The Chicago newspaper scene: An ecological perspective

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 74, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 490-500

  Bekken, Jon ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0040833309     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909707400304     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. See, for example, Lloyd Wendt, Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1979); Frank Waldrop, McCormick of Chicago (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1966); Royal Schmidt, "The Chicago Daily News and Illinois Politics, 1876-1920" (PhD. diss., University of Chicago, 1957); Charles Dennis, Victor Lawson: His Time and His Work (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935); Robert Tree, "Victor Fremont Lawson and His Newspapers" (PhD. diss., Northwestern University, 1959); A.A. Dornfeld, Behind the Front Page: The Story of the City News Bureau of Chicago (Chicago: Academy, 1983); Walter Ewert, "The History of the Chicago Inter-Ocean" (master's thesis, Northwestern University, 1940); J.J. McPhail, Deadlines and Monkeyshines (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1962). The newspaper wars are discussed in many of these (especially Wendt, 353), and in such standard surveys as John Tebbel's Compact History of the American Newspaper (NY: Hawthorn, 1969), 227.
2. See, for example, Lloyd Wendt, Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1979); Frank Waldrop, McCormick of Chicago (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1966); Royal Schmidt, "The Chicago Daily News and Illinois Politics, 1876-1920" (PhD. diss., University of Chicago, 1957); Charles Dennis, Victor Lawson: His Time and His Work (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935); Robert Tree, "Victor Fremont Lawson and His Newspapers" (PhD. diss., Northwestern University, 1959); A.A. Dornfeld, Behind the Front Page: The Story of the City News Bureau of Chicago (Chicago: Academy, 1983); Walter Ewert, "The History of the Chicago Inter-Ocean" (master's thesis, Northwestern University, 1940); J.J. McPhail, Deadlines and Monkeyshines (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1962). The newspaper wars are discussed in many of these (especially Wendt, 353), and in such standard surveys as John Tebbel's Compact History of the American Newspaper (NY: Hawthorn, 1969), 227.
3. See, for example, Lloyd Wendt, Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1979); Frank Waldrop, McCormick of Chicago (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1966); Royal Schmidt, "The Chicago Daily News and Illinois Politics, 1876-1920" (PhD. diss., University of Chicago, 1957); Charles Dennis, Victor Lawson: His Time and His Work (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935); Robert Tree, "Victor Fremont Lawson and His Newspapers" (PhD. diss., Northwestern University, 1959); A.A. Dornfeld, Behind the Front Page: The Story of the City News Bureau of Chicago (Chicago: Academy, 1983); Walter Ewert, "The History of the Chicago Inter-Ocean" (master's thesis, Northwestern University, 1940); J.J. McPhail, Deadlines and Monkeyshines (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1962). The newspaper wars are discussed in many of these (especially Wendt, 353), and in such standard surveys as John Tebbel's Compact History of the American Newspaper (NY: Hawthorn, 1969), 227.
4. See, for example, Lloyd Wendt, Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1979); Frank Waldrop, McCormick of Chicago (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1966); Royal Schmidt, "The Chicago Daily News and Illinois Politics, 1876-1920" (PhD. diss., University of Chicago, 1957); Charles Dennis, Victor Lawson: His Time and His Work (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935); Robert Tree, "Victor Fremont Lawson and His Newspapers" (PhD. diss., Northwestern University, 1959); A.A. Dornfeld, Behind the Front Page: The Story of the City News Bureau of Chicago (Chicago: Academy, 1983); Walter Ewert, "The History of the Chicago Inter-Ocean" (master's thesis, Northwestern University, 1940); J.J. McPhail, Deadlines and Monkeyshines (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1962). The newspaper wars are discussed in many of these (especially Wendt, 353), and in such standard surveys as John Tebbel's Compact History of the American Newspaper (NY: Hawthorn, 1969), 227.
