"A common band of brotherhood": Male subcultures, the booster ethos, and the origins of urban social order in the Midwest of the 1840s

Journal of Urban History

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 619-646

  Mahoney, Timothy R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040949672     PISSN: 00961442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009614429902500501     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Chicago, 1959). See also the new edition, Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790-1930, Introduction by Zane L. Miller (Champaign, IL, 1996). Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of A Frontier Community, Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-1870 (Urbana, IL, 1978); Carl Abbott, Boosters and Businessmen, Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West (Westport, CT, 1981); Timothy R. Mahoney, River Towns in the Great West, The Structure of Provincial Urbanization in the American Midwest, 1820-1870 (New York, 1990); Jo Ellen Vinyard, The Irish on the Urban Frontier (New York, 1976); Kathleen Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860, Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, MA, 1976); Anita Shafer Goodstein, Nashville, 1780-1860, From Frontier to City (Gainesville, FL, 1989). This tradition continues in the following recent works: Jeffrey S. Adler, Yankee Merchants and the Making of the Urban West, The Rise and Fall of Antebellum St. Louis (New York, 1991); Jon C. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland, The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Bloomington, IN, 1993); Kay J. Carr, Belleville, Ottawa, and Galesburg, Community and Democracy on the Illinois Frontier (Carbondale, IL, 1996). Also see Andrew R.L. Cayton and Peter S. Onuf, eds., The Midwest and the Nation, Rethinking the History of an American Region (Bloomington, IN, 1990).
2. Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Chicago, 1959). See also the new edition, Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790-1930, Introduction by Zane L. Miller (Champaign, IL, 1996). Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of A Frontier Community, Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-1870 (Urbana, IL, 1978); Carl Abbott, Boosters and Businessmen, Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West (Westport, CT, 1981); Timothy R. Mahoney, River Towns in the Great West, The Structure of Provincial Urbanization in the American Midwest, 1820-1870 (New York, 1990); Jo Ellen Vinyard, The Irish on the Urban Frontier (New York, 1976); Kathleen Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860, Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, MA, 1976); Anita Shafer Goodstein, Nashville, 1780-1860, From Frontier to City (Gainesville, FL, 1989). This tradition continues in the following recent works: Jeffrey S. Adler, Yankee Merchants and the Making of the Urban West, The Rise and Fall of Antebellum St. Louis (New York, 1991); Jon C. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland, The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Bloomington, IN, 1993); Kay J. Carr, Belleville, Ottawa, and Galesburg, Community and Democracy on the Illinois Frontier (Carbondale, IL, 1996). Also see Andrew R.L. Cayton and Peter S. Onuf, eds., The Midwest and the Nation, Rethinking the History of an American Region (Bloomington, IN, 1990).
3. Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Chicago, 1959). See also the new edition, Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790-1930, Introduction by Zane L. Miller (Champaign, IL, 1996). Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of A Frontier Community, Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-1870 (Urbana, IL, 1978); Carl Abbott, Boosters and Businessmen, Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West (Westport, CT, 1981); Timothy R. Mahoney, River Towns in the Great West, The Structure of Provincial Urbanization in the American Midwest, 1820-1870 (New York, 1990); Jo Ellen Vinyard, The Irish on the Urban Frontier (New York, 1976); Kathleen Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860, Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, MA, 1976); Anita Shafer Goodstein, Nashville, 1780-1860, From Frontier to City (Gainesville, FL, 1989). This tradition continues in the following recent works: Jeffrey S. Adler, Yankee Merchants and the Making of the Urban West, The Rise and Fall of Antebellum St. Louis (New York, 1991); Jon C. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland, The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Bloomington, IN, 1993); Kay J. Carr, Belleville, Ottawa, and Galesburg, Community and Democracy on the Illinois Frontier (Carbondale, IL, 1996). Also see Andrew R.L. Cayton and Peter S. Onuf, eds., The Midwest and the Nation, Rethinking the History of an American Region (Bloomington, IN, 1990).
4. Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Chicago, 1959). See also the new edition, Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790-1930, Introduction by Zane L. Miller (Champaign, IL, 1996). Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of A Frontier Community, Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-1870 (Urbana, IL, 1978); Carl Abbott, Boosters and Businessmen, Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West (Westport, CT, 1981); Timothy R. Mahoney, River Towns in the Great West, The Structure of Provincial Urbanization in the American Midwest, 1820-1870 (New York, 1990); Jo Ellen Vinyard, The Irish on the Urban Frontier (New York, 1976); Kathleen Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860, Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, MA, 1976); Anita Shafer Goodstein, Nashville, 1780-1860, From Frontier to City (Gainesville, FL, 1989). This tradition continues in the following recent works: Jeffrey S. Adler, Yankee Merchants and the Making of the Urban West, The Rise and Fall of Antebellum St. Louis (New York, 1991); Jon C. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland, The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Bloomington, IN, 1993); Kay J. Carr, Belleville, Ottawa, and Galesburg, Community and Democracy on the Illinois Frontier (Carbondale, IL, 1996). Also see Andrew R.L. Cayton and Peter S. Onuf, eds., The Midwest and the Nation, Rethinking the History of an American Region (Bloomington, IN, 1990).
5. Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Chicago, 1959). See also the new edition, Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790-1930, Introduction by Zane L. Miller (Champaign, IL, 1996). Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of A Frontier Community, Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-1870 (Urbana, IL, 1978); Carl Abbott, Boosters and Businessmen, Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West (Westport, CT, 1981); Timothy R. Mahoney, River Towns in the Great West, The Structure of Provincial Urbanization in the American Midwest, 1820-1870 (New York, 1990); Jo Ellen Vinyard, The Irish on the Urban Frontier (New York, 1976); Kathleen Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860, Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, MA, 1976); Anita Shafer Goodstein, Nashville, 1780-1860, From Frontier to City (Gainesville, FL, 1989). This tradition continues in the following recent works: Jeffrey S. Adler, Yankee Merchants and the Making of the Urban West, The Rise and Fall of Antebellum St. Louis (New York, 1991); Jon C. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland, The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Bloomington, IN, 1993); Kay J. Carr, Belleville, Ottawa, and Galesburg, Community and Democracy on the Illinois Frontier (Carbondale, IL, 1996). Also see Andrew R.L. Cayton and Peter S. Onuf, eds., The Midwest and the Nation, Rethinking the History of an American Region (Bloomington, IN, 1990).
6. Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Chicago, 1959). See also the new edition, Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790-1930, Introduction by Zane L. Miller (Champaign, IL, 1996). Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of A Frontier Community, Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-1870 (Urbana, IL, 1978); Carl Abbott, Boosters and Businessmen, Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West (Westport, CT, 1981); Timothy R. Mahoney, River Towns in the Great West, The Structure of Provincial Urbanization in the American Midwest, 1820-1870 (New York, 1990); Jo Ellen Vinyard, The Irish on the Urban Frontier (New York, 1976); Kathleen Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860, Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, MA, 1976); Anita Shafer Goodstein, Nashville, 1780-1860, From Frontier to City (Gainesville, FL, 1989). This tradition continues in the following recent works: Jeffrey S. Adler, Yankee Merchants and the Making of the Urban West, The Rise and Fall of Antebellum St. Louis (New York, 1991); Jon C. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland, The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Bloomington, IN, 1993); Kay J. Carr, Belleville, Ottawa, and Galesburg, Community and Democracy on the Illinois Frontier (Carbondale, IL, 1996). Also see Andrew R.L. Cayton and Peter S. Onuf, eds., The Midwest and the Nation, Rethinking the History of an American Region (Bloomington, IN, 1990).
7. Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Chicago, 1959). See also the new edition, Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790-1930, Introduction by Zane L. Miller (Champaign, IL, 1996). Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of A Frontier Community, Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-1870 (Urbana, IL, 1978); Carl Abbott, Boosters and Businessmen, Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West (Westport, CT, 1981); Timothy R. Mahoney, River Towns in the Great West, The Structure of Provincial Urbanization in the American Midwest, 1820-1870 (New York, 1990); Jo Ellen Vinyard, The Irish on the Urban Frontier (New York, 1976); Kathleen Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860, Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, MA, 1976); Anita Shafer Goodstein, Nashville, 1780-1860, From Frontier to City (Gainesville, FL, 1989). This tradition continues in the following recent works: Jeffrey S. Adler, Yankee Merchants and the Making of the Urban West, The Rise and Fall of Antebellum St. Louis (New York, 1991); Jon C. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland, The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Bloomington, IN, 1993); Kay J. Carr, Belleville, Ottawa, and Galesburg, Community and Democracy on the Illinois Frontier (Carbondale, IL, 1996). Also see Andrew R.L. Cayton and Peter S. Onuf, eds., The Midwest and the Nation, Rethinking the History of an American Region (Bloomington, IN, 1990).
8. Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Chicago, 1959). See also the new edition, Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790-1930, Introduction by Zane L. Miller (Champaign, IL, 1996). Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of A Frontier Community, Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-1870 (Urbana, IL, 1978); Carl Abbott, Boosters and Businessmen, Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West (Westport, CT, 1981); Timothy R. Mahoney, River Towns in the Great West, The Structure of Provincial Urbanization in the American Midwest, 1820-1870 (New York, 1990); Jo Ellen Vinyard, The Irish on the Urban Frontier (New York, 1976); Kathleen Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860, Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, MA, 1976); Anita Shafer Goodstein, Nashville, 1780-1860, From Frontier to City (Gainesville, FL, 1989). This tradition continues in the following recent works: Jeffrey S. Adler, Yankee Merchants and the Making of the Urban West, The Rise and Fall of Antebellum St. Louis (New York, 1991); Jon C. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland, The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Bloomington, IN, 1993); Kay J. Carr, Belleville, Ottawa, and Galesburg, Community and Democracy on the Illinois Frontier (Carbondale, IL, 1996). Also see Andrew R.L. Cayton and Peter S. Onuf, eds., The Midwest and the Nation, Rethinking the History of an American Region (Bloomington, IN, 1990).
9. Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Chicago, 1959). See also the new edition, Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790-1930, Introduction by Zane L. Miller (Champaign, IL, 1996). Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of A Frontier Community, Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-1870 (Urbana, IL, 1978); Carl Abbott, Boosters and Businessmen, Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West (Westport, CT, 1981); Timothy R. Mahoney, River Towns in the Great West, The Structure of Provincial Urbanization in the American Midwest, 1820-1870 (New York, 1990); Jo Ellen Vinyard, The Irish on the Urban Frontier (New York, 1976); Kathleen Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860, Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, MA, 1976); Anita Shafer Goodstein, Nashville, 1780-1860, From Frontier to City (Gainesville, FL, 1989). This tradition continues in the following recent works: Jeffrey S. Adler, Yankee Merchants and the Making of the Urban West, The Rise and Fall of Antebellum St. Louis (New York, 1991); Jon C. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland, The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Bloomington, IN, 1993); Kay J. Carr, Belleville, Ottawa, and Galesburg, Community and Democracy on the Illinois Frontier (Carbondale, IL, 1996). Also see Andrew R.L. Cayton and Peter S. Onuf, eds., The Midwest and the Nation, Rethinking the History of an American Region (Bloomington, IN, 1990).
10. Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Chicago, 1959). See also the new edition, Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790-1930, Introduction by Zane L. Miller (Champaign, IL, 1996). Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of A Frontier Community, Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-1870 (Urbana, IL, 1978); Carl Abbott, Boosters and Businessmen, Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West (Westport, CT, 1981); Timothy R. Mahoney, River Towns in the Great West, The Structure of Provincial Urbanization in the American Midwest, 1820-1870 (New York, 1990); Jo Ellen Vinyard, The Irish on the Urban Frontier (New York, 1976); Kathleen Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860, Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, MA, 1976); Anita Shafer Goodstein, Nashville, 1780-1860, From Frontier to City (Gainesville, FL, 1989). This tradition continues in the following recent works: Jeffrey S. Adler, Yankee Merchants and the Making of the Urban West, The Rise and Fall of Antebellum St. Louis (New York, 1991); Jon C. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland, The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Bloomington, IN, 1993); Kay J. Carr, Belleville, Ottawa, and Galesburg, Community and Democracy on the Illinois Frontier (Carbondale, IL, 1996). Also see Andrew R.L. Cayton and Peter S. Onuf, eds., The Midwest and the Nation, Rethinking the History of an American Region (Bloomington, IN, 1990).
11. Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Chicago, 1959). See also the new edition, Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790-1930, Introduction by Zane L. Miller (Champaign, IL, 1996). Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of A Frontier Community, Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-1870 (Urbana, IL, 1978); Carl Abbott, Boosters and Businessmen, Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West (Westport, CT, 1981); Timothy R. Mahoney, River Towns in the Great West, The Structure of Provincial Urbanization in the American Midwest, 1820-1870 (New York, 1990); Jo Ellen Vinyard, The Irish on the Urban Frontier (New York, 1976); Kathleen Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860, Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, MA, 1976); Anita Shafer Goodstein, Nashville, 1780-1860, From Frontier to City (Gainesville, FL, 1989). This tradition continues in the following recent works: Jeffrey S. Adler, Yankee Merchants and the Making of the Urban West, The Rise and Fall of Antebellum St. Louis (New York, 1991); Jon C. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland, The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Bloomington, IN, 1993); Kay J. Carr, Belleville, Ottawa, and Galesburg, Community and Democracy on the Illinois Frontier (Carbondale, IL, 1996). Also see Andrew R.L. Cayton and Peter S. Onuf, eds., The Midwest and the Nation, Rethinking the History of an American Region (Bloomington, IN, 1990).
12. Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Chicago, 1959). See also the new edition, Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790-1930, Introduction by Zane L. Miller (Champaign, IL, 1996). Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of A Frontier Community, Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-1870 (Urbana, IL, 1978); Carl Abbott, Boosters and Businessmen, Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West (Westport, CT, 1981); Timothy R. Mahoney, River Towns in the Great West, The Structure of Provincial Urbanization in the American Midwest, 1820-1870 (New York, 1990); Jo Ellen Vinyard, The Irish on the Urban Frontier (New York, 1976); Kathleen Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860, Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, MA, 1976); Anita Shafer Goodstein, Nashville, 1780-1860, From Frontier to City (Gainesville, FL, 1989). This tradition continues in the following recent works: Jeffrey S. Adler, Yankee Merchants and the Making of the Urban West, The Rise and Fall of Antebellum St. Louis (New York, 1991); Jon C. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland, The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Bloomington, IN, 1993); Kay J. Carr, Belleville, Ottawa, and Galesburg, Community and Democracy on the Illinois Frontier (Carbondale, IL, 1996). Also see Andrew R.L. Cayton and Peter S. Onuf, eds., The Midwest and the Nation, Rethinking the History of an American Region (Bloomington, IN, 1990).
13. Kathleen N. Conzen, "A Saga of Families," in Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O'Connor, and Martha Sandweis, eds., The Oxford History of the American West (New York, 1994), 315-57.
14. Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros, New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York, 1992), 81-4, 92-116.
15. Sean Willentz, Chants Democratic, New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class (New York, 1984), 300-1; George Chauncey, Gay New York (New York, 1994), 76-81; Elliot J. Gorn, "'Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True American': Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City," Journal of American History 74 (1987): 388-410; Michael Kaplan, "New York City Tavern Violence and the Creation of a Working-Class Identity," Journal of the Early Republic 15 (Winter 1995): 591-617; Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers, Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995), 51-8. Patricia Cline Cohen, "Unregulated Youth: Masculinity and Murder in the 1830s City," Radical History Review 52 (1992): 33-53; The Murder of Helen Jewett, The Life and Death of a Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1998), 73-6.
16. Sean Willentz, Chants Democratic, New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class (New York, 1984), 300-1; George Chauncey, Gay New York (New York, 1994), 76-81; Elliot J. Gorn, "'Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True American': Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City," Journal of American History 74 (1987): 388-410; Michael Kaplan, "New York City Tavern Violence and the Creation of a Working-Class Identity," Journal of the Early Republic 15 (Winter 1995): 591-617; Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers, Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995), 51-8. Patricia Cline Cohen, "Unregulated Youth: Masculinity and Murder in the 1830s City," Radical History Review 52 (1992): 33-53; The Murder of Helen Jewett, The Life and Death of a Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1998), 73-6.
17. Sean Willentz, Chants Democratic, New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class (New York, 1984), 300-1; George Chauncey, Gay New York (New York, 1994), 76-81; Elliot J. Gorn, "'Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True American': Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City," Journal of American History 74 (1987): 388-410; Michael Kaplan, "New York City Tavern Violence and the Creation of a Working-Class Identity," Journal of the Early Republic 15 (Winter 1995): 591-617; Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers, Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995), 51-8. Patricia Cline Cohen, "Unregulated Youth: Masculinity and Murder in the 1830s City," Radical History Review 52 (1992): 33-53; The Murder of Helen Jewett, The Life and Death of a Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1998), 73-6.
18. Sean Willentz, Chants Democratic, New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class (New York, 1984), 300-1; George Chauncey, Gay New York (New York, 1994), 76-81; Elliot J. Gorn, "'Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True American': Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City," Journal of American History 74 (1987): 388-410; Michael Kaplan, "New York City Tavern Violence and the Creation of a Working-Class Identity," Journal of the Early Republic 15 (Winter 1995): 591-617; Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers, Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995), 51-8. Patricia Cline Cohen, "Unregulated Youth: Masculinity and Murder in the 1830s City," Radical History Review 52 (1992): 33-53; The Murder of Helen Jewett, The Life and Death of a Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1998), 73-6.
19. Sean Willentz, Chants Democratic, New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class (New York, 1984), 300-1; George Chauncey, Gay New York (New York, 1994), 76-81; Elliot J. Gorn, "'Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True American': Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City," Journal of American History 74 (1987): 388-410; Michael Kaplan, "New York City Tavern Violence and the Creation of a Working-Class Identity," Journal of the Early Republic 15 (Winter 1995): 591-617; Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers, Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995), 51-8. Patricia Cline Cohen, "Unregulated Youth: Masculinity and Murder in the 1830s City," Radical History Review 52 (1992): 33-53; The Murder of Helen Jewett, The Life and Death of a Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1998), 73-6.
20. Sean Willentz, Chants Democratic, New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class (New York, 1984), 300-1; George Chauncey, Gay New York (New York, 1994), 76-81; Elliot J. Gorn, "'Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True American': Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City," Journal of American History 74 (1987): 388-410; Michael Kaplan, "New York City Tavern Violence and the Creation of a Working-Class Identity," Journal of the Early Republic 15 (Winter 1995): 591-617; Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers, Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995), 51-8. Patricia Cline Cohen, "Unregulated Youth: Masculinity and Murder in the 1830s City," Radical History Review 52 (1992): 33-53; The Murder of Helen Jewett, The Life and Death of a Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1998), 73-6.
