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Volumn 33, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 299-330

"Damn you, you informing bitch." vox populi and the unmaking of the gin act of 1736

(2)  Warner, Jessica a   Ivis, Frank a  

a NONE   (Canada)

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EID: 0040843451     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh.1999.0078     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (23)

References (199)
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    • Seven centuries of the price of consumables, compared with builders' wage-rates
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    • E. Anthony Wrigley and Roger S. Schofield, The Population History of England, 1541-1871. A Reconstruction (London, 1981), p. 534; E.H. Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins, "Seven Centuries of the Price of Consumables, Compared with Builders' Wage-rates," in Essays in Economic History, ed. E.M. Carus-Wilson (London, 1962), p. 195.
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    • Brown, E.H.P.1    Hopkins, S.V.2
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    • note
    • CLMA, MR/LV/6/43-58 and MR/LV/6/60-63. Two large documents in the series, MR/LV/6/59, 1735 and MR/LV/6/64, 1735, were marked unfit for consultation.
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    • CLRO, MSS. 82.17, 1751
    • CLRO, MSS. 82.17, 1751.
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    • CLMA, MR/LV/6/47, 4 January 1736
    • CLMA, MR/LV/6/47, 4 January 1736.
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    • SRO, Sessions Bundles, General Quarter Sessions, Surrey, from QS2/6/1736/ Michaelmas, 1736 to QS2/6/1740/Easter, 1740
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    • 85033965876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • CLMA, Calendar of Commitments to the Westminster House of Correction, WJ/CC/B 146, 24 June 1738; WJ/CC/B 147, 7 October 1738; WJ/CC/B 148, 6 January 1738; WJ/CC/B 149, 28 April 1739; WJ/CC/B 151, 5 January 1739; WJ/CC/B 152, 12 April 1740; WJ/CC/B 154, 1740; WJ/CC/R 7, 5 April 1738; WJ/CC/R 8, 22 June 1738; WJ/CC/R 9, 4 October 1738; WJ/CC/R 10, 1 April 1739; WJ/CC/R 11, 25April 1739; WJ/CC/R 12, 12 July 1739; WJ/CC/R 6, 5 October 1737; WJ/CC/R 13, 3 January 1739; Calendar of Commitments to the Westminster House of Correction, WJ/CC/R 14, 1 April 1741. Only one document in the series was marked unfit for consultation. This was Calendar of Commitments to the Westminster House of Correction, WJ/CC/B 145, June 1738.
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    • 85033965373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PRO, PC 1/15/5, part 1, 1738; PC 1/15/5, part 2, 1738
    • PRO, PC 1/15/5, part 1, 1738; PC 1/15/5, part 2, 1738.
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    • 85033968383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PRO, PC 1/15/5, part 3, 3 April-7 June 1738
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    • Princeton
    • John M. Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800 (Princeton, 1986), p. 40. Reay Sabourn, A Perfect View of the Gin Act (London, 1738), p. 39, claims that William Goudge spent £24 in prosecuting Mary Felton, George Anderson, and Johannah Clare for perjury; this did not include the £10 that he had already paid upon conviction.
    • (1986) Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800 , pp. 40
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    • John M. Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800 (Princeton, 1986), p. 40. Reay Sabourn, A Perfect View of the Gin Act (London, 1738), p. 39, claims that William Goudge spent £24 in prosecuting Mary Felton, George Anderson, and Johannah Clare for perjury; this did not include the £10 that he had already paid upon conviction.
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    • ed. Anthony Fletcher, John Guy, and John Morrill, Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History Cambridge
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    • 6 Geo. 2. c. 17, Cambridge
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    • 2 Geo. 2, c. 17, Cambridge
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    • New York
    • London's hawkers tended to consist primarily of poor and otherwise marginal women, many of whom were elderly. See Bridget Hill, Women, Work, and Sexual Politics in Eighteenth-century England (New York, 1989), p. 169, and Peter Earle, "The Female Labour Market in London in the Late Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries," Economic History Review 42, no. 3 (1989): 343.
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    • London's hawkers tended to consist primarily of poor and otherwise marginal women, many of whom were elderly. See Bridget Hill, Women, Work, and Sexual Politics in Eighteenth-century England (New York, 1989), p. 169, and Peter Earle, "The Female Labour Market in London in the Late Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries," Economic History Review 42, no. 3 (1989): 343.
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    • note
    • The confusion may be traced to section 20 in the Act, which encouraged excisemen to enter establishments where distilled spirits were sold, and to report any violations to one or more justices of the peace.
  • 40
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    • October-December, entry 126
    • PRO, Treasury Papers, T 1/309, October-December 1742, entry 126; Lee Davison, "Experiments in the Social Regulation of Industry: Gin Legislation, 1729-1751," in Stilling the Grumbling Hive. The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750, ed. Lee Davison, et al. (New York, 1992), p. 35. Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb, The History of Liquor Licensing in England Principally from 1700 to 1830 (London, 1903), p. 26, erroneously claim that only two such licenses were ever purchased.
    • (1742) Treasury Papers, T , vol.1 , Issue.309
  • 41
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    • Experiments in the social regulation of industry: Gin legislation, 1729-1751
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    • PRO, Treasury Papers, T 1/309, October-December 1742, entry 126; Lee Davison, "Experiments in the Social Regulation of Industry: Gin Legislation, 1729-1751," in Stilling the Grumbling Hive. The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750, ed. Lee Davison, et al. (New York, 1992), p. 35. Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb, The History of Liquor Licensing in England Principally from 1700 to 1830 (London, 1903), p. 26, erroneously claim that only two such licenses were ever purchased.
    • (1992) Stilling the Grumbling Hive. The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750 , pp. 35
    • Davison, L.1
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    • London
    • PRO, Treasury Papers, T 1/309, October-December 1742, entry 126; Lee Davison, "Experiments in the Social Regulation of Industry: Gin Legislation, 1729-1751," in Stilling the Grumbling Hive. The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750, ed. Lee Davison, et al. (New York, 1992), p. 35. Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb, The History of Liquor Licensing in England Principally from 1700 to 1830 (London, 1903), p. 26, erroneously claim that only two such licenses were ever purchased.
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    • Webb, S.1    Webb, B.2
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    • 6-9 November
    • There were, just three weeks after the Gin Act of 1736 became law, already "upwards of twenty Informers about Town, who make it their sold Business to give Informations against Persons who presume to sell spirituous Liquors contrary to the late Act . . . " This is according to The London Evening-Post, 6-9 November 1736, p. 2.