5. See, for example, Lloyd Wendt, Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1979); Frank Waldrop, McCormick of Chicago (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1966); Royal Schmidt, "The Chicago Daily News and Illinois Politics, 1876-1920" (PhD. diss., University of Chicago, 1957); Charles Dennis, Victor Lawson: His Time and His Work (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935); Robert Tree, "Victor Fremont Lawson and His Newspapers" (PhD. diss., Northwestern University, 1959); A.A. Dornfeld, Behind the Front Page: The Story of the City News Bureau of Chicago (Chicago: Academy, 1983); Walter Ewert, "The History of the Chicago Inter-Ocean" (master's thesis, Northwestern University, 1940); J.J. McPhail, Deadlines and Monkeyshines (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1962). The newspaper wars are discussed in many of these (especially Wendt, 353), and in such standard surveys as John Tebbel's Compact History of the American Newspaper (NY: Hawthorn, 1969), 227.
6. See, for example, Lloyd Wendt, Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1979); Frank Waldrop, McCormick of Chicago (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1966); Royal Schmidt, "The Chicago Daily News and Illinois Politics, 1876-1920" (PhD. diss., University of Chicago, 1957); Charles Dennis, Victor Lawson: His Time and His Work (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935); Robert Tree, "Victor Fremont Lawson and His Newspapers" (PhD. diss., Northwestern University, 1959); A.A. Dornfeld, Behind the Front Page: The Story of the City News Bureau of Chicago (Chicago: Academy, 1983); Walter Ewert, "The History of the Chicago Inter-Ocean" (master's thesis, Northwestern University, 1940); J.J. McPhail, Deadlines and Monkeyshines (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1962). The newspaper wars are discussed in many of these (especially Wendt, 353), and in such standard surveys as John Tebbel's Compact History of the American Newspaper (NY: Hawthorn, 1969), 227.
7. See, for example, Lloyd Wendt, Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1979); Frank Waldrop, McCormick of Chicago (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1966); Royal Schmidt, "The Chicago Daily News and Illinois Politics, 1876-1920" (PhD. diss., University of Chicago, 1957); Charles Dennis, Victor Lawson: His Time and His Work (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935); Robert Tree, "Victor Fremont Lawson and His Newspapers" (PhD. diss., Northwestern University, 1959); A.A. Dornfeld, Behind the Front Page: The Story of the City News Bureau of Chicago (Chicago: Academy, 1983); Walter Ewert, "The History of the Chicago Inter-Ocean" (master's thesis, Northwestern University, 1940); J.J. McPhail, Deadlines and Monkeyshines (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1962). The newspaper wars are discussed in many of these (especially Wendt, 353), and in such standard surveys as John Tebbel's Compact History of the American Newspaper (NY: Hawthorn, 1969), 227.
8. See, for example, Lloyd Wendt, Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1979); Frank Waldrop, McCormick of Chicago (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1966); Royal Schmidt, "The Chicago Daily News and Illinois Politics, 1876-1920" (PhD. diss., University of Chicago, 1957); Charles Dennis, Victor Lawson: His Time and His Work (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935); Robert Tree, "Victor Fremont Lawson and His Newspapers" (PhD. diss., Northwestern University, 1959); A.A. Dornfeld, Behind the Front Page: The Story of the City News Bureau of Chicago (Chicago: Academy, 1983); Walter Ewert, "The History of the Chicago Inter-Ocean" (master's thesis, Northwestern University, 1940); J.J. McPhail, Deadlines and Monkeyshines (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1962). The newspaper wars are discussed in many of these (especially Wendt, 353), and in such standard surveys as John Tebbel's Compact History of the American Newspaper (NY: Hawthorn, 1969), 227.
9. See, for example, Lloyd Wendt, Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1979); Frank Waldrop, McCormick of Chicago (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1966); Royal Schmidt, "The Chicago Daily News and Illinois Politics, 1876-1920" (PhD. diss., University of Chicago, 1957); Charles Dennis, Victor Lawson: His Time and His Work (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935); Robert Tree, "Victor Fremont Lawson and His Newspapers" (PhD. diss., Northwestern University, 1959); A.A. Dornfeld, Behind the Front Page: The Story of the City News Bureau of Chicago (Chicago: Academy, 1983); Walter Ewert, "The History of the Chicago Inter-Ocean" (master's thesis, Northwestern University, 1940); J.J. McPhail, Deadlines and Monkeyshines (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1962). The newspaper wars are discussed in many of these (especially Wendt, 353), and in such standard surveys as John Tebbel's Compact History of the American Newspaper (NY: Hawthorn, 1969), 227.