21. Sean Willentz, Chants Democratic, New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class (New York, 1984), 300-1; George Chauncey, Gay New York (New York, 1994), 76-81; Elliot J. Gorn, "'Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True American': Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City," Journal of American History 74 (1987): 388-410; Michael Kaplan, "New York City Tavern Violence and the Creation of a Working-Class Identity," Journal of the Early Republic 15 (Winter 1995): 591-617; Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers, Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995), 51-8. Patricia Cline Cohen, "Unregulated Youth: Masculinity and Murder in the 1830s City," Radical History Review 52 (1992): 33-53; The Murder of Helen Jewett, The Life and Death of a Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1998), 73-6.
22. "Laban B. Fleak," Caleb Forbes Davis (hereafter, CFD). See Timothy R. Mahoney, Provincial Lives: Middle Class Experience in the Antebellum Middle West (New York, 1999), 62-112.
23. "Laban B. Fleak," Caleb Forbes Davis (hereafter, CFD). See Timothy R. Mahoney, Provincial Lives: Middle Class Experience in the Antebellum Middle West (New York, 1999), 62-112.
24. "A.W. Griffith," CFD.
25. J.M. Reid, Sketches and Anecdotes of the Old Settlers (Keokuk, 1879), 67.
26. May 13, June 5, June 26, August 21, 1841, May 11, 1844, March 3, 1845, David W. Kilbourne to Hiram Barney hint at some of the troubles with the Settlers. Hiram Barney Collection, Huntington Library, San Marino, CA. For a rare, brief, indirect reference to a Decree versus Anti-Decree altercation, see April 26, 1849, Keokuk Telegraph and Weekly Dispatch.
27. Hawkins Taylor, "Judge Mason and The Half-Breed Tract," Iowa Historical Record 2, no. 4 (October 1886): 354; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Virginia Wilcox Ivins, Pen Pictures of Early Western Days (no publisher, 1905), 40-1; Letter of Charles Mason to Gen. A. C. Dodge in Regard to the Halfbreed Question (Burlington, IA, 1880), 11; James L. Estes to Charles Mason, June 13, 1853, September 6, 1853, Charles Mason Papers, Iowa State Historical Library, Des Moines; Coy v Mason, 58 U.S. (17 Howard) 697 (1855); B. L. Wick, "The Struggle for the Half-Breed Tract," Annals of Iowa 7, no. 1 (April 1905): 16-29.
28. Hawkins Taylor, "Judge Mason and The Half-Breed Tract," Iowa Historical Record 2, no. 4 (October 1886): 354; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Virginia Wilcox Ivins, Pen Pictures of Early Western Days (no publisher, 1905), 40-1; Letter of Charles Mason to Gen. A. C. Dodge in Regard to the Halfbreed Question (Burlington, IA, 1880), 11; James L. Estes to Charles Mason, June 13, 1853, September 6, 1853, Charles Mason Papers, Iowa State Historical Library, Des Moines; Coy v Mason, 58 U.S. (17 Howard) 697 (1855); B. L. Wick, "The Struggle for the Half-Breed Tract," Annals of Iowa 7, no. 1 (April 1905): 16-29.
29. Hawkins Taylor, "Judge Mason and The Half-Breed Tract," Iowa Historical Record 2, no. 4 (October 1886): 354; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Virginia Wilcox Ivins, Pen Pictures of Early Western Days (no publisher, 1905), 40-1; Letter of Charles Mason to Gen. A. C. Dodge in Regard to the Halfbreed Question (Burlington, IA, 1880), 11; James L. Estes to Charles Mason, June 13, 1853, September 6, 1853, Charles Mason Papers, Iowa State Historical Library, Des Moines; Coy v Mason, 58 U.S. (17 Howard) 697 (1855); B. L. Wick, "The Struggle for the Half-Breed Tract," Annals of Iowa 7, no. 1 (April 1905): 16-29.
30. Hawkins Taylor, "Judge Mason and The Half-Breed Tract," Iowa Historical Record 2, no. 4 (October 1886): 354; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Virginia Wilcox Ivins, Pen Pictures of Early Western Days (no publisher, 1905), 40-1; Letter of Charles Mason to Gen. A. C. Dodge in Regard to the Halfbreed Question (Burlington, IA, 1880), 11; James L. Estes to Charles Mason, June 13, 1853, September 6, 1853, Charles Mason Papers, Iowa State Historical Library, Des Moines; Coy v Mason, 58 U.S. (17 Howard) 697 (1855); B. L. Wick, "The Struggle for the Half-Breed Tract," Annals of Iowa 7, no. 1 (April 1905): 16-29.
