Going fission: Tales and truths about Canada's nuclear weapons

International Journal

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 506-523

  Munton, Don ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040793895     PISSN: 00207020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/40203126     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
2. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
3. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
4. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
5. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
6. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
7. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
8. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
9. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
10. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
11. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
12. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
13. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
14. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
15. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
16. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
17. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
18. Some or all of these points in the conventional wisdom are made by: Melvin Conant, The Long Polar Watch: Canada and the Defense of North America (New York: Harper for the Council on Foreign Relations 1962), 101, 107-9, 118, 126; Peter Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1963), chap 24; Robert Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' in John Saywell, ed, Canadian Annual Review (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 281-347: Jon McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 1957-1963 (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1967); Peyton Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961-1963 (Toronto: Oxford University Press for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968), 76-222; John Warnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada (Toronto: New Press 1970), 184; John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis, eds, Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Honourable Lester B. Pearson. III: 1957-1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1975), chap 3: Howard Lentner, 'Foreign policy decision making: the case of Canada and nuclear weapons,' World Politics 29(October 1976), 29-66; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers (Toronto: Doubleday 1982), 201; Edelgard Mahant and Graeme S. Mount, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (Scarborough: Nelson 1989), 222-5; Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (3rd ed; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 246-7; Knowlton Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 78-95, 138, 144, 207, 234; J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States in the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman 1991), 199-210; Jocelyn Ghent-Mallett, 'Deploying nuclear weapons, 1962-63,' in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds, Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough, Ont: Prentice-Hall 1992), 101-17; Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross 1995), 416, 469. (All page numbers cited here are illustrative rather than exhaustive.) Other than Warnock's book, this literature largely supports the acquisition of nuclear weapons and is critical of the Diefenbaker government. The major exception to the former pattern is James M. Minifie, Peacemaker or Powdermonkey: Canada's Role in a Revolutionary World (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1960), while the major exceptions to the latter are John Diefenbaker, One Canada: The Tumultuous Years 1962-67 (Toronto: Macmillan 1977) and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
19. Morton, A Military History of Canada, 285.
20. The Honest John was a replacement for the Lacrosse, another short-range, ground-to-ground, 'infantry support' missile (McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 112). Contrary to one source (Smith, Rogue Tory, 416), Canada is not known to have had 'ground-to-air' nuclear-capable missiles in Europe, and contrary to another (Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker, 214), it had no nuclear-capable 'guns' in Europe. McLin notes (Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 91-2, 167) that the United States army proposed siting short-range, ground-to-air Nike nuclear missiles in Canada. The idea was not accepted by Ottawa.
21. The Honest John was a replacement for the Lacrosse, another short-range, ground-to-ground, 'infantry support' missile (McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 112). Contrary to one source (Smith, Rogue Tory, 416), Canada is not known to have had 'ground-to-air' nuclear-capable missiles in Europe, and contrary to another (Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker, 214), it had no nuclear-capable 'guns' in Europe. McLin notes (Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 91-2, 167) that the United States army proposed siting short-range, ground-to-air Nike nuclear missiles in Canada. The idea was not accepted by Ottawa.
22. The Honest John was a replacement for the Lacrosse, another short-range, ground-to-ground, 'infantry support' missile (McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 112). Contrary to one source (Smith, Rogue Tory, 416), Canada is not known to have had 'ground-to-air' nuclear-capable missiles in Europe, and contrary to another (Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker, 214), it had no nuclear-capable 'guns' in Europe. McLin notes (Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 91-2, 167) that the United States army proposed siting short-range, ground-to-air Nike nuclear missiles in Canada. The idea was not accepted by Ottawa.
23. The Honest John was a replacement for the Lacrosse, another short-range, ground-to-ground, 'infantry support' missile (McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 112). Contrary to one source (Smith, Rogue Tory, 416), Canada is not known to have had 'ground-to-air' nuclear-capable missiles in Europe, and contrary to another (Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker, 214), it had no nuclear-capable 'guns' in Europe. McLin notes (Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 91-2, 167) that the United States army proposed siting short-range, ground-to-air Nike nuclear missiles in Canada. The idea was not accepted by Ottawa.