10. David Paul Nord, Newspapers and New Politics: Midwestern Municipal Reform, 1870-1900 (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1981), 26. But Nord, too, focuses on the role of the English-language, general-circulation dailies.
11. Hanno Hardt, "The Foreign-Language Press in American Press History," Journal of Communication 39 (spring 1989): 114-31. See, also, Jon Bekken, "'No Weapon So Powerful': Working-Class Newspapers in the United States," Journal of Communication Inquiry 12 (summer 1988): 104-19. Thomas Dorst examines religious communicators' efforts to reach immigrant workers in "Sowing the Seeds of Reform: The Chicago Tract Society, 1889-1910," Chicago History 12 (spring 1983): 36-43.
12. Hanno Hardt, "The Foreign-Language Press in American Press History," Journal of Communication 39 (spring 1989): 114-31. See, also, Jon Bekken, "'No Weapon So Powerful': Working-Class Newspapers in the United States," Journal of Communication Inquiry 12 (summer 1988): 104-19. Thomas Dorst examines religious communicators' efforts to reach immigrant workers in "Sowing the Seeds of Reform: The Chicago Tract Society, 1889-1910," Chicago History 12 (spring 1983): 36-43.
13. Hanno Hardt, "The Foreign-Language Press in American Press History," Journal of Communication 39 (spring 1989): 114-31. See, also, Jon Bekken, "'No Weapon So Powerful': Working-Class Newspapers in the United States," Journal of Communication Inquiry 12 (summer 1988): 104-19. Thomas Dorst examines religious communicators' efforts to reach immigrant workers in "Sowing the Seeds of Reform: The Chicago Tract Society, 1889-1910," Chicago History 12 (spring 1983): 36-43.
14. Statistics of the Population of the Unites States at the Tenth Census, vol. I (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1883), tables XV and XVI.
15. Twelfth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1900, vol. I (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902), tables 35, 60, 24, and 23.
16. Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, vol. III (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1932), tables 15, 18, and 19. Census categories are not stable, and people were cataloged according to predetermined categories that did not necessarily reflect their own conception of ethnic or national identity. In 1910, for example, the Czech and Polish categories were eliminated; individuals who ten years before, or ten years later, might have been recorded as Czechs or Bohemians became Austrians in 1910.
17. Tebbel, Compact History, 135; Jean Skogerboe Hansen, "Skandinaven and the John Anderson Publishing Company," Norwegian-American Studies 28 (1979): 35-68.
18. Tebbel, Compact History, 135; Jean Skogerboe Hansen, "Skandinaven and the John Anderson Publishing Company," Norwegian-American Studies 28 (1979): 35-68.
19. Tebbel, Compact History, 135; Jean Skogerboe Hansen, "Skandinaven and the John Anderson Publishing Company," Norwegian-American Studies 28 (1979): 35-68.
20. N.W. Ayer and Sons, American Newspaper Annual and Directory, 1881 (Philadelphia: N.W. Ayer, 1880). Although Ayer's directories are the only ones to cover this entire period, they remain incomplete. Many labor and foreign-language journals, especially those that did not accept advertising, were omitted.
21. Ayer's Newspaper Annual, 1891.
22. Ayer's Newspaper Annual, 1931. This count, however, excludes the scores of papers and newsletters issued by local unions and other societies, few of which survive even as titles. No contemporary record was kept of such periodicals. One example is the Painters' Bulletin, published by Brotherhood of Painters, Decorators and Paperhangers Local #194 from 1915 on.
23. This list is by no means complete. Excluded are strike dailies and other daily newspapers published for special occasions such as the Columbian Exposition. Many short-lived papers such as the Daily Press, never listed in any directory and for which no holdings survive, are missing as well. The Press survives only in the form of brief contemporary accounts and a few pink clippings from late 1912 and early 1913 in a scrapbook in the Fitzpatrick papers. The paper was apparently started in the wake of the 1912 newspaper strike, to appeal to the large numbers of union sympathizers who could not in good conscience buy the "trust papers." (John Fitzpatrick papers, Chicago Historical Society.)
