The sprawl debate: Let markets plan

Publius

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 131-148

  Gordon, Peter ^a   Richardson, Harry W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040926146     PISSN: 00485950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a004901     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Susan Schmidt and John Mintz, "Voter Turnout Up Only Slightly Despite Big Drive," The Washington Post, 9 November 2000, p. A35.
2. Charles M. Tiebout, "A Pure Theory of Public Expenditures," Journal of Political Economy 64 (October 1956): 416-424.
3. Albert O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970).
4. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Shuster, 2000).
5. Lynne L. Kiesling, "Book Review," The Cato Journal 20 (Spring/Summer 2000): 131-133.
6. Paul Heyne, A Students' Guide to Economics (New York: Prentice Hall, 2000), p. 28.
7. Samuel R. Staley and Gerald C.S. Mildner, "The Price of Managing Growth," Urban Land 59 (February 2000): 18-22, cites a source that reports 1,000 such bills were introduced in 1999 alone, with 20 percent of them passing. Others cite 240 similar measures introduced between 1996 and 1998 with 75 percent passing.
8. Chang-Hee Christine Bae, "The Cross-Border Impacts of Growth Management Controls: Portland, Oregon, and Clark County, Washington," (paper presented at the Pacific Regional Science Conference, Portland, Oregon, July 2001).
9. Robert Meltz, Dwight H. Merriam, and Richard M. Frank, The Takings Issue: Constitutional Limits on Land-use Control and Environmental Regulation (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999).
10. Nollan v. California Coastal Commission, 483 U.S. 825 (1987).
11. Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, 112 S. Ct. 2886 (1992).
12. Dolan v. The City of Tigard, 114 S. Ct. 2309 (1994).
13. Caroline M. Hoxby, "Does Competition Among Public Schools Benefit Students and Taxpayers?" The American Economic Review 90:5 (December 2000): 1209-1238, reports that the more such choices parents have, the higher are student achievement scores and the lower is school spending.
14. United States Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2000 120th ed. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000), Tables 1212 and 1213.
15. Robert H. Nelson, "A Private Property Right Theory of Zoning," The Urban Lawyer 11 (1979): 713-732.
16. Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 365 (1926).
17. Evan McKenzie, Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Government (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).
18. Robert H. Nelson, "Privatizing the Neighborhood: A Proposal to Replace Zoning with Private Collective Property Rights to Existing Neighborhoods," George Mason Law Review 7 (Summer 1999): 1-54, enumerates the legal differences between condominium ownership and planned unit development (PUD), which make up about two-thirds of CIDs.
19. Tiebout, "A Pure Theory of Public Expenditures," 416-424.
20. Fred Foldvary, Public Goods and Private Communities (Aldershot, Hants, U.K. and Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar Publishing Co, 1994).
21. Donald J. Boudreaux and Randall G. Holcombe, "Contractual Governments in Theory and Practice," The Voluntary City, eds. D. Beito, et al. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, forthcoming).
22. Ibid., 14.
23. Bruce L. Benson, "Economic Freedom and the Evolution of Law," The Cato Journal 18 (1998): 209-232.
24. McKenzie, Privatopia, p. 12. Critics also confuse CIDs with gated communities. The overwhelming number of CID communities are not gated with estimates ranging from 10-20 percent. (Timothy Egan, "Many Seek Security in Private Communities," New York Times, 3 September 1995, pp. A1, A22.)
25. McKenzie, Privatopia, p. 12. Critics also confuse CIDs with gated communities. The overwhelming number of CID communities are not gated with estimates ranging from 10-20 percent. (Timothy Egan, "Many Seek Security in Private Communities," New York Times, 3 September 1995, pp. A1, A22.)
26. Robert C. Ellickson, "New Institutions for Old Neighborhoods," Duke Law Review 48 (1998): 75-110.
27. Similar proposals are suggested by Nelson. (Robert H. Nelson, "Privatizing the Neighborhood: A Proposal to Replace Zoning with Private Collective Property Rights to Existing Neighborhoods," George Mason Law Review 7 (1999): 1-54.)
28. Jerell Richer, "Urban Congestion and Developer Precommitments: Unilateral Solutions to Dynamic Inconsistency," Urban Studies, 32 (October 1995): 1279-1291; Boudreaux and Holcombe, "Contractual Governments in Theory and Practice," The Voluntary City, eds. D. Beito, et al.
29. Jerell Richer, "Urban Congestion and Developer Precommitments: Unilateral Solutions to Dynamic Inconsistency," Urban Studies, 32 (October 1995): 1279-1291; Boudreaux and Holcombe, "Contractual Governments in Theory and Practice," The Voluntary City, eds. D. Beito, et al.