    • (1736) The London Evening-Post , pp. 2
  • 44
  • 49
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    • Letter of sir Robert Walpole to Horace Walpole on the riots occasioned by the gin act
    • London
    • Walpole, writing to his brother Horace in October of 1736, thus reported that "there have been infinite care taken to observe and watch all their motions for above a month past, and upon the turn that the Spittlefields riotts took . . . the whole spiritt was at once dashed and seemed to have been totally laid aside; but upon the contrary success at Edinburgh, the fire kindled anew, and nothing less than such vigorous measures could have prevented the evil . . . But the murmuring and complaints of the common people, for want of ginn, and the great sufferings and loss of the dealers in spirituous liquors in general, have created such uneasiness, that they well deserve a great deal of attention and consideration." See "Letter of Sir Robert Walpole to Horace Walpole on the Riots Occasioned by the Gin Act," in Memoirs of the Life and Administration of Sir Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford. With Original Correspondence and Authentic Papers, Never before Published, ed. William Coxe (London, 1798), pp. 359-360.
    • (1798) Memoirs of the Life and Administration of Sir Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford. With Original Correspondence and Authentic Papers, Never before Published , pp. 359-360
    • Coxe, W.1
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    • PRO, CUST, 48/13, 1733-1745, p. 179.
    • (1733) CUST , vol.48 , Issue.13 , pp. 179
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    • PRO, Treasury Minute Book, T 29/28, 1736-1741, p. 44; PRO, General Out-letters of the Treasury, T 27/25, 1730-1741, p. 449.
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    • ed. Peter Kriedte, Hans Medick, and Jürgen Schlum" bohm, Studies in Modern Capitalism Cambridge
    • The finding is consistent Medick's contention that "consumption was by no means tied to a separation of labour in which men would function as privileged consumers . . . " The one difference is that his social drinkers are rural and ours are not. See Hans Medick, "The Proto-industrial Family Economy," in Industrialization before Industrialization. Rural Industry in the Genesis of Capitalism, ed. Peter Kriedte, Hans Medick, and Jürgen Schlum" bohm, Studies in Modern Capitalism (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 62-63.
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    • CLMA, Sessions Rolls, Middlesex Quarter Sessions, MJ/SR 2701, September 1738
    • CLMA, Sessions Rolls, Middlesex Quarter Sessions, MJ/SR 2701, September 1738.
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    • CLMA, Sessions Papers, Middlesex Sessions, MJ/SP/1737/10/108, 1737
    • CLMA, Sessions Papers, Middlesex Sessions, MJ/SP/1737/10/108, 1737.
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    • CLMA, Sessions Rolls, Middlesex Quarter Sessions, MJ/SR 2701, September 1738.
    • CLMA, Sessions Rolls, Middlesex Quarter Sessions, MJ/SR 2701, September 1738.
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    • 17 December
    • The Gin Act of 1736 specifically exempted "any spirits or spirituous liquors" used "in the preparation or making up of medicines for sick, lame, or distempered persons." The exemption reflects the fact that distilled spirits were still widely regarded as possessing medicinal properties. When, for example, a family ate poisonous mushrooms and were "suddenly taken sick," they availed themselves of "Geneva, which heartily purg'd and vomited them, by which Means they are all now most happily recovered . . . " When a young woman in Hackney "was taken with a violent Fit of the Cholick" her "landlady gave her a Glass of Geneva, which gave her Ease." And when a poor woman was found naked in a ditch workers in the area revived her with a glass of gin. See Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer, 17 December 1737; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 5 August 1738, p. 1; and The Proceedings at the Sessions of Peace, Oyer and Terminer, for the City of London and County of Middlesex, on Wednesday the 20th, Thursday the 21st, Friday the 22d, and Saturday the 23d of April, 1737 (London, 1737), p. 117.
    • (1737) Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer
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    • 5 August
    • The Gin Act of 1736 specifically exempted "any spirits or spirituous liquors" used "in the preparation or making up of medicines for sick, lame, or distempered persons." The exemption reflects the fact that distilled spirits were still widely regarded as possessing medicinal properties. When, for example, a family ate poisonous mushrooms and were "suddenly taken sick," they availed themselves of "Geneva, which heartily purg'd and vomited them, by which Means they are all now most happily recovered . . . " When a young woman in Hackney "was taken with a violent Fit of the Cholick" her "landlady gave her a Glass of Geneva, which gave her Ease." And when a poor woman was found naked in a ditch workers in the area revived her with a glass of gin. See Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer, 17 December 1737; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 5 August 1738, p. 1; and The Proceedings at the Sessions of Peace, Oyer and Terminer, for the City of London and County of Middlesex, on Wednesday the 20th, Thursday the 21st, Friday the 22d, and Saturday the 23d of April, 1737 (London, 1737), p. 117.
    • (1738) The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser , pp. 1
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    • The Gin Act of 1736 specifically exempted "any spirits or spirituous liquors" used "in the preparation or making up of medicines for sick, lame, or distempered persons." The exemption reflects the fact that distilled spirits were still widely regarded as possessing medicinal properties. When, for example, a family ate poisonous mushrooms and were "suddenly taken sick," they availed themselves of "Geneva, which heartily purg'd and vomited them, by which Means they are all now most happily recovered . . . " When a young woman in Hackney "was taken with a violent Fit of the Cholick" her "landlady gave her a Glass of Geneva, which gave her Ease." And when a poor woman was found naked in a ditch workers in the area revived her with a glass of gin. See Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer, 17 December 1737; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 5 August 1738, p. 1; and The Proceedings at the Sessions of Peace, Oyer and Terminer, for the City of London and County of Middlesex, on Wednesday the 20th, Thursday the 21st, Friday the 22d, and Saturday the 23d of April, 1737 (London, 1737), p. 117.
    • (1737) The Proceedings at the Sessions of Peace, Oyer and Terminer, for the City of London and County of Middlesex, on Wednesday the 20th, Thursday the 21st, Friday the 22d, and Saturday the 23d of April, 1737 London , pp. 117
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    • 27 April
    • The Daily Post, 27 April 1737, p. 2.
    • (1737) The Daily Post , pp. 2
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    • 16 May
    • Two female informers, Elizabeth Beezley and Martha Sayer or Sawyer, may also have been killed in the course of a large and much-publicized riot outside Thomas De Veil's house in Westminster. The claim appears in The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 16 May 1738, p. 2, and is not corroborated elsewhere.
    • (1738) The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser , pp. 2
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    • 85033971674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CLMA, Calendar of Commitments to the Westminster House of Correction, WJ/CC/R 9, 4 October 1738.
    • CLMA, Calendar of Commitments to the Westminster House of Correction, WJ/CC/R 9, 4 October 1738.
  • 83
    • 85033971202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The indictment in CLMA, Sessions Rolls, Middlesex Quarter Sessions, MJ/SR 2696, May 1738, puts the number of participants in the last riot at 200; Justice Nicholas Blackerby, in turn, reported that there were 500 to 600 participants in the same riot, for which see PRO, PC 1/15/5, part 1, 1738.