24. The Chicago Daily Coin was launched in 1895 to promote bimetallism, and to judge from the surviving 5 June 1895, issue (held at the Chicago Historical Society) had space in its pages for little else.
25. Lizabeth Cohen, "Encountering Mass Culture at the Grassroots: The Experience of Chicago Workers in the 1920s," American Quarterly 41 (1989): 16-18.
26. Gustav Johnson, The Swedes of Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1943).
27. John White, "Lithuanians and the Democratic Party: A Case Study of Nationality Politics in Chicago and Cook County" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1953), 45.
28. Virgil Puzzo, "The Italians in Chicago, 1890-1930" (master's thesis, University of Chicago, 1937), 62.
29. Renate Kiesewetter, "German-American Labor Press: The Vorbote and the Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung," in German Workers' Culture in the United States, 1850 to 1920, ed. Hartmut Keil (Washington: Smithsonian, 1988).
30. Seymour Ponirenz, "Aspects of Chicago Russian Jewish Life, 1893-1915" (unpublished manuscript, Bessie Louise Pierce papers, Box 149, folder 8, Chicago Historical Society).
31. Dirk Hoerder and Christiane Harzig, eds., The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, vol. II (Westport: Greenwood, 1987).
32. "Jewish Socialist Publishing Association Already Organized," The World, 22 October 1917; "Constitution of the Jewish Socialist Publishing Association," The World, 10 November 1917; "Year's distribution of proceeds to workers and charity institutions," Forward, 12 April 1928; "In honor of 30th Anniversary," Forward, 2 May 1927, Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey (henceforth CFLPS) reel 35.
33. 20. "Jewish Socialist Publishing Association Already Organized," The World, 22 October 1917; "Constitution of the Jewish Socialist Publishing Association," The World, 10 November 1917; "Year's distribution of proceeds to workers and charity institutions," Forward, 12 April 1928; "In honor of 30th Anniversary," Forward, 2 May 1927, Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey (henceforth CFLPS) reel 35.
34. 20. "Jewish Socialist Publishing Association Already Organized," The World, 22 October 1917; "Constitution of the Jewish Socialist Publishing Association," The World, 10 November 1917; "Year's distribution of proceeds to workers and charity institutions," Forward, 12 April 1928; "In honor of 30th Anniversary," Forward, 2 May 1927, Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey (henceforth CFLPS) reel 35.
35. 20. "Jewish Socialist Publishing Association Already Organized," The World, 22 October 1917; "Constitution of the Jewish Socialist Publishing Association," The World, 10 November 1917; "Year's distribution of proceeds to workers and charity institutions," Forward, 12 April 1928; "In honor of 30th Anniversary," Forward, 2 May 1927, Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey (henceforth CFLPS) reel 35.
36. Ayer's Newspaper Annual, 1921.
37. Eugene McCarthy, "The Bohemians in Chicago and their Benevolent Societies: 1875-1946" (master's thesis, University of Chicago, 1950).
38. See, e.g., "Standpoint of an Editor," Svornost, 22 March 1900, translation in CFLPS reel 4. Denni Hlasatel, 7 November 1917, CFLPS reel 1, celebrated the victory of a Czech Democrat over a Socialist candidate. Denni Hlasatel responded to charges of company unionism by attacking poor working conditions at Spravedlnost and insisting that the BPTCU was "founded through necessity, so as to resist the often nonsensical orders and fancies of various self-styled saviors of workingmen," 12 March 1911, CFLPS reel 4.
39. Chicago Tribune, 22 February 1892, 1 August 1914, CFLPS reel 1; Svornost, 22 March 1900, CFLPS reel 1; Denni Hlasatel, 19 May 1914, 1 May 1901, 17 February 1911, 5 February 1911, CFLPS reel 1. Denni Hlasatel's editors also attacked Svornost, 2 June 1905, CFLPS reel 4, when that paper advertised for scabs to help break a teamsters strike.
40. Chicago Tribune, 22 February 1892, 1 August 1914, CFLPS reel 1; Svornost, 22 March 1900, CFLPS reel 1; Denni Hlasatel, 19 May 1914, 1 May 1901, 17 February 1911, 5 February 1911, CFLPS reel 1. Denni Hlasatel's editors also attacked Svornost, 2 June 1905, CFLPS reel 4, when that paper advertised for scabs to help break a teamsters strike.