31. Hawkins Taylor, "Judge Mason and The Half-Breed Tract," Iowa Historical Record 2, no. 4 (October 1886): 354; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Virginia Wilcox Ivins, Pen Pictures of Early Western Days (no publisher, 1905), 40-1; Letter of Charles Mason to Gen. A. C. Dodge in Regard to the Halfbreed Question (Burlington, IA, 1880), 11; James L. Estes to Charles Mason, June 13, 1853, September 6, 1853, Charles Mason Papers, Iowa State Historical Library, Des Moines; Coy v Mason, 58 U.S. (17 Howard) 697 (1855); B. L. Wick, "The Struggle for the Half-Breed Tract," Annals of Iowa 7, no. 1 (April 1905): 16-29.
32. Hawkins Taylor, "Judge Mason and The Half-Breed Tract," Iowa Historical Record 2, no. 4 (October 1886): 354; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Virginia Wilcox Ivins, Pen Pictures of Early Western Days (no publisher, 1905), 40-1; Letter of Charles Mason to Gen. A. C. Dodge in Regard to the Halfbreed Question (Burlington, IA, 1880), 11; James L. Estes to Charles Mason, June 13, 1853, September 6, 1853, Charles Mason Papers, Iowa State Historical Library, Des Moines; Coy v Mason, 58 U.S. (17 Howard) 697 (1855); B. L. Wick, "The Struggle for the Half-Breed Tract," Annals of Iowa 7, no. 1 (April 1905): 16-29.
33. Hawkins Taylor, "Judge Mason and The Half-Breed Tract," Iowa Historical Record 2, no. 4 (October 1886): 354; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Virginia Wilcox Ivins, Pen Pictures of Early Western Days (no publisher, 1905), 40-1; Letter of Charles Mason to Gen. A. C. Dodge in Regard to the Halfbreed Question (Burlington, IA, 1880), 11; James L. Estes to Charles Mason, June 13, 1853, September 6, 1853, Charles Mason Papers, Iowa State Historical Library, Des Moines; Coy v Mason, 58 U.S. (17 Howard) 697 (1855); B. L. Wick, "The Struggle for the Half-Breed Tract," Annals of Iowa 7, no. 1 (April 1905): 16-29.
34. D. W. Kilbourne to Hiram Barney, May 11, 1844; ibid., March 5, 1845, Hiram Barney Collection.
35. Taylor, "Judge Mason," 354.
36. Karen V. Hansen, A Very Social Time, Crafting Community in Antebellum New England (Berkeley, CA, 1994), 1, 7-11.
37. David W. Kilbourne to Hiram Barney, January 25, 1842, Hiram Barney Collection.
38. Robin L. Einhorn, Property Rules, Political Economy in Chicago, 1833-1872 (Chicago, 1991), 28-60.
39. Robert H. Wiebe, "Lincoln's Fraternal Democracy," in John L. Thomas, ed., Abraham Lincoln and the American Political Tradition (Amherst, MA, 1986), 19, 21.
40. "Autobiography of Hawkins Taylor" (Western Illinois University, Macomb), 26; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Paul M. Angle, "Here I Have Lived," A History of Lincoln's Springfield, 1821-1865 (Springfield, IL, 1935), 106-7.
41. "Autobiography of Hawkins Taylor" (Western Illinois University, Macomb), 26; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Paul M. Angle, "Here I Have Lived," A History of Lincoln's Springfield, 1821-1865 (Springfield, IL, 1935), 106-7.
42. "Autobiography of Hawkins Taylor" (Western Illinois University, Macomb), 26; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Paul M. Angle, "Here I Have Lived," A History of Lincoln's Springfield, 1821-1865 (Springfield, IL, 1935), 106-7.
43. Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood (New York, 1993), 196-205.
44. Hansen, A Very Social Time, 9; Rotundo, American Manhood, 199-205.
45. Hansen, A Very Social Time, 9; Rotundo, American Manhood, 199-205.
46. Gary Alan Fine, With the Boys, Little League Baseball and Preadolescent Culture (Chicago, 1987), 134-5; Richard D. Alford, Naming and Identity: A Cross Cultural Study of Personal Naming Practices (New Haven, CT, 1988), 81-5, 156-9.
47. Gary Alan Fine, With the Boys, Little League Baseball and Preadolescent Culture (Chicago, 1987), 134-5; Richard D. Alford, Naming and Identity: A Cross Cultural Study of Personal Naming Practices (New Haven, CT, 1988), 81-5, 156-9.
48. Nicknames are mentioned in A. W. Griffith, E. R. Ford, Caleb Forbes Davis Laban B. Fleak, J. A. Brown, and Adam Hine, CFD; Reid, Sketches and Anecdotes, 11-13, 74, 78, 144, 162, 167, 170, 176; Ivins, Pen Pictures, 17.