  • 84
    • 0039093552 scopus 로고
    • Popular protest in early Hanoverian London
    • ed. Paul Slack, Past and Present Publications Cambridge
    • Nicholas Rogers, "Popular Protest in Early Hanoverian London," in Rebellion, Popular Protest and the Social Order in Early Modern England, ed. Paul Slack, Past and Present Publications (Cambridge, 1984), p. 277.
    • (1984) Rebellion, Popular Protest and the Social Order in Early Modern England , pp. 277
    • Rogers, N.1
  • 85
    • 85033967198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PRO, KB 1/6, Michaelmas, 13 Geo. 2, bundle 3, 22 November 1739
    • PRO, KB 1/6, Michaelmas, 13 Geo. 2, bundle 3, 22 November 1739.
  • 88
    • 0021620530 scopus 로고
    • Ridings, rough music and the 'Reform of popular culture' in early modern England
    • Martin Ingram, "Ridings, Rough Music and the 'Reform of Popular Culture' in Early Modern England," Past and Present 105 (1984): 92.
    • (1984) Past and Present , vol.105 , pp. 92
    • Ingram, M.1
  • 91
    • 0006019391 scopus 로고
    • 15-18 January
    • The London Evening-Post, 15-18 January 1737, p. 2. This is in fact the earliest known demonstration against the informers unleashed by the Gin Act of 1736, and in it "one Pullin, a Chairman, was carry'd in Effigy about the several Streets, Squares, & c. in the Parish of St. George Hanover-Square, for informing against a Victualler in Princess-street . . . and after the Procession was over he was fix'd upon a Chair-Pole in Hanover-Square, with a Halter about his Neck, and then a Load of Faggots placed round him, in which Manner he was burnt in the Sight of a vast Concourse of People."
    • (1737) The London Evening-Post , pp. 2
  • 97
    • 85033973264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PRO, KB 1/6, Trinity, 13-14 Geo. 2, 1739
    • PRO, KB 1/6, Trinity, 13-14 Geo. 2, 1739.
  • 98
    • 85033953793 scopus 로고
    • CLMA, Middlesex Sessions, Process Register of Indictments, MJ/SBP/14, 1734-1741; Sessions Rolls, Middlesex Quarter Sessions, MJ/SR 2684, October 1737; 17 February
    • CLMA, Middlesex Sessions, Process Register of Indictments, MJ/SBP/14, 1734-1741; Sessions Rolls, Middlesex Quarter Sessions, MJ/SR 2684, October 1737; The Grub-Street Journal, 17 February 1737, p. 2.
    • (1737) The Grub-street Journal , pp. 2
  • 99
    • 85033945089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PRO, PC 1/15/5, part 4, 3 April-12 June 1738
    • PRO, PC 1/15/5, part 4, 3 April-12 June 1738.
  • 100
    • 85033954252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PRO, Process Book. London and Middlesex, KB 15/22, 1736-1745; Court of King's Bench Crown Side. Indictment Files for London and Middlesex, KB 10/24, part 2, Easter, 11 Geo. 2, 1738
    • PRO, Process Book. London and Middlesex, KB 15/22, 1736-1745; Court of King's Bench Crown Side. Indictment Files for London and Middlesex, KB 10/24, part 2, Easter, 11 Geo. 2, 1738.
  • 101
    • 0040546985 scopus 로고
    • London
    • Malcom I. Thomis and Jennifer Grimmett, Women in Protest 1800-1850 (London, 1982), pp. 37-39; Edward P. Thompson, "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century," Past and Present 50 (1970): 115, and Customs in Common (London, 1991), p. 310.
    • (1982) Women in Protest 1800-1850 , pp. 37-39
    • Thomis, M.I.1    Grimmett, J.2
  • 102
    • 34247943652 scopus 로고
    • The moral economy of the english crowd in the eighteenth century
    • Malcom I. Thomis and Jennifer Grimmett, Women in Protest 1800-1850 (London, 1982), pp. 37-39; Edward P. Thompson, "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century," Past and Present 50 (1970): 115, and Customs in Common (London, 1991), p. 310.
    • (1970) Past and Present , vol.50 , pp. 115
    • Thompson, E.P.1
  • 103
    • 0004220967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London
    • Malcom I. Thomis and Jennifer Grimmett, Women in Protest 1800-1850 (London, 1982), pp. 37-39; Edward P. Thompson, "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century," Past and Present 50 (1970): 115, and Customs in Common (London, 1991), p. 310.
    • (1991) Customs in Common , pp. 310
  • 104
    • 0039913383 scopus 로고
    • The London "Mob" in the early eighteenth century
    • Robert B. Shoemaker, "The London "Mob" in the Early Eighteenth Century," Journal of British Studies 26, no. 3 (1987): 285; John Bohstedt, "Gender, Household and Community Politics: Women in English Riots 1790-1810," Past and Present 120 (1988): 104.
    • (1987) Journal of British Studies , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 285
    • Shoemaker, R.B.1
  • 105
    • 0346260091 scopus 로고
    • Gender, household and community politics: Women in english riots 1790-1810
    • Robert B. Shoemaker, "The London "Mob" in the Early Eighteenth Century," Journal of British Studies 26, no. 3 (1987): 285; John Bohstedt, "Gender, Household and Community Politics: Women in English Riots 1790-1810," Past and Present 120 (1988): 104.
    • (1988) Past and Present , vol.120 , pp. 104
    • Bohstedt, J.1
  • 107
    • 85033962015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CLMA, Calendar of Commitments to the Westminster House of Correction, WJ/CC/R 10, 1 April 1739
    • CLMA, Calendar of Commitments to the Westminster House of Correction, WJ/CC/R 10, 1 April 1739.
  • 108
  • 109
    • 0007537217 scopus 로고
    • Prisons for the poor: English bridewells, 1555-1800
    • ed. Francis Snyder and Douglas Hay London
    • Joanna Innes, "Prisons for the Poor: English Bridewells, 1555-1800," in Labour, Law and Crime: a Historical Perspective, ed. Francis Snyder and Douglas Hay (London, 1987), p. 100.
    • (1987) Labour, Law and Crime: A Historical Perspective , pp. 100
    • Innes, J.1
  • 110
    • 85033954307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CLMA, Sessions Rolls, Middlesex Quarter Sessions, MJ/SR 2684, October 1737
    • CLMA, Sessions Rolls, Middlesex Quarter Sessions, MJ/SR 2684, October 1737.