41. Chicago Tribune, 22 February 1892, 1 August 1914, CFLPS reel 1; Svornost, 22 March 1900, CFLPS reel 1; Denni Hlasatel, 19 May 1914, 1 May 1901, 17 February 1911, 5 February 1911, CFLPS reel 1. Denni Hlasatel's editors also attacked Svornost, 2 June 1905, CFLPS reel 4, when that paper advertised for scabs to help break a teamsters strike.
42. "Behind all socialist and communist actions," Narod editorialized, "stand the supporters of the Talmud... The socialist and communist parties all form branches of the 'Jewish Great Council,' similar to the one which condemned Jesus Christ to death." Cited by Joseph Lichten, "The Foreign Language Press," in Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, Anti-Semitism in the United States in 1947 (NY: B'Nai B'rith, 1948), 92.
43. McCarthy, "Bohemians in Chicago"; Ayer's Newspaper Annual, 1901.
44. Ayer's Newspaper Annual, 1921; Gale Directory of Publications, 1989 (Detroit: Gale, 1989); Joseph Nowack, "Polish Fraternal Organizations and their role in the Polish Community in Chicago," 1, in Bessie Louise Pierce Papers, box 149, folder 9, Chicago Historical Society.
45. Ayer's Newspaper Annual, 1921; Gale Directory of Publications, 1989 (Detroit: Gale, 1989); Joseph Nowack, "Polish Fraternal Organizations and their role in the Polish Community in Chicago," 1, in Bessie Louise Pierce Papers, box 149, folder 9, Chicago Historical Society.
46. Ayer's Newspaper Annual, 1921; Gale Directory of Publications, 1989 (Detroit: Gale, 1989); Joseph Nowack, "Polish Fraternal Organizations and their role in the Polish Community in Chicago," 1, in Bessie Louise Pierce Papers, box 149, folder 9, Chicago Historical Society.
47. "The Dziennik Zjednoczenia," Narod Polski, 14 September 1921; "Dedication of the Headquarters and Printing Establishment of Dziennik Zjednoczenia," Dziennik Zjednoczenia, 23 September 1921, CFLPS reel 53.
48. "The Dziennik Zjednoczenia," Narod Polski, 14 September 1921; "Dedication of the Headquarters and Printing Establishment of Dziennik Zjednoczenia," Dziennik Zjednoczenia, 23 September 1921, CFLPS reel 53.
49. Joseph Nowack, "Polish Fraternal Organizations and their role in the Polish Community in Chicago" (unpublished manuscript, Bessie Louise Pierce papers, box 149, folder 9), 1. See also, William Cates, "The Poles in Chicago," in the same folder.
50. Joseph Nowack, "Polish Fraternal Organizations and their role in the Polish Community in Chicago" (unpublished manuscript, Bessie Louise Pierce papers, box 149, folder 9), 1. See also, William Cates, "The Poles in Chicago," in the same folder.
51. See, e.g., Mary Zahrobsky, "The Slovak in Chicago" (master's thesis, University of Chicago, 1924); Antanas Van Reenan, "Lithuanian Diaspora: Koenigsberg to Chicago" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1986); Thomas Hall, "Russians in Chicago" (unpublished manuscript, Bessie Louise Pierce papers, Box 149, folder 10); "About the Croats of Chicago" (Pierce papers, Box 149 folder 2); Andrew Kopan, "Education and Greek Immigrants in Chicago, 1892-1973: A Study in Ethnic Survival" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1974).
52. See, e.g., Mary Zahrobsky, "The Slovak in Chicago" (master's thesis, University of Chicago, 1924); Antanas Van Reenan, "Lithuanian Diaspora: Koenigsberg to Chicago" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1986); Thomas Hall, "Russians in Chicago" (unpublished manuscript, Bessie Louise Pierce papers, Box 149, folder 10); "About the Croats of Chicago" (Pierce papers, Box 149 folder 2); Andrew Kopan, "Education and Greek Immigrants in Chicago, 1892-1973: A Study in Ethnic Survival" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1974).