30. Richard A. Epstein, Takings: Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 265.
31. Bruce L. Benson, "Why Crime Declines," Ideas on Liberty 50 (January 2000): 22-25.
32. For a brief history of the Problems created by regional governments in the U.S., see, Fred Siegel, "Is Regional Government the Answer?" The Public Interest 137 (Fall 1999): 85-98.
33. Clifford J. Treese, Community Associations Factbook (Alexandria, VA: Community Associations Institute, 1999). Consistent employment time series from the Bureau of Economic Analysis are available for counties. These show that most 1975-98 private sector job growth was in the fringe counties of the largest metro areas (1 million or more pop.), where job growth was 1.5 times the U.S. rate. Recently released census population data show that of the top ten 1990 central cities (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Philadelphia, San Diego, Detroit, Dallas, Phoenix, San Antonio), four grew faster in the 1990-2000 interval than the U.S. while six did not. Of the latter, two (Philadelphia and Detroit) continued to shrink. Only two of the top ten central cities (New York and San Antonio) grew faster than their metro areas. It is hard to see a "back to the city" movement. Gentrification exists but is a minor phenomenon.
34. Joel Garreau, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (New York: Anchor Books, 1991).
35. Friedrich A. Hayek, The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1978).
36. Silicon Valley office rents were recently reported to be $70 per square foot while Manhattan's were slightly less than $58. San Francisco's $76 rates are attributed by many to the Silicon Valley boom.
37. Peter Katz, The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994), p. ix.
38. Ibid., xiii.
39. Peter Calthorpe, The Next American Metropolis (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1993).
40. Anthony Downs, A New Vision for Metropolitan America (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1994).
41. Joyce Burnette and Joel Mokyr, "The Standard of Living through the Ages," The State of Humanity, ed. Julian L. Simon (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).
42. Peter Hall, Cities of Tomorrow (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988); Colin Ward, New Town, Home Town, the Lessons of Experience (London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1993).
43. Peter Hall, Cities of Tomorrow (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988); Colin Ward, New Town, Home Town, the Lessons of Experience (London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1993).
44. Alexander Garvin, "Is the New Urbanism Passe?" Link Review 4 (1998): 12-32.
45. Mark J. Eppli and Charles C. Tu, Valuing The New Urbanism: The Impact of the New Urbanism On Prices of Single-Family Homes (Washington, DC: The Urban Land Institute, 1999).
46. David Harvey, "The New Urbanism and the Communitarian Trap," Harvard Design Magazine 6 (Winter/ Spring 1997).
47. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cites (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1961).
48. Harvey, "The New Urbanism and the Communitarian Trap," 68-69.
49. Harvey, "New Urbanism: Urban or Suburban?" 47-63.
50. Downs, A New Vision for Metropolitan America.
51. Randall Crane, "Cars and Drivers in the New Suburbs: Linking Access to Travel in Neo-traditional Planning," Journal of the American Planning Association 62 (Winter 1996): 51-65.
52. Peter Gordon and Harry W. Richardson, "Prove It," The Brookings Review 16 (Fall 1998): 23-25.
53. http://www.fhwa.dot.gv/environment/AIR_ABS.HTM, 1997; Table on page 8.
54. Roger Meiners and Bruce Yandle, "Common Law and the Conceit of Modern Environmental Policy," George Mason Law Review 7 (1999): 923-963. Indur M. Goklany, "Empirical Evidence Regarding the Role of Nationalization in Improving U.S. Air Quality," The Common Law and the Environment: Rethinking the Statutory Basis for Modern Environmental Law, eds. Roger E. Meiners and Andrew P. Morriss (New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000).
55. Roger Meiners and Bruce Yandle, "Common Law and the Conceit of Modern Environmental Policy," George Mason Law Review 7 (1999): 923-963. Indur M. Goklany, "Empirical Evidence Regarding the Role of Nationalization in Improving U.S. Air Quality," The Common Law and the Environment: Rethinking the Statutory Basis for Modern Environmental Law, eds. Roger E. Meiners and Andrew P. Morriss (New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000).
56. THe U.S. Department of Agriculture recently revised its 1997 National Resources Inventory (www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/NRI/), admitting that its widely cited earlier warnings about the loss of farmland was due to a "statistical software" error.
57. Thomas H. Frey, "Trends in Land Use in the United States," The State of Humanity, ed. Julian L. Simon (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).
58. Patricia S. Hu and Jennifer R. Young, Summary of Travel Trends: 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1999), p. 44.
59. Donald Pickrell and Paul Schmiek, "Trends in Motor Vehicle Ownership and use: Evidence from the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey," Journal of Transportation and Statistics 2 (1999): 1-17.