  • 116
    • 0040871852 scopus 로고
    • 12 November
    • Earlier requests for mitigation would appear to have been rejected. Thus according to The Daily Post, 12 November 1736, p. 1, "The Commissioners of Excise were not more troubled with Informations against such Persons who acted contrary to the late Act of Parliament prohibiting the Retail of Spirituous Liquors, than they are now with the Solicitations of the Friends of the Delinquents for a Mitigation, but their Honours stick close to the Letter of the Act . . . " In November of 1736, it was again reported that "several Persons who had been convicted before the Commissioners of Excise, petition'd to have their Fines mitigated, but had no Relief." See The London Evening-Post, 6-9 November 1736, p. 2. For their part, the justices of the peace would appear to have interpreted the Act as precluding them from exercising any discretion in sentencing offenders. An amendment to the Gin Act of 1743 explicitly allowed both commissioners and justices to mitigate fines, for which see PRO, CUST, 48/13, 1733-1745, pp. 445-446, and Danby Pickering, ed., The Statutes at Large, vol. 18 (Cambridge, 1765), 17 Geo. 2. c.17, sect. 16.
    • (1736) The Daily Post , pp. 1
  • 117
    • 0040277605 scopus 로고
    • 6-9 November
    • Earlier requests for mitigation would appear to have been rejected. Thus according to The Daily Post, 12 November 1736, p. 1, "The Commissioners of Excise were not more troubled with Informations against such Persons who acted contrary to the late Act of Parliament prohibiting the Retail of Spirituous Liquors, than they are now with the Solicitations of the Friends of the Delinquents for a Mitigation, but their Honours stick close to the Letter of the Act . . . " In November of 1736, it was again reported that "several Persons who had been convicted before the Commissioners of Excise, petition'd to have their Fines mitigated, but had no Relief." See The London Evening-Post, 6-9 November 1736, p. 2. For their part, the justices of the peace would appear to have interpreted the Act as precluding them from exercising any discretion in sentencing offenders. An amendment to the Gin Act of 1743 explicitly allowed both commissioners and justices to mitigate fines, for which see PRO, CUST, 48/13, 1733-1745, pp. 445-446, and Danby Pickering, ed., The Statutes at Large, vol. 18 (Cambridge, 1765), 17 Geo. 2. c.17, sect. 16.
    • (1736) The London Evening-Post , pp. 2
  • 118
    • 0040871870 scopus 로고
    • Earlier requests for mitigation would appear to have been rejected. Thus according to The Daily Post, 12 November 1736, p. 1, "The Commissioners of Excise were not more troubled with Informations against such Persons who acted contrary to the late Act of Parliament prohibiting the Retail of Spirituous Liquors, than they are now with the Solicitations of the Friends of the Delinquents for a Mitigation, but their Honours stick close to the Letter of the Act . . . " In November of 1736, it was again reported that "several Persons who had been convicted before the Commissioners of Excise, petition'd to have their Fines mitigated, but had no Relief." See The London Evening-Post, 6-9 November 1736, p. 2. For their part, the justices of the peace would appear to have interpreted the Act as precluding them from exercising any discretion in sentencing offenders. An amendment to the Gin Act of 1743 explicitly allowed both commissioners and justices to mitigate fines, for which see PRO, CUST, 48/13, 1733-1745, pp. 445-446, and Danby Pickering, ed., The Statutes at Large, vol. 18 (Cambridge, 1765), 17 Geo. 2. c.17, sect. 16.
    • (1733) CUST , vol.48 , Issue.13 , pp. 445-446
  • 119
    • 85037433055 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, Geo. 2. c.17, sect. 16
    • Earlier requests for mitigation would appear to have been rejected. Thus according to The Daily Post, 12 November 1736, p. 1, "The Commissioners of Excise were not more troubled with Informations against such Persons who acted contrary to the late Act of Parliament prohibiting the Retail of Spirituous Liquors, than they are now with the Solicitations of the Friends of the Delinquents for a Mitigation, but their Honours stick close to the Letter of the Act . . . " In November of 1736, it was again reported that "several Persons who had been convicted before the Commissioners of Excise, petition'd to have their Fines mitigated, but had no Relief." See The London Evening-Post, 6-9 November 1736, p. 2. For their part, the justices of the peace would appear to have interpreted the Act as precluding them from exercising any discretion in sentencing offenders. An amendment to the Gin Act of 1743 explicitly allowed both commissioners and justices to mitigate fines, for which see PRO, CUST, 48/13, 1733-1745, pp. 445-446, and Danby Pickering, ed., The Statutes at Large, vol. 18 (Cambridge, 1765), 17 Geo. 2. c.17, sect. 16.
    • (1765) The Statutes at Large , vol.18 , pp. 17
    • Pickering, D.1
  • 120
    • 0039093545 scopus 로고
    • Excise board's minutes, 13 July 1737 to 13 January 1737
    • Wealthier defendants were fined at proportionately higher rates, typically in the range of £20 to £40; like their poorer brethren, they were expected to promise "not to offend in future." See PRO, Excise Board's Minutes, 13 July 1737 to 13 January 1737, CUST 47/167, 1737, pp. 116-117; 156-158.
    • (1737) CUST , vol.47 , Issue.167 , pp. 116-117
  • 121
    • 85033970426 scopus 로고
    • 17 December
    • Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer, 17 December 1737; The London Magazine or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer 1737, p. 333; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 24 June 1737, p. 3.
    • (1737) Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer
  • 122
  • 123
    • 0039685855 scopus 로고
    • 24 June
    • Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer, 17 December 1737; The London Magazine or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer 1737, p. 333; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 24 June 1737, p. 3.
    • (1737) The Old Whig: Or, the Consistent Protestant , pp. 3
  • 124
    • 0039685735 scopus 로고
    • Excise board's minutes, 13 July 1737 to 13 January 1737
    • PRO, Excise Board's Minutes, 13 July 1737 to 13 January 1737, CUST 47/167, 1737, pp. 47-48; 128; 7 November 1738 to 16 April 1739, CUST 47/170, 1738-1739, p. 18
    • (1737) CUST , vol.47 , Issue.167 , pp. 47-48
  • 125
    • 85033953622 scopus 로고
    • 7 November 1738 to 16 April 1739
    • PRO, Excise Board's Minutes, 13 July 1737 to 13 January 1737, CUST 47/167, 1737, pp. 47-48; 128; 7 November 1738 to 16 April 1739, CUST 47/170, 1738-1739, p. 18
    • (1738) CUST , vol.47 , Issue.170 , pp. 18
  • 126
    • 85033964663 scopus 로고
    • 17 February
    • The Grub-Street Journal, 17 February 1737, p. 2; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 16 February 1738, p. 3; Read's Weely Journal, or, British-Gazetteer, 7 July 1739, p. 3. The number of individuals benefitting from the commissioners' largesse would appear to have declined sharply over the same period; the decline probably reflects the Board's efforts to discourage spurious or unseemly prosecutions by professional informers, although this cannot be stated with absolute certainty in the absence of records detailing who was prosecuted when before the commissioners of Excise.