53. See, e.g., Mary Zahrobsky, "The Slovak in Chicago" (master's thesis, University of Chicago, 1924); Antanas Van Reenan, "Lithuanian Diaspora: Koenigsberg to Chicago" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1986); Thomas Hall, "Russians in Chicago" (unpublished manuscript, Bessie Louise Pierce papers, Box 149, folder 10); "About the Croats of Chicago" (Pierce papers, Box 149 folder 2); Andrew Kopan, "Education and Greek Immigrants in Chicago, 1892-1973: A Study in Ethnic Survival" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1974).
54. See, e.g., Mary Zahrobsky, "The Slovak in Chicago" (master's thesis, University of Chicago, 1924); Antanas Van Reenan, "Lithuanian Diaspora: Koenigsberg to Chicago" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1986); Thomas Hall, "Russians in Chicago" (unpublished manuscript, Bessie Louise Pierce papers, Box 149, folder 10); "About the Croats of Chicago" (Pierce papers, Box 149 folder 2); Andrew Kopan, "Education and Greek Immigrants in Chicago, 1892-1973: A Study in Ethnic Survival" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1974).
55. See, e.g., Mary Zahrobsky, "The Slovak in Chicago" (master's thesis, University of Chicago, 1924); Antanas Van Reenan, "Lithuanian Diaspora: Koenigsberg to Chicago" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1986); Thomas Hall, "Russians in Chicago" (unpublished manuscript, Bessie Louise Pierce papers, Box 149, folder 10); "About the Croats of Chicago" (Pierce papers, Box 149 folder 2); Andrew Kopan, "Education and Greek Immigrants in Chicago, 1892-1973: A Study in Ethnic Survival" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1974).
56. Jon Bekken, "The First Anarchist Daily Newspaper: The Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung," Anarchist Studies 3 (1995): 3-23; "Met in Aid of Arbeiter-Zeitung," Chicago Tribune, 12 October 1891, CFLPS reel 19 (the Tribune's correspondent described the stockholders meeting as an "odd sort of mass meeting"); "A Society Supports the New Daily," Lietuva, 9 August 1918, CFLPS reel 42; "$20,000 for the Daily Already in the Bank," Lietuva, 6 September 1918 (900 shareholders), CFLPS reel 42; Record Books of the Society of Blessed Lithuania, 10 October 1916 (buys shares in Naujienos), 12 January 1919 (debates Naujienos policy and instructs delegate to support editor), CFLPS reel 43; Record Book of Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Local 269, 8 August 1921 (supports Naujienos strikers), 9 January 1925 (rescinds censure of Naujienos, will provide paper with news and advertisements), CFLPS reel 41; "The IWW Picnic," Magyar Tribune, 29 June 1917 (raises funds for new newspaper), CFLPS reel 28; "To Our Workers' Correspondents," Radnik, 11 January 1927 (guidelines for news coverage), CFLPS reel 9.
57. 31. Jon Bekken, "The First Anarchist Daily Newspaper: The Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung," Anarchist Studies 3 (1995): 3-23; "Met in Aid of Arbeiter-Zeitung," Chicago Tribune, 12 October 1891, CFLPS reel 19 (the Tribune's correspondent described the stockholders meeting as an "odd sort of mass meeting"); "A Society Supports the New Daily," Lietuva, 9 August 1918, CFLPS reel 42; "$20,000 for the Daily Already in the Bank," Lietuva, 6 September 1918 (900 shareholders), CFLPS reel 42; Record Books of the Society of Blessed Lithuania, 10 October 1916 (buys shares in Naujienos), 12 January 1919 (debates Naujienos policy and instructs delegate to support editor), CFLPS reel 43; Record Book of Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Local 269, 8 August 1921 (supports Naujienos strikers), 9 January 1925 (rescinds censure of Naujienos, will provide paper with news and advertisements), CFLPS reel 41; "The IWW Picnic," Magyar Tribune, 29 June 1917 (raises funds for new newspaper), CFLPS reel 28; "To Our Workers' Correspondents," Radnik, 11 January 1927 (guidelines for news coverage), CFLPS reel 9.