24. Robinson, Diefenbaker's World, 107; Diefenbaker, One Canada, 57.
25. Robinson, Diefenbaker's World, 107; Diefenbaker, One Canada, 57.
26. Sean Maloney and Joel Sokolsky, 'Ready, willing and able: the RCN and nuclear weapons, 1945-1968,' paper presented to the conference on 'Canada and the Politics of the Nuclear Era,' Kingston, Ontario, September 1992.
27. McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 130; J.L. Granatstein, A Man of Influence: Norman A. Robertson and Canadian Statecraft, 1929-1968 (Toronto: Deneau 1981), 338.
28. McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 130; J.L. Granatstein, A Man of Influence: Norman A. Robertson and Canadian Statecraft, 1929-1968 (Toronto: Deneau 1981), 338.
29. See, for example: Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 81, 94, 128, 198: Patrick Nicholson, Vision and Indecision (Toronto: Longmans 1968), 207: Conant, The Long Polar Watch, 108; Robinson, Diefenbaher's World, 205; Pearson, Words and Occasions (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1970), 199-206. In 1961 when he announced the deployment of Polaris strategic missile submarines to the NATO theatre, Kennedy referred to them as 'defensive' weapons. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Tactical Nuclear Weapon: European Perspectives (London: Taylor and Francis 1978), 115.
30. See, for example: Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 81, 94, 128, 198: Patrick Nicholson, Vision and Indecision (Toronto: Longmans 1968), 207: Conant, The Long Polar Watch, 108; Robinson, Diefenbaher's World, 205; Pearson, Words and Occasions (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1970), 199-206. In 1961 when he announced the deployment of Polaris strategic missile submarines to the NATO theatre, Kennedy referred to them as 'defensive' weapons. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Tactical Nuclear Weapon: European Perspectives (London: Taylor and Francis 1978), 115.
31. See, for example: Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 81, 94, 128, 198: Patrick Nicholson, Vision and Indecision (Toronto: Longmans 1968), 207: Conant, The Long Polar Watch, 108; Robinson, Diefenbaher's World, 205; Pearson, Words and Occasions (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1970), 199-206. In 1961 when he announced the deployment of Polaris strategic missile submarines to the NATO theatre, Kennedy referred to them as 'defensive' weapons. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Tactical Nuclear Weapon: European Perspectives (London: Taylor and Francis 1978), 115.
32. See, for example: Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 81, 94, 128, 198: Patrick Nicholson, Vision and Indecision (Toronto: Longmans 1968), 207: Conant, The Long Polar Watch, 108; Robinson, Diefenbaher's World, 205; Pearson, Words and Occasions (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1970), 199-206. In 1961 when he announced the deployment of Polaris strategic missile submarines to the NATO theatre, Kennedy referred to them as 'defensive' weapons. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Tactical Nuclear Weapon: European Perspectives (London: Taylor and Francis 1978), 115.
33. See, for example: Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 81, 94, 128, 198: Patrick Nicholson, Vision and Indecision (Toronto: Longmans 1968), 207: Conant, The Long Polar Watch, 108; Robinson, Diefenbaher's World, 205; Pearson, Words and Occasions (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1970), 199-206. In 1961 when he announced the deployment of Polaris strategic missile submarines to the NATO theatre, Kennedy referred to them as 'defensive' weapons. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Tactical Nuclear Weapon: European Perspectives (London: Taylor and Francis 1978), 115.
34. See, for example: Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 81, 94, 128, 198: Patrick Nicholson, Vision and Indecision (Toronto: Longmans 1968), 207: Conant, The Long Polar Watch, 108; Robinson, Diefenbaher's World, 205; Pearson, Words and Occasions (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1970), 199-206. In 1961 when he announced the deployment of Polaris strategic missile submarines to the NATO theatre, Kennedy referred to them as 'defensive' weapons. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Tactical Nuclear Weapon: European Perspectives (London: Taylor and Francis 1978), 115.