    • (1737) The Grub-street Journal , pp. 2
  • 127
    • 0039685755 scopus 로고
    • 16 February
    • The Grub-Street Journal, 17 February 1737, p. 2; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 16 February 1738, p. 3; Read's Weely Journal, or, British-Gazetteer, 7 July 1739, p. 3. The number of individuals benefitting from the commissioners' largesse would appear to have declined sharply over the same period; the decline probably reflects the Board's efforts to discourage spurious or unseemly prosecutions by professional informers, although this cannot be stated with absolute certainty in the absence of records detailing who was prosecuted when before the commissioners of Excise.
    • (1738) The Old Whig: Or, the Consistent Protestant , pp. 3
  • 128
    • 0039685742 scopus 로고
    • 7 July
    • The Grub-Street Journal, 17 February 1737, p. 2; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 16 February 1738, p. 3; Read's Weely Journal, or, British-Gazetteer, 7 July 1739, p. 3. The number of individuals benefitting from the commissioners' largesse would appear to have declined sharply over the same period; the decline probably reflects the Board's efforts to discourage spurious or unseemly prosecutions by professional informers, although this cannot be stated with absolute certainty in the absence of records detailing who was prosecuted when before the commissioners of Excise.
    • (1739) Read's Weely Journal, or, British-Gazetteer , pp. 3
  • 131
    • 84972434227 scopus 로고
    • The 'Mother gin' controversy in the early eighteenth century
    • Peter Clark, "The 'Mother Gin' Controversy in the Early Eighteenth Century," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 38 (1988): 77. In 1743, the commissioners' advice was sought, as is recorded in PRO, CUST, 48/13, 1733-1745, p. 398, and in Journals of the House of Commons, vol. 24 (London: 1803), p. 368. The commissioners also reviewed a draft of the Gin Act of 1751, for which see PRO, General Out-letters of the Treasury, T 27/27, 1751-1759, p. 9.
    • (1988) Transactions of the Royal Historical Society , vol.38 , pp. 77
    • Clark, P.1
  • 132
    • 84972434227 scopus 로고
    • Peter Clark, "The 'Mother Gin' Controversy in the Early Eighteenth Century," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 38 (1988): 77. In 1743, the commissioners' advice was sought, as is recorded in PRO, CUST, 48/13, 1733-1745, p. 398, and in Journals of the House of Commons, vol. 24 (London: 1803), p. 368. The commissioners also reviewed a draft of the Gin Act of 1751, for which see PRO, General Out-letters of the Treasury, T 27/27, 1751-1759, p. 9.
    • (1733) CUST , vol.48 , Issue.13 , pp. 398
  • 133
    • 84972434227 scopus 로고
    • London
    • Peter Clark, "The 'Mother Gin' Controversy in the Early Eighteenth Century," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 38 (1988): 77. In 1743, the commissioners' advice was sought, as is recorded in PRO, CUST, 48/13, 1733-1745, p. 398, and in Journals of the House of Commons, vol. 24 (London: 1803), p. 368. The commissioners also reviewed a draft of the Gin Act of 1751, for which see PRO, General Out-letters of the Treasury, T 27/27, 1751-1759, p. 9.
    • (1803) Journals of the House of Commons , vol.24 , pp. 368
  • 134
    • 84972434227 scopus 로고
    • Peter Clark, "The 'Mother Gin' Controversy in the Early Eighteenth Century," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 38 (1988): 77. In 1743, the commissioners' advice was sought, as is recorded in PRO, CUST, 48/13, 1733-1745, p. 398, and in Journals of the House of Commons, vol. 24 (London: 1803), p. 368. The commissioners also reviewed a draft of the Gin Act of 1751, for which see PRO, General Out-letters of the Treasury, T 27/27, 1751-1759, p. 9.
    • (1751) General Out-letters of the Treasury, T , vol.27 , Issue.27 , pp. 9
  • 136
    • 0040871852 scopus 로고
    • 12 November
    • The Daily Post, 12 November 1736, p. 1.
    • (1736) The Daily Post , pp. 1
  • 138
    • 0040871852 scopus 로고
    • 9 October
    • The Daily Post, 9 October 1736, p. 1; The Daily Journal, 14 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The Daily Post, 12 November 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 22 October 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 27 October 1736, p. 1; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2.
    • (1736) The Daily Post , pp. 1
  • 139
    • 85033967212 scopus 로고
    • 14 October
    • The Daily Post, 9 October 1736, p. 1; The Daily Journal, 14 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The Daily Post, 12 November 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 22 October 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 27 October 1736, p. 1; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2.
    • (1736) The Daily Journal , pp. 2
  • 140
    • 0040277540 scopus 로고
    • 15 December
    • The Daily Post, 9 October 1736, p. 1; The Daily Journal, 14 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The Daily Post, 12 November 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 22 October 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 27 October 1736, p. 1; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2.
    • (1736) The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser , pp. 2
  • 141
    • 0039685855 scopus 로고
    • 21 October
    • The Daily Post, 9 October 1736, p. 1; The Daily Journal, 14 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The Daily Post, 12 November 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 22 October 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 27 October 1736, p. 1; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2.
    • (1736) The Old Whig: Or, the Consistent Protestant , pp. 2
  • 142
    • 0040871852 scopus 로고
    • 12 November
    • The Daily Post, 9 October 1736, p. 1; The Daily Journal, 14 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The Daily Post, 12 November 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 22 October 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 27 October 1736, p. 1; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2.
    • (1736) The Daily Post , pp. 1
  • 143
    • 0040277540 scopus 로고
    • 22 October
    • The Daily Post, 9 October 1736, p. 1; The Daily Journal, 14 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The Daily Post, 12 November 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 22 October 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 27 October 1736, p. 1; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2.
    • (1736) The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser , pp. 1
  • 144
    • 0040277540 scopus 로고
    • 27 October
    • The Daily Post, 9 October 1736, p. 1; The Daily Journal, 14 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The Daily Post, 12 November 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 22 October 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 27 October 1736, p. 1; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2.
    • (1736) The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser , pp. 1
  • 145
    • 0039685855 scopus 로고
    • 21 October
    • The Daily Post, 9 October 1736, p. 1; The Daily Journal, 14 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The Daily Post, 12 November 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 22 October 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 27 October 1736, p. 1; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2.
    • (1736) The Old Whig: Or, the Consistent Protestant , pp. 2
  • 146
    • 0040277540 scopus 로고
    • 15 December
    • The Daily Post, 9 October 1736, p. 1; The Daily Journal, 14 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The Daily Post, 12 November 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 22 October 1736, p. 1; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 27 October 1736, p. 1; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 21 October 1736, p. 2; The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 15 December 1736, p. 2.