58. 31. Jon Bekken, "The First Anarchist Daily Newspaper: The Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung," Anarchist Studies 3 (1995): 3-23; "Met in Aid of Arbeiter-Zeitung," Chicago Tribune, 12 October 1891, CFLPS reel 19 (the Tribune's correspondent described the stockholders meeting as an "odd sort of mass meeting"); "A Society Supports the New Daily," Lietuva, 9 August 1918, CFLPS reel 42; "$20,000 for the Daily Already in the Bank," Lietuva, 6 September 1918 (900 shareholders), CFLPS reel 42; Record Books of the Society of Blessed Lithuania, 10 October 1916 (buys shares in Naujienos), 12 January 1919 (debates Naujienos policy and instructs delegate to support editor), CFLPS reel 43; Record Book of Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Local 269, 8 August 1921 (supports Naujienos strikers), 9 January 1925 (rescinds censure of Naujienos, will provide paper with news and advertisements), CFLPS reel 41; "The IWW Picnic," Magyar Tribune, 29 June 1917 (raises funds for new newspaper), CFLPS reel 28; "To Our Workers' Correspondents," Radnik, 11 January 1927 (guidelines for news coverage), CFLPS reel 9.
59. 31. Jon Bekken, "The First Anarchist Daily Newspaper: The Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung," Anarchist Studies 3 (1995): 3-23; "Met in Aid of Arbeiter-Zeitung," Chicago Tribune, 12 October 1891, CFLPS reel 19 (the Tribune's correspondent described the stockholders meeting as an "odd sort of mass meeting"); "A Society Supports the New Daily," Lietuva, 9 August 1918, CFLPS reel 42; "$20,000 for the Daily Already in the Bank," Lietuva, 6 September 1918 (900 shareholders), CFLPS reel 42; Record Books of the Society of Blessed Lithuania, 10 October 1916 (buys shares in Naujienos), 12 January 1919 (debates Naujienos policy and instructs delegate to support editor), CFLPS reel 43; Record Book of Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Local 269, 8 August 1921 (supports Naujienos strikers), 9 January 1925 (rescinds censure of Naujienos, will provide paper with news and advertisements), CFLPS reel 41; "The IWW Picnic," Magyar Tribune, 29 June 1917 (raises funds for new newspaper), CFLPS reel 28; "To Our Workers' Correspondents," Radnik, 11 January 1927 (guidelines for news coverage), CFLPS reel 9.
60. 31. Jon Bekken, "The First Anarchist Daily Newspaper: The Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung," Anarchist Studies 3 (1995): 3-23; "Met in Aid of Arbeiter-Zeitung," Chicago Tribune, 12 October 1891, CFLPS reel 19 (the Tribune's correspondent described the stockholders meeting as an "odd sort of mass meeting"); "A Society Supports the New Daily," Lietuva, 9 August 1918, CFLPS reel 42; "$20,000 for the Daily Already in the Bank," Lietuva, 6 September 1918 (900 shareholders), CFLPS reel 42; Record Books of the Society of Blessed Lithuania, 10 October 1916 (buys shares in Naujienos), 12 January 1919 (debates Naujienos policy and instructs delegate to support editor), CFLPS reel 43; Record Book of Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Local 269, 8 August 1921 (supports Naujienos strikers), 9 January 1925 (rescinds censure of Naujienos, will provide paper with news and advertisements), CFLPS reel 41; "The IWW Picnic," Magyar Tribune, 29 June 1917 (raises funds for new newspaper), CFLPS reel 28; "To Our Workers' Correspondents," Radnik, 11 January 1927 (guidelines for news coverage), CFLPS reel 9.
61. 31. Jon Bekken, "The First Anarchist Daily Newspaper: The Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung," Anarchist Studies 3 (1995): 3-23; "Met in Aid of Arbeiter-Zeitung," Chicago Tribune, 12 October 1891, CFLPS reel 19 (the Tribune's correspondent described the stockholders meeting as an "odd sort of mass meeting"); "A Society Supports the New Daily," Lietuva, 9 August 1918, CFLPS reel 42; "$20,000 for the Daily Already in the Bank," Lietuva, 6 September 1918 (900 shareholders), CFLPS reel 42; Record Books of the Society of Blessed Lithuania, 10 October 1916 (buys shares in Naujienos), 12 January 1919 (debates Naujienos policy and instructs delegate to support editor), CFLPS reel 43; Record Book of Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Local 269, 8 August 1921 (supports Naujienos strikers), 9 January 1925 (rescinds censure of Naujienos, will provide paper with news and advertisements), CFLPS reel 41; "The IWW Picnic," Magyar Tribune, 29 June 1917 (raises funds for new newspaper), CFLPS reel 28; "To Our Workers' Correspondents," Radnik, 11 January 1927 (guidelines for news coverage), CFLPS reel 9.