49. Nicknames are mentioned in A. W. Griffith, E. R. Ford, Caleb Forbes Davis Laban B. Fleak, J. A. Brown, and Adam Hine, CFD; Reid, Sketches and Anecdotes, 11-13, 74, 78, 144, 162, 167, 170, 176; Ivins, Pen Pictures, 17.
50. Nicknames are mentioned in A. W. Griffith, E. R. Ford, Caleb Forbes Davis Laban B. Fleak, J. A. Brown, and Adam Hine, CFD; Reid, Sketches and Anecdotes, 11-13, 74, 78, 144, 162, 167, 170, 176; Ivins, Pen Pictures, 17.
51. E. Anthony Rotundo, "Boy Culture: Middle-Class Boyhood in Nineteenth Century America," in Mark C. Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood, Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago, 1990), 15-36.
52. Jane Kamensky, "Talk Like a Man: Speech, Power, and Masculinity in Early New England," Gender and History 8, no. 1 (April 1996): 22-47.
53. For a rare contemporary view of practical jokes, see the film, Watch It, Dover One Films, Skouras Pictures Release, 1993, starring John Gallagher, Suzy Amis, and John Tenley.
54. Reid, Sketches and Anecdotes, 61, 62, 121.
55. "Laban B. Fleak," CFD.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Reid, Sketches and Anecdotes, 176; The "spondoolicks" were "resources." Elliott West, The Saloon on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier (Lincoln, NE, 1979), 77. Though the author of this very funny invitation is unknown, it should be noted that the title of the first song proposed to be sung, "Whar Did You Come From," is exactly the first question that everyone who entered Keokuk was first asked by some member of the subculture, as reported by E. R. Ford. So too, the person who named the second ward of Keokuk the "hoop-pole" ward, where hoop poles for barrels were "currency" accepted for payment at his store, was Ross B. Hughes, Isaac Galland's secretary and the town booster in an earlier day. CFD.
59. Reid, Sketches and Anecdotes, 176; The "spondoolicks" were "resources." Elliott West, The Saloon on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier (Lincoln, NE, 1979), 77. Though the author of this very funny invitation is unknown, it should be noted that the title of the first song proposed to be sung, "Whar Did You Come From," is exactly the first question that everyone who entered Keokuk was first asked by some member of the subculture, as reported by E. R. Ford. So too, the person who named the second ward of Keokuk the "hoop-pole" ward, where hoop poles for barrels were "currency" accepted for payment at his store, was Ross B. Hughes, Isaac Galland's secretary and the town booster in an earlier day. CFD.
60. Angle, "Here I Have Lived," 106.
61. Reid, Sketches and Anecdotes, 78.
62. A rare example of such a "lobby" is the one that developed at the same time over in Springfield, Illinois. The irony, sarcasm, spoof committees, and rules of these entertaining pro-ceedings were analogous to those of Keokuk's Yellow Hand-Bill meetings. Angle, "Here I have Lived," 106-8. References to the "mock trials" that convivial lawyers, especially when on circuit, indulged in are similarly rare. The best-known "mock tribunal" is, of course, the "Ogmathorial Court," which Judge Davis conducted and which Abraham Lincoln attended in the Eighth Illinois Circuit between 1849 and 1851. Henry C. Whitney, Life on the Circuit with Lincoln (Chicago, 1892), 50.
63. A rare example of such a "lobby" is the one that developed at the same time over in Springfield, Illinois. The irony, sarcasm, spoof committees, and rules of these entertaining pro-ceedings were analogous to those of Keokuk's Yellow Hand-Bill meetings. Angle, "Here I have Lived," 106-8. References to the "mock trials" that convivial lawyers, especially when on circuit, indulged in are similarly rare. The best-known "mock tribunal" is, of course, the "Ogmathorial Court," which Judge Davis conducted and which Abraham Lincoln attended in the Eighth Illinois Circuit between 1849 and 1851. Henry C. Whitney, Life on the Circuit with Lincoln (Chicago, 1892), 50.
64. Caleb Forbes Davis, "Yaller Hand Bill Meetings," CFD; Hawkins Taylor, "Letters from Absent Members," Pioneer Lawmakers Association of Iowa, Reunions of 1886 and 1890 (Des Moines, 1890), 131.
65. Caleb Forbes Davis, "Yaller Hand Bill Meetings," CFD; Hawkins Taylor, "Letters from Absent Members," Pioneer Lawmakers Association of Iowa, Reunions of 1886 and 1890 (Des Moines, 1890), 131.