    • (1736) The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser , pp. 2
  • 147
    • 85033972216 scopus 로고
    • Parish of St. James, Piccadilly
    • In the parish of St. James Piccadilly, for example, the vestry ordered "That every Bedel in his respective Ward . . . shall take an Account of all Geneva Shops and night houses who suffer tipling in their houses after the Watch is set and shall give such Account in writing on the first Monday in every month to one of the Churchwardens for the time being in order to his laying the same before the next Vestry that it may be recommended to the Justices of the Peace to hinder the renewal of their Licenses and that the Bedels forthwith Acquaint the persons who suffer tipling in their houses in their respective wards with this order." See CWAC, Vestry Minute Book, Parish of St. James, Piccadilly, D1759, 1712-1736, p. 420. Fot its part, the vestry of St. James Clerkenwell was at great pains to keep gin and other distilled spirits out of the local workhouse, as is recorded in the minutes for 16 May 1727, Finsbury Library, Archives Department, St James Clerkenwell Vestry Minutes 1725-1775, 1725-1775, pp. 25-26. By 1751, the urban vestries were again active participants in the campaign to limit sales of distilled spirits, with the vestrymen of the Westminster parishes of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, St. George Hanover Square, St. Margaret, St. John the Evangelist, and St. Paul Covent Garden adding their names to petitions in favor of new and more restrictive legislation. See Journals of the House of Commons, vol. 26 (London: 1803), pp. 77; 94; 106. In the second half of the century, the vestries were especially active in regulating public houses, as noted by Webb and Webb, The History of Liquor Licensing in England, pp. 62-64; 74-76.
    • (1712) Vestry Minute Book , vol.D1759 , pp. 420
  • 148
    • 0040277524 scopus 로고
    • In the parish of St. James Piccadilly, for example, the vestry ordered "That every Bedel in his respective Ward . . . shall take an Account of all Geneva Shops and night houses who suffer tipling in their houses after the Watch is set and shall give such Account in writing on the first Monday in every month to one of the Churchwardens for the time being in order to his laying the same before the next Vestry that it may be recommended to the Justices of the Peace to hinder the renewal of their Licenses and that the Bedels forthwith Acquaint the persons who suffer tipling in their houses in their respective wards with this order." See CWAC, Vestry Minute Book, Parish of St. James, Piccadilly, D1759, 1712-1736, p. 420. Fot its part, the vestry of St. James Clerkenwell was at great pains to keep gin and other distilled spirits out of the local workhouse, as is recorded in the minutes for 16 May 1727, Finsbury Library, Archives Department, St James Clerkenwell Vestry Minutes 1725-1775, 1725-1775, pp. 25-26. By 1751, the urban vestries were again active participants in the campaign to limit sales of distilled spirits, with the vestrymen of the Westminster parishes of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, St. George Hanover Square, St. Margaret, St. John the Evangelist, and St. Paul Covent Garden adding their names to petitions in favor of new and more restrictive legislation. See Journals of the House of Commons, vol. 26 (London: 1803), pp. 77; 94; 106. In the second half of the century, the vestries were especially active in regulating public houses, as noted by Webb and Webb, The History of Liquor Licensing in England, pp. 62-64; 74-76.
    • (1725) St James Clerkenwell Vestry Minutes 1725-1775 , pp. 25-26
  • 149
    • 0039685747 scopus 로고
    • London
    • In the parish of St. James Piccadilly, for example, the vestry ordered "That every Bedel in his respective Ward . . . shall take an Account of all Geneva Shops and night houses who suffer tipling in their houses after the Watch is set and shall give such Account in writing on the first Monday in every month to one of the Churchwardens for the time being in order to his laying the same before the next Vestry that it may be recommended to the Justices of the Peace to hinder the renewal of their Licenses and that the Bedels forthwith Acquaint the persons who suffer tipling in their houses in their respective wards with this order." See CWAC, Vestry Minute Book, Parish of St. James, Piccadilly, D1759, 1712-1736, p. 420. Fot its part, the vestry of St. James Clerkenwell was at great pains to keep gin and other distilled spirits out of the local workhouse, as is recorded in the minutes for 16 May 1727, Finsbury Library, Archives Department, St James Clerkenwell Vestry Minutes 1725-1775, 1725-1775, pp. 25-26. By 1751, the urban vestries were again active participants in the campaign to limit sales of distilled spirits, with the vestrymen of the Westminster parishes of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, St. George Hanover Square, St. Margaret, St. John the Evangelist, and St. Paul Covent Garden adding their names to petitions in favor of new and more restrictive legislation. See Journals of the House of Commons, vol. 26 (London: 1803), pp. 77; 94; 106. In the second half of the century, the vestries were especially active in regulating public houses, as noted by Webb and Webb, The History of Liquor Licensing in England, pp. 62-64; 74-76.
    • (1803) Journals of the House of Commons , vol.26 , pp. 77
  • 150
    • 0039093624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the parish of St. James Piccadilly, for example, the vestry ordered "That every Bedel in his respective Ward . . . shall take an Account of all Geneva Shops and night houses who suffer tipling in their houses after the Watch is set and shall give such Account in writing on the first Monday in every month to one of the Churchwardens for the time being in order to his laying the same before the next Vestry that it may be recommended to the Justices of the Peace to hinder the renewal of their Licenses and that the Bedels forthwith Acquaint the persons who suffer tipling in their houses in their respective wards with this order." See CWAC, Vestry Minute Book, Parish of St. James, Piccadilly, D1759, 1712-1736, p. 420. Fot its part, the vestry of St. James Clerkenwell was at great pains to keep gin and other distilled spirits out of the local workhouse, as is recorded in the minutes for 16 May 1727, Finsbury Library, Archives Department, St James Clerkenwell Vestry Minutes 1725-1775, 1725-1775, pp. 25-26. By 1751, the urban vestries were again active participants in the campaign to limit sales of distilled spirits, with the vestrymen of the Westminster parishes of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, St. George Hanover Square, St. Margaret, St. John the Evangelist, and St. Paul Covent Garden adding their names to petitions in favor of new and more restrictive legislation. See Journals of the House of Commons, vol. 26 (London: 1803), pp. 77; 94; 106. In the second half of the century, the vestries were especially active in regulating public houses, as noted by Webb and Webb, The History of Liquor Licensing in England, pp. 62-64; 74-76.
    • The History of Liquor Licensing in England , pp. 62-64
    • Webb1    Webb2
  • 153
    • 84903022253 scopus 로고
    • 18 August
    • Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer, 5 August 1738, p. 3; Richard Hooker, The Weekly Miscellany, 18 August 1738, p. 3.