60. David T. Hartgen and Daniel O. Ourley, "Beltways: Boon, Bane or Blip?" Factors Influencing Changes in Urbanized Area Traffic, 1990-1997 (Charlotte, NC: University of North Carolina Center for Interdisciplinary Transportation Studies: WP 190, 1999).
61. C. Kenneth Orski, "In Search of Livability," Innovation Briefs 10 (Sep/Oct 1999): 1.
62. Crane, "Cars and Drivers in the New Suburbs: Linking Access to Travel in Neotraditional Planning," pp. 51-65.
63. Anthony Downs, "Some Realities about Sprawl and Urban Decline," Housing Policy Debate 10 (1999): 955-974.
64. Staley and Mildner, "The Price of Managing Growth," 18-22
65. Helen Ladd, "Population Growth, Density, and the Costs of Providing Public Services," Urban Studies 29 (April 1992): 273-295.
66. Peter Gordon and Harry W. Richardson, "Critiquing Sprawl's Critics," CATO Policy Analysis 365 (2000).
67. Robert H. Nelson, The Privatization of Local Government: From Zoning to RCAs in Residential Community Associations: Private Governments in the Intergovernmental System? (Washington DC: U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, 1989).
68. www.publicpurpose.com
69. Peter Gordon and Harry W. Richardson, "The Destiny of Downtowns: Doom or Dazzle?" Lusk Review 3 (1997): 63-76
70. June Manning Thomas, "The Forces of Urban Heterogeneity Can Triumph," American Quarterly 46 (March 1994): 49-54, sees "racial and income segregation, oppression of women and ecological rape" as a consequence of suburbanization. James Kunstler mentions sprawl as an explanation of the Littleton, Colorado, shootings (quoted in Neal R. Peirce, "Littleton's Legacy: Our Suburban Dream Shattered," The Washington Post, 6 June 1999); Ann Carns and James R. Hagerty, "On a Rainy Night In Georgia, What Can You Do But Eat? - There Are More Obese People All Over, but Peach State Really Takes the Cake," The Wall Street Journal, 29 October 1999, p. A1.
71. June Manning Thomas, "The Forces of Urban Heterogeneity Can Triumph," American Quarterly 46 (March 1994): 49-54, sees "racial and income segregation, oppression of women and ecological rape" as a consequence of suburbanization. James Kunstler mentions sprawl as an explanation of the Littleton, Colorado, shootings (quoted in Neal R. Peirce, "Littleton's Legacy: Our Suburban Dream Shattered," The Washington Post, 6 June 1999); Ann Carns and James R. Hagerty, "On a Rainy Night In Georgia, What Can You Do But Eat? - There Are More Obese People All Over, but Peach State Really Takes the Cake," The Wall Street Journal, 29 October 1999, p. A1.
72. June Manning Thomas, "The Forces of Urban Heterogeneity Can Triumph," American Quarterly 46 (March 1994): 49-54, sees "racial and income segregation, oppression of women and ecological rape" as a consequence of suburbanization. James Kunstler mentions sprawl as an explanation of the Littleton, Colorado, shootings (quoted in Neal R. Peirce, "Littleton's Legacy: Our Suburban Dream Shattered," The Washington Post, 6 June 1999); Ann Carns and James R. Hagerty, "On a Rainy Night In Georgia, What Can You Do But Eat? - There Are More Obese People All Over, but Peach State Really Takes the Cake," The Wall Street Journal, 29 October 1999, p. A1.
73. www.co2science.org
74. David Rusk, Inside Game, Outside Game: Winning Strategies for Saving Urban America (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999).
75. Roy Beck and Leon Kolankiewicz, Weighing Sprawl Factors in Large U.S. Cities (Arlington, VA: Numbers USA, 2001).
76. Rolf Pendall, William Fulton, and Alicia Harrison, "Losing Ground to Sprawl? Density Trends in Metropolitan America," (Paper presented at the Fannie Mae sessions at the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning Conference, Atlanta, October 2000).
77. Robert H. Nelson, Zoning and Property Rights: An Analysis of the American System of Land-Use Regulation (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1980); Randall G. Holcombe, "Growth Management in Action: The Case of Florida," Market Strategies for Land Use Planning for the 21st Century, eds. Randall Holcombe and Sam Staley (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001).
78. Robert H. Nelson, Zoning and Property Rights: An Analysis of the American System of Land-Use Regulation (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1980); Randall G. Holcombe, "Growth Management in Action: The Case of Florida," Market Strategies for Land Use Planning for the 21st Century, eds. Randall Holcombe and Sam Staley (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001).
79. Christian Gerondeau, Transport in Europe (Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1997).