa, and Alex Macleod (eds), Portugal in Development: Emigration, Industrialization, the European Community (Ottawa, 1984).
179. For an overview of Portuguese emigration to northern Europe, especially to France, see Serrão, A emigração portuguesa. Sec also Carlos Almeida and Antonio Barreto, Capitalismo e emigração em Portugal (Lisbon, 1970); Maria Beatriz Rocha-Trindade, Immigrés portugais. Observation psychosociologique d'un groupe de portugais dans la banlieue parisienne (Orsay) (Lisbon, 1973), and idem, (ed.), Estudos sobre a emigraçâo portuguesa (Lisbon, 1981); Caroline Brettell and Colette Callier-Boisvert, "Portuguese Immigrants in France: Familial and Social Networks and the Structuring of 'Community'", Studi Emigrazione, 14, 46 (June 1977), pp. 149-203; Thomas Bruneau, Victor M.P. Da Rosa, and Alex Macleod (eds), Portugal in Development: Emigration, Industrialization, the European Community (Ottawa, 1984).