Peace conferences and the century of total war: The 1899 Hague Conference and what came after

International Affairs

Volumn 75, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 619-634

  Best, Geoffrey ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0040799908     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-2346.00096     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (22)

1. From the draft instructions prepared for General Sir John Ardagh, in his papers in the Public Record Office, Kew. PRO 30/40 15.
2. Annual Register, 1899, p. 173.
3. British Parliamentary Papers, 1899, vol. CX. Command Paper 9090. Enclosed with Ambassador Sir C. Scott's letter from St Petersburg, 29 August 1898.
4. See his valuable book, Thinking about peace and war (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).
5. Dr Eyffinger, Librarian of the International Court at the Hague, tells me that his contacts with Russian historians and archivists enable him to say with assurance that the Tsar had seen a copy of Bloch's book, put before him probably by Count Witte.
6. The texts are in British Parliamentary Papers, 1899, vol. CX, Command Paper 9534, pp. 273-4. I see no reason to disbelieve the explanation of the episode given in Andrew D. White, Autobiography (New York: Century, 1922, two vols), vol. 2, pp. 349-50.
7. The texts are in British Parliamentary Papers, 1899, vol. CX, Command Paper 9534, pp. 273-4. I see no reason to disbelieve the explanation of the episode given in Andrew D. White, Autobiography (New York: Century, 1922, two vols), vol. 2, pp. 349-50.
8. Ibid., pp. 260-2, 271, 272-3 and 347. He had gone to head the delegation at The Hague from Berlin where he was US Ambassador.
9. Beatrix Kempf, 'Bertha von Suttner: biographical notes', in Die Waffen Nieder! Bertha von Suttne, and other women in pursuit of peace (Geneva: UN Library, 1993), p. 5.
10. Unfair, because their amendment had been put to the vote after the main proposition; i.e. the other way round from what it would have been under British or American parliamentary procedures.
11. White, Autobiography, vol. 2, p. 347.
12. Its authority was such that it is reproduced, along with the other Ur-text of the modern laws of war, the 1863 'Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field', in Dietrich Schindler and Jiri Toman, The laws of armed conflicts (Alphen aan den Rijn and Geneva: Sijthoff-Noordhoff/Henry Dunant Institute, 2nd edn, 1981). How the 'Brussels Code' was drawn up has been investigated with unprecedented care by Dr
13. Karma Nabulsi of Nuffield College, Oxford. This will appear in her book, Traditions of war: occupations, resistance and the law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
14. It appears not among the Regulations themselves but in the Preamble to the Convention to which the Regulations are annexed. Those Regulations, it may be helpful to recall, are reproduced without significant alteration in the 4th Hague Convention of 1907, in which form they remain the basis of contemporary law of war.
15. The making of these parts of the Additional Protocols is dealt with in my book, War and law since 1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd edn, 1997).
16. Article on 'Arbitration' in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911), vol. 2, pp. 327-31 at p. 328. His article on ' Peace' in vol. 21 of the same gives a good picture of
17. Article on 'Arbitration' in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911), vol. 2, pp. 327-31 at p. 328. His article on ' Peace' in vol. 21 of the same gives a good picture of
18. R. B. Mowat, Life of Lord Pauncefote (London: Constable, 1929), p. 208.
19. Ibid., p. 169.
20. White, Autobiography, vol. 2, pp. 340-2. The chairman's inquiry whether there were any questions was met by a dead silence 'for about a minute which seemed to me about an hour'. Pauncefote told him he didn't like it, saying, 'It will be charged against you that you propose to evade your duties while using the treaty to promote your interests.'
21. 'The General Act of Geneva, 1928', in British yearbook of international law (1930), pp. 119-33. The full title of the thing he disliked so much was 'The General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes', product of the 9th Assembly of the League.
22. War Against War (W. T. Stead's short-lived periodical), no. 1, 13 January 1899, p. 2.