66. Taylor, "Judge Mason," 354; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Ivins, Pen Pictures 40-1; Letter of Charles Mason to Gen. A. C. Dodge, 11; James L. Estes to Charles Mason, June 13, 1853, September 6, 1853, Charles Mason Papers; Coy v Mason, 58 U.S. (17 Howard) 697 (1855); Wick, "The Struggle," 16-29; May 13, June 5, June 26, July 10, July 24, August 7, August 21, and August 28, 1841, David W. Kilbourne to Hiram Barney, Hiram Barney Papers.
67. Taylor, "Judge Mason," 354; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Ivins, Pen Pictures 40-1; Letter of Charles Mason to Gen. A. C. Dodge, 11; James L. Estes to Charles Mason, June 13, 1853, September 6, 1853, Charles Mason Papers; Coy v Mason, 58 U.S. (17 Howard) 697 (1855); Wick, "The Struggle," 16-29; May 13, June 5, June 26, July 10, July 24, August 7, August 21, and August 28, 1841, David W. Kilbourne to Hiram Barney, Hiram Barney Papers.
68. Taylor, "Judge Mason," 354; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Ivins, Pen Pictures 40-1; Letter of Charles Mason to Gen. A. C. Dodge, 11; James L. Estes to Charles Mason, June 13, 1853, September 6, 1853, Charles Mason Papers; Coy v Mason, 58 U.S. (17 Howard) 697 (1855); Wick, "The Struggle," 16-29; May 13, June 5, June 26, July 10, July 24, August 7, August 21, and August 28, 1841, David W. Kilbourne to Hiram Barney, Hiram Barney Papers.
69. Taylor, "Judge Mason," 354; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Ivins, Pen Pictures 40-1; Letter of Charles Mason to Gen. A. C. Dodge, 11; James L. Estes to Charles Mason, June 13, 1853, September 6, 1853, Charles Mason Papers; Coy v Mason, 58 U.S. (17 Howard) 697 (1855); Wick, "The Struggle," 16-29; May 13, June 5, June 26, July 10, July 24, August 7, August 21, and August 28, 1841, David W. Kilbourne to Hiram Barney, Hiram Barney Papers.
70. Taylor, "Judge Mason," 354; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Ivins, Pen Pictures 40-1; Letter of Charles Mason to Gen. A. C. Dodge, 11; James L. Estes to Charles Mason, June 13, 1853, September 6, 1853, Charles Mason Papers; Coy v Mason, 58 U.S. (17 Howard) 697 (1855); Wick, "The Struggle," 16-29; May 13, June 5, June 26, July 10, July 24, August 7, August 21, and August 28, 1841, David W. Kilbourne to Hiram Barney, Hiram Barney Papers.
71. Taylor, "Judge Mason," 354; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Ivins, Pen Pictures 40-1; Letter of Charles Mason to Gen. A. C. Dodge, 11; James L. Estes to Charles Mason, June 13, 1853, September 6, 1853, Charles Mason Papers; Coy v Mason, 58 U.S. (17 Howard) 697 (1855); Wick, "The Struggle," 16-29; May 13, June 5, June 26, July 10, July 24, August 7, August 21, and August 28, 1841, David W. Kilbourne to Hiram Barney, Hiram Barney Papers.
72. Taylor, "Judge Mason," 354; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Ivins, Pen Pictures 40-1; Letter of Charles Mason to Gen. A. C. Dodge, 11; James L. Estes to Charles Mason, June 13, 1853, September 6, 1853, Charles Mason Papers; Coy v Mason, 58 U.S. (17 Howard) 697 (1855); Wick, "The Struggle," 16-29; May 13, June 5, June 26, July 10, July 24, August 7, August 21, and August 28, 1841, David W. Kilbourne to Hiram Barney, Hiram Barney Papers.
73. Taylor, "Judge Mason," 354; "A. W. Griffith," CFD; Ivins, Pen Pictures 40-1; Letter of Charles Mason to Gen. A. C. Dodge, 11; James L. Estes to Charles Mason, June 13, 1853, September 6, 1853, Charles Mason Papers; Coy v Mason, 58 U.S. (17 Howard) 697 (1855); Wick, "The Struggle," 16-29; May 13, June 5, June 26, July 10, July 24, August 7, August 21, and August 28, 1841, David W. Kilbourne to Hiram Barney, Hiram Barney Papers.
74. "Autobiography of Hawkins Taylor."
75. "Hawkins Taylor," CFD.
76. "A. W. Griffith," "Hawkins Taylor," CFD.
77. "Hawkins Taylor," CFD; Ivins, Pen Pictures, 17, 35.
78. "Hawkins Taylor," CFD; Ivins, Pen Pictures, 17, 35.
79. Davis, "Yaller Hand Bill Meetings," CFD.
80. Adler, Yankee Merchants, 64; West, The Saloon, 4-11, 47.
81. Adler, Yankee Merchants, 64; West, The Saloon, 4-11, 47.