35. To be fair, at least some of Diefenbaker's references to Canadian weapons, and those of others, came before formal acceptance of Canada's NATO strike-reconnaissance role, a role which clearly did not fit this description (see, for example, Diefenbaker's statement to the House of Commons on 20 February 1959; and One Canada, 47). The prime minister, however, continued to make the claim after this role had been accepted, even specifically with respect to the CF-104s (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 146-7).
36. To be fair, at least some of Diefenbaker's references to Canadian weapons, and those of others, came before formal acceptance of Canada's NATO strike-reconnaissance role, a role which clearly did not fit this description (see, for example, Diefenbaker's statement to the House of Commons on 20 February 1959; and One Canada, 47). The prime minister, however, continued to make the claim after this role had been accepted, even specifically with respect to the CF-104s (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 146-7).
37. George Quester, Offense and Defense in the International System (Oxford: Transaction 1988), 3. While this definition should suffice for present purposes, it must be acknowledged that what is or is not a 'defensive' weapon is a complicated issue and often depends upon the manner in which a particular system is deployed in combination with other systems.
38. In NATO terminology, 'strike' refers to a nuclear mission while 'attack' designates a mission with conventional weaponry.
39. McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 116, 117, 137:
40. Robinson, Diefenbaker's World, 106:
41. Diefenbaker, One Canada, 63.
42. Diefenbaker's memoirs acknowledge not only the offensive character of the CF-104s, but also that his cabinet debated at some length whether or not to accept the mission, in part because of concern about public reaction to the switch to a non-defensive role. While Lyon refers to 'defensive' weapons throughout his book, at one point he does acknowledge the offensive role of CF-104s - to criticize Howard Green's apparent inconsistency in being willing to accept offensive nuclear weapons for the Canadian forces in Europe while not accepting defensive nuclear weapons deployed in Canada (Canada in World Affairs, 118).
43. Nash does the same: Kennedy and Diefenbaker, 212.
44. American authorities shared little information about their nuclear weapons with allied countries, even on a confidential basis. See, for example, George Ignatieff, The Making of a Peacemonger (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1985), 206; and Anthony Benn, Arguments for Democracy (Penguin 1981). It was apparently difficult even for responsible cabinet ministers to obtain warhead yield information. After demanding specifically to see the actual yield figures, Defence Minister Paul Hellyer said he could then 'understand the air force's desire to avoid the kind of public relations "explosion" that would have been inevitable had this information become public.' Hellyer, Damn the Torpedoes: My Fight to Unify Canada's Armed Forces (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 75. Educated estimates of yields, however, were not entirely impossible to obtain. In 1963, John Gellner, a retired RCAF wing commander turned defence writer, estimated crudely but accurately that the nuclear weapons carried by the CF-104s were probably about 500 kilotons, noting 'reports' that they were as large as one megaton. 'CF-104 may get deterrent role,' Canadian Aviation, June 1963, 37.
45. American authorities shared little information about their nuclear weapons with allied countries, even on a confidential basis. See, for example, George Ignatieff, The Making of a Peacemonger (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1985), 206; and Anthony Benn, Arguments for Democracy (Penguin 1981). It was apparently difficult even for responsible cabinet ministers to obtain warhead yield information. After demanding specifically to see the actual yield figures, Defence Minister Paul Hellyer said he could then 'understand the air force's desire to avoid the kind of public relations "explosion" that would have been inevitable had this information become public.' Hellyer, Damn the Torpedoes: My Fight to Unify Canada's Armed Forces (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 75. Educated estimates of yields, however, were not entirely impossible to obtain. In 1963, John Gellner, a retired RCAF wing commander turned defence writer, estimated crudely but accurately that the nuclear weapons carried by the CF-104s were probably about 500 kilotons, noting 'reports' that they were as large as one megaton. 'CF-104 may get deterrent role,' Canadian Aviation, June 1963, 37.