    • (1738) The Weekly Miscellany , pp. 3
    • Hooker, R.1
  • 154
    • 85033972487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PRO, KB 1/6, Trinity, 13-14 Geo. 2, 1739
    • PRO, KB 1/6, Trinity, 13-14 Geo. 2, 1739.
  • 155
    • 85033968929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PRO, KB 1/6, Michaelmas, 13 Geo. 2, bundle 3, 22 November 1739
    • PRO, KB 1/6, Michaelmas, 13 Geo. 2, bundle 3, 22 November 1739.
  • 157
    • 85033949545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • British Library, Hardwicke Papers, Additional MS. 35600, 1733-1741, folio 105 recto. Reference courtesy of Professor Norma Landau
    • British Library, Hardwicke Papers, Additional MS. 35600, 1733-1741, folio 105 recto. Reference courtesy of Professor Norma Landau.
  • 158
    • 85033967894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rogers, "Popular Protest in Early Hanoverian London," p. 281; Joyce Ellis, "Urban Conflict and Popular Violence. The Guildhall Riots of 1740 in Newcastle upon Tyne," International Review of Social History 25, no. 3 (1980): 346; Robert B. Shoemaker, "The London 'Mob' in the Early Eighteenth Century," Journal of British Studies 26, no. 3 (1987): 277; 295-296; Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 326.
    • Popular Protest in Early Hanoverian London , pp. 281
    • Rogers1
  • 159
    • 84972487440 scopus 로고
    • Urban conflict and popular violence. The guildhall riots of 1740 in Newcastle upon Tyne
    • Rogers, "Popular Protest in Early Hanoverian London," p. 281; Joyce Ellis, "Urban Conflict and Popular Violence. The Guildhall Riots of 1740 in Newcastle upon Tyne," International Review of Social History 25, no. 3 (1980): 346; Robert B. Shoemaker, "The London 'Mob' in the Early Eighteenth Century," Journal of British Studies 26, no. 3 (1987): 277; 295-296; Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 326.
    • (1980) International Review of Social History , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 346
    • Ellis, J.1
  • 160
    • 0039913383 scopus 로고
    • The London 'Mob' in the early eighteenth century
    • Rogers, "Popular Protest in Early Hanoverian London," p. 281; Joyce Ellis, "Urban Conflict and Popular Violence. The Guildhall Riots of 1740 in Newcastle upon Tyne," International Review of Social History 25, no. 3 (1980): 346; Robert B. Shoemaker, "The London 'Mob' in the Early Eighteenth Century," Journal of British Studies 26, no. 3 (1987): 277; 295-296; Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 326.
    • (1987) Journal of British Studies , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 277
    • Shoemaker, R.B.1
  • 161
    • 0004220967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rogers, "Popular Protest in Early Hanoverian London," p. 281; Joyce Ellis, "Urban Conflict and Popular Violence. The Guildhall Riots of 1740 in Newcastle upon Tyne," International Review of Social History 25, no. 3 (1980): 346; Robert B. Shoemaker, "The London 'Mob' in the Early Eighteenth Century," Journal of British Studies 26, no. 3 (1987): 277; 295-296; Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 326.
    • Customs in Common , pp. 326
    • Thompson1
  • 163
    • 0040277531 scopus 로고
    • 11 May
    • The Daily Gazetteer, 11 May 1738, p. 2.; The Old Whig: or, the Consistent Protestant, 16 February 1738, p. 3.
    • (1738) The Daily Gazetteer , pp. 2
  • 165
    • 85033971922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PRO, Court of King's Bench Crown Side. Indictment Files for London and Middle" sex, KB 10/23, part 2, Hillary, 11 Geo. 2, 1737
    • PRO, Court of King's Bench Crown Side. Indictment Files for London and Middle" sex, KB 10/23, part 2, Hillary, 11 Geo. 2, 1737.
  • 169
    • 0040277531 scopus 로고
    • 11 May
    • The Daily Gazetteer, 11 May 1738, p. 2; De Veil, Memoirs, (London, 1748), p. 42.
    • (1738) The Daily Gazetteer , pp. 2
  • 170
    • 0039685754 scopus 로고
    • London
    • The Daily Gazetteer, 11 May 1738, p. 2; De Veil, Memoirs, (London, 1748), p. 42.
    • (1748) Memoirs , pp. 42
    • De Veil1
  • 172
    • 85033972170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PRO, PC 1/15/5, part 1, 1738
    • PRO, PC 1/15/5, part 1, 1738.
  • 174
    • 0039913389 scopus 로고
    • Berkeley
    • Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb, The Parish and the County, English Local Government (London, 1963), pp. 324-331; Norma Landau, The Justices of the Peace, 1679-1760 (Berkeley, 1986), pp. 202-203.
    • (1986) The Justices of the Peace, 1679-1760 , pp. 202-203
    • Landau, N.1
  • 176
    • 85033969384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PRO, Pye Book. London and Middlesex, IND 1/6672
    • PRO, Pye Book. London and Middlesex, IND 1/6672.
  • 181
    • 0040871964 scopus 로고
    • 27 July
    • The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 27 July 1738, p. 1; Richard Hooker, The Weekly Miscellany, 28 July 1738, pp. 2-3; Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer, 29 July 1738, p. 4; The Gentleman's Magazine; or, Monthly Intelligencer, July 1738, p. 379; The London Magazine; or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer, August 1738, p. 411. The number of individuals reportedly convicted by the commissioners of Excise cannot be reconciled with the much smaller number recorded by the commissioners themselves, and is probably inflated, as noted by Lee Davison, "Experiments in the Social Regulation of Industry: Gin Legislation, 1729-1751," in Stilling the Grumbling Hive. The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750, ed. Lee Davison, et al. (New York, 1992), pp. 36-37. According to PRO, CUST 48/13, 1733-1745, p. 397, and Treasury Papers, T 1/309, October-December 1742, entry 128, the commissioners convicted about 900 retailers during the same period of time, and convicted 1,642 retailers over the lifetime of the Act.
    • (1738) The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser , pp. 1
  • 182
    • 84903022253 scopus 로고
    • 28 July
    • The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 27 July 1738, p. 1; Richard Hooker, The Weekly Miscellany, 28 July 1738, pp. 2-3; Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer, 29 July 1738, p. 4; The Gentleman's Magazine; or, Monthly Intelligencer, July 1738, p. 379; The London Magazine; or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer, August 1738, p. 411. The number of individuals reportedly convicted by the commissioners of Excise cannot be reconciled with the much smaller number recorded by the commissioners themselves, and is probably inflated, as noted by Lee Davison, "Experiments in the Social Regulation of Industry: Gin Legislation, 1729-1751," in Stilling the Grumbling Hive. The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750, ed. Lee Davison, et al. (New York, 1992), pp. 36-37. According to PRO, CUST 48/13, 1733-1745, p. 397, and Treasury Papers, T 1/309, October-December 1742, entry 128, the commissioners convicted about 900 retailers during the same period of time, and convicted 1,642 retailers over the lifetime of the Act.