62. 31. Jon Bekken, "The First Anarchist Daily Newspaper: The Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung," Anarchist Studies 3 (1995): 3-23; "Met in Aid of Arbeiter-Zeitung," Chicago Tribune, 12 October 1891, CFLPS reel 19 (the Tribune's correspondent described the stockholders meeting as an "odd sort of mass meeting"); "A Society Supports the New Daily," Lietuva, 9 August 1918, CFLPS reel 42; "$20,000 for the Daily Already in the Bank," Lietuva, 6 September 1918 (900 shareholders), CFLPS reel 42; Record Books of the Society of Blessed Lithuania, 10 October 1916 (buys shares in Naujienos), 12 January 1919 (debates Naujienos policy and instructs delegate to support editor), CFLPS reel 43; Record Book of Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Local 269, 8 August 1921 (supports Naujienos strikers), 9 January 1925 (rescinds censure of Naujienos, will provide paper with news and advertisements), CFLPS reel 41; "The IWW Picnic," Magyar Tribune, 29 June 1917 (raises funds for new newspaper), CFLPS reel 28; "To Our Workers' Correspondents," Radnik, 11 January 1927 (guidelines for news coverage), CFLPS reel 9.
63. 31. Jon Bekken, "The First Anarchist Daily Newspaper: The Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung," Anarchist Studies 3 (1995): 3-23; "Met in Aid of Arbeiter-Zeitung," Chicago Tribune, 12 October 1891, CFLPS reel 19 (the Tribune's correspondent described the stockholders meeting as an "odd sort of mass meeting"); "A Society Supports the New Daily," Lietuva, 9 August 1918, CFLPS reel 42; "$20,000 for the Daily Already in the Bank," Lietuva, 6 September 1918 (900 shareholders), CFLPS reel 42; Record Books of the Society of Blessed Lithuania, 10 October 1916 (buys shares in Naujienos), 12 January 1919 (debates Naujienos policy and instructs delegate to support editor), CFLPS reel 43; Record Book of Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Local 269, 8 August 1921 (supports Naujienos strikers), 9 January 1925 (rescinds censure of Naujienos, will provide paper with news and advertisements), CFLPS reel 41; "The IWW Picnic," Magyar Tribune, 29 June 1917 (raises funds for new newspaper), CFLPS reel 28; "To Our Workers' Correspondents," Radnik, 11 January 1927 (guidelines for news coverage), CFLPS reel 9.
64. See, e.g., obituary of Fred Minuth, 18 March 1930, CFLPS reel 22.
65. "How the Reptile is Looking for Food," Arbeiter-Zeitung, 22 April 1889, CFLPS reel 19; A. Kulesza, et al., "Unionists Don't Care to Read the Zgoda," Dziennik Ludowy, 17 August 1907, CFLPS reel 49.
66. "How the Reptile is Looking for Food," Arbeiter-Zeitung, 22 April 1889, CFLPS reel 19; A. Kulesza, et al., "Unionists Don't Care to Read the Zgoda," Dziennik Ludowy, 17 August 1907, CFLPS reel 49.
67. Jon Bekken, "'This Paper Is Owned By Many Thousands of Workingmen and Women': Contradictions of a Socialist Daily," American Journalism 10 (winter-spring 1993): 62; Ayer's directories, various years. Foreign-language papers collectively never exceeded 22 percent of total daily circulation, according to Ayer, and their average circulation was consistently far below averages for the English-language general-circulation press. But several foreign-language papers are not listed or do not report circulation figures.
68. James Carey, "The Communications Revolution and The Professional Communicator," Sociological Review Monographs, January 1969, 23-38.
69. Yaroslav Chyz, 225 Years of the U.S. Foreign Language Press (NY : American Council for Nationalities Service, 1959).