46. American authorities shared little information about their nuclear weapons with allied countries, even on a confidential basis. See, for example, George Ignatieff, The Making of a Peacemonger (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1985), 206; and Anthony Benn, Arguments for Democracy (Penguin 1981). It was apparently difficult even for responsible cabinet ministers to obtain warhead yield information. After demanding specifically to see the actual yield figures, Defence Minister Paul Hellyer said he could then 'understand the air force's desire to avoid the kind of public relations "explosion" that would have been inevitable had this information become public.' Hellyer, Damn the Torpedoes: My Fight to Unify Canada's Armed Forces (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 75. Educated estimates of yields, however, were not entirely impossible to obtain. In 1963, John Gellner, a retired RCAF wing commander turned defence writer, estimated crudely but accurately that the nuclear weapons carried by the CF-104s were probably about 500 kilotons, noting 'reports' that they were as large as one megaton. 'CF-104 may get deterrent role,' Canadian Aviation, June 1963, 37.
47. American authorities shared little information about their nuclear weapons with allied countries, even on a confidential basis. See, for example, George Ignatieff, The Making of a Peacemonger (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1985), 206; and Anthony Benn, Arguments for Democracy (Penguin 1981). It was apparently difficult even for responsible cabinet ministers to obtain warhead yield information. After demanding specifically to see the actual yield
48. Newman, Renegade in Power, 350. On arms for the CF-104s, see, for example, Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 80, 121, 124; and Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker, 78. The word 'small' is used by Peter Haydon with respect to the air defence warheads for the Bomarc and CF-101s. The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis: Canadian Involvement Reconsidered (Toronto: Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies 1993), 72.
49. Newman, Renegade in Power, 350. On arms for the CF-104s, see, for example, Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 80, 121, 124; and Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker, 78. The word 'small' is used by Peter Haydon with respect to the air defence warheads for the Bomarc and CF-101s. The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis: Canadian Involvement Reconsidered (Toronto: Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies 1993), 72.
50. Newman, Renegade in Power, 350. On arms for the CF-104s, see, for example, Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 80, 121, 124; and Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker, 78. The word 'small' is used by Peter Haydon with respect to the air defence warheads for the Bomarc and CF-101s. The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis: Canadian Involvement Reconsidered (Toronto: Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies 1993), 72.
51. Newman, Renegade in Power, 350. On arms for the CF-104s, see, for example, Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 80, 121, 124; and Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker, 78. The word 'small' is used by Peter Haydon with respect to the air defence warheads for the Bomarc and CF-101s. The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis: Canadian Involvement Reconsidered (Toronto: Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies 1993), 72.
52. The term 'tactical' is widely misunderstood to mean nuclear weapons of a smaller scale. While the carriers used for tactical nuclear weapons generally have shorter ranges than those of strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles, the distinction between the two is based on their purpose or mission, not on their explosive power. Strategic nuclear weapons are intended for use against major assets of the enemy, such as military bases, industrial areas, and the like, while tactical weapons are intended for specific use on a battlefield.
53. For the yields of these and other warheads used by Canadian weapons systems, see Thomas B. Cochran, William M. Arkin, and Milton M. Hoenig, Nuclear Weapons Databook, Vol I (Cambridge MA: Ballinger 1984); and SIPRI, Tactical Nuclear Weapons, 113.
54. For the yields of these and other warheads used by Canadian weapons systems, see Thomas B. Cochran, William M. Arkin, and Milton M. Hoenig, Nuclear Weapons Databook, Vol I (Cambridge MA: Ballinger 1984); and SIPRI, Tactical Nuclear Weapons, 113.
55. Hellyer, Damn the Torpedoes, 117.
56. Morton, A Military History of Canada, 246.
57. McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 113, 132: Cochran, et al, Nuclear Weapons Databook, 168, 282-3; Jane's All the World's Aircraft, annual issues through the 1960s; Jane's Weapons Systems, London, 1969-70: Mary Simpson, 'The race for missiles,' Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1957, 303; 'Evolution of the F-104 Starfighter,' Interavia, 12, 1967, 1917-20: Ernie Hemphill, 'Is RCAF coping with re-equipment dilemma?' Canadian Aviation, February 1961, 11-18; 'Canadair rolls out its first super Starfighter,' ibid, May 1961, 11. See also: House of Commons, Debates, 1960, 2644, and 1962, 1983-5. It was commonly assumed that all USAF Voodoos (F-101s) were equipped with nuclear weapons. Diefenbaker revealed during the 1963 election campaign, however, that only about half were. United States authorities complained that he had divulged classified information, which he surely had, but did not dispute the statement (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 197).
58. McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 113, 132: Cochran, et al, Nuclear Weapons Databook, 168, 282-3; Jane's All the World's Aircraft, annual issues through the 1960s; Jane's Weapons Systems, London, 1969-70: Mary Simpson, 'The race for missiles,' Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1957, 303; 'Evolution of the F-104 Starfighter,' Interavia, 12, 1967, 1917-20: Ernie Hemphill, 'Is RCAF coping with re-equipment dilemma?' Canadian Aviation, February 1961, 11-18; 'Canadair rolls out its first super Starfighter,' ibid, May 1961, 11. See also: House of Commons, Debates, 1960, 2644, and 1962, 1983-5. It was commonly assumed that all USAF Voodoos (F-101s) were equipped with nuclear weapons. Diefenbaker revealed during the 1963 election campaign, however, that only about half were. United States authorities complained that he had divulged classified information, which he surely had, but did not dispute the statement (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 197).
59. McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 113, 132: Cochran, et al, Nuclear Weapons Databook, 168, 282-3; Jane's All the World's Aircraft, annual issues through the 1960s; Jane's Weapons Systems, London, 1969-70: Mary Simpson, 'The race for missiles,' Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1957, 303; 'Evolution of the F-104 Starfighter,' Interavia, 12, 1967, 1917-20: Ernie Hemphill, 'Is RCAF coping with re-equipment dilemma?' Canadian Aviation, February 1961, 11-18; 'Canadair rolls out its first super Starfighter,' ibid, May 1961, 11. See also: House of Commons, Debates, 1960, 2644, and 1962, 1983-5. It was commonly assumed that all USAF Voodoos (F-101s) were equipped with nuclear weapons. Diefenbaker revealed during the 1963 election campaign, however, that only about half were. United States authorities complained that he had divulged classified information, which he surely had, but did not dispute the statement (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 197).
60. McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 113, 132: Cochran, et al, Nuclear Weapons Databook, 168, 282-3; Jane's All the World's Aircraft, annual issues through the 1960s; Jane's Weapons Systems, London, 1969-70: Mary Simpson, 'The race for missiles,' Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1957, 303; 'Evolution of the F-104 Starfighter,' Interavia, 12, 1967, 1917-20: Ernie Hemphill, 'Is RCAF coping with re-equipment dilemma?' Canadian Aviation, February 1961, 11-18; 'Canadair rolls out its first super Starfighter,' ibid, May 1961, 11. See also: House of Commons, Debates, 1960, 2644, and 1962, 1983-5. It was commonly assumed that all USAF Voodoos (F-101s) were equipped with nuclear weapons. Diefenbaker revealed during the 1963 election campaign, however, that only about half were. United States authorities complained that he had divulged classified information, which he surely had, but did not dispute the statement (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 197).
61. McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 113, 132: Cochran, et al, Nuclear Weapons Databook, 168, 282-3; Jane's All the World's Aircraft, annual issues through the 1960s; Jane's Weapons Systems, London, 1969-70: Mary Simpson, 'The race for missiles,' Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1957, 303; 'Evolution of the F-104 Starfighter,' Interavia, 12, 1967, 1917-20: Ernie Hemphill, 'Is RCAF coping with re-equipment dilemma?' Canadian Aviation, February 1961, 11-18; 'Canadair rolls out its first super Starfighter,' ibid, May 1961, 11. See also: House of Commons, Debates, 1960, 