    • (1738) The Weekly Miscellany , pp. 2-3
    • Hooker, R.1
  • 183
    • 85033948115 scopus 로고
    • 29 July
    • The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 27 July 1738, p. 1; Richard Hooker, The Weekly Miscellany, 28 July 1738, pp. 2-3; Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer, 29 July 1738, p. 4; The Gentleman's Magazine; or, Monthly Intelligencer, July 1738, p. 379; The London Magazine; or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer, August 1738, p. 411. The number of individuals reportedly convicted by the commissioners of Excise cannot be reconciled with the much smaller number recorded by the commissioners themselves, and is probably inflated, as noted by Lee Davison, "Experiments in the Social Regulation of Industry: Gin Legislation, 1729-1751," in Stilling the Grumbling Hive. The Response to Social and Economic Problems in
    • (1738) Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer , pp. 4
  • 184
    • 0039093548 scopus 로고
    • July
    • The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 27 July 1738, p. 1; Richard Hooker, The Weekly Miscellany, 28 July 1738, pp. 2-3; Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer, 29 July 1738, p. 4; The Gentleman's Magazine; or, Monthly Intelligencer, July 1738, p. 379; The London Magazine; or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer, August 1738, p. 411. The number of individuals reportedly convicted by the commissioners of Excise cannot be reconciled with the much smaller number recorded by the commissioners themselves, and is probably inflated, as noted by Lee Davison, "Experiments in the Social Regulation of Industry: Gin Legislation, 1729-1751," in Stilling the Grumbling Hive. The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750, ed. Lee Davison, et al. (New York, 1992), pp. 36-37. According to PRO, CUST 48/13, 1733-1745, p. 397, and Treasury Papers, T 1/309, October-December 1742, entry 128, the commissioners convicted about 900 retailers during the same period of time, and convicted 1,642 retailers over the lifetime of the Act.
    • (1738) The Gentleman's Magazine; or, Monthly Intelligencer , pp. 379
  • 185
    • 0039093542 scopus 로고
    • August
    • The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 27 July 1738, p. 1; Richard Hooker, The Weekly Miscellany, 28 July 1738, pp. 2-3; Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer, 29 July 1738, p. 4; The Gentleman's Magazine; or, Monthly Intelligencer, July 1738, p. 379; The London Magazine; or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer, August 1738, p. 411. The number of individuals reportedly convicted by the commissioners of Excise cannot be reconciled with the much smaller number recorded by the commissioners themselves, and is probably inflated, as noted by Lee Davison, "Experiments in the Social Regulation of Industry: Gin Legislation, 1729-1751," in Stilling the Grumbling Hive. The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750, ed. Lee Davison, et al. (New York, 1992), pp. 36-37. According to PRO, CUST 48/13, 1733-1745, p. 397, and Treasury Papers, T 1/309, October-December 1742, entry 128, the commissioners convicted about 900 retailers during the same period of time, and convicted 1,642 retailers over the lifetime of the Act.
    • (1738) The London Magazine; or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer , pp. 411
  • 186
    • 0040871872 scopus 로고
    • Experiments in the social regulation of industry: Gin legislation, 1729-1751
    • ed. Lee Davison, et al. New York
    • The London Daily Post, and General Advertiser, 27 July 1738, p. 1; Richard Hooker, The Weekly Miscellany, 28 July 1738, pp. 2-3; Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer, 29 July 1738, p. 4; The Gentleman's Magazine; or, Monthly Intelligencer, July 1738, p. 379; The London Magazine; or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer, August 1738, p. 411. The number of individuals reportedly convicted by the commissioners of Excise cannot be reconciled with the much smaller number recorded by the commissioners themselves, and is probably inflated, as noted by Lee Davison, "Experiments in the Social Regulation of Industry: Gin Legislation, 1729-1751," in Stilling the Grumbling Hive. The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750, ed. Lee Davison, et al. (New York, 1992), pp. 36-37. According to PRO, CUST 48/13, 1733-1745, p. 397, and Treasury Papers, T 1/309, October-December 1742, entry 128, the commissioners convicted about 900 retailers during the same period of time, and convicted 1,642 retailers over the lifetime of the Act.
    • (1992) Stilling the Grumbling Hive. The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750 , pp. 36-37
    • Davison, L.1
  • 188
    • 0039093538 scopus 로고
    • CLRO, Repertories, 1737-1738, p. 267.
    • (1737) Repertories , pp. 267
  • 189
    • 85033965756 scopus 로고
    • PRO, PC 1/15/5, part 1, 1738; PC 1/15/5, part 3, 3 April-7 June 1738; PC 1/15/5, part 4, 3 April-12 June 1738; 29 July
    • PRO, PC 1/15/5, part 1, 1738; PC 1/15/5, part 3, 3 April-7 June 1738; PC 1/15/5, part 4, 3 April-12 June 1738; Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer, 29 July 1738, p.
    • (1738) Read's Weekly Journal, or, British-Gazetteer , pp. 2
  • 190
    • 85033943142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Our sample of retailers includes 14 shipwrights, one sailmaker, 12 rope-makers, two riggers, and 23 carpenters, in addition to 27 mariners and five soldiers.
  • 194
    • 0040871871 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • M. Dorothy George, London Life in the 18th Century, second ed. (New York, 1965), p. 182; John M. Beattie, "The Criminality of Women in Eighteenth-century England," Journal of Social History 8 (1975): 103; John M. Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800 (Princeton, 1986), pp. 230-231.
    • (1965) London Life in the 18th Century, Second Ed. , pp. 182
    • George, M.D.1
  • 195
    • 84925900307 scopus 로고
    • The criminality of women in eighteenth-century England
    • M. Dorothy George, London Life in the 18th Century, second ed. (New York, 1965), p. 182; John M. Beattie, "The Criminality of Women in Eighteenth-century England," Journal of Social History 8 (1975): 103; John M. Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800 (Princeton, 1986), pp. 230-231.
    • (1975) Journal of Social History , vol.8 , pp. 103
    • Beattie, J.M.1
  • 196
    • 0003459465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Princeton
    • M. Dorothy George, London Life in the 18th Century, second ed. (New York, 1965), p. 182; John M. Beattie, "The Criminality of Women in Eighteenth-century England," Journal of Social History 8 (1975): 103; John M. Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800 (Princeton, 1986), pp. 230-231.
    • (1986) Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800 , pp. 230-231
    • Beattie, J.M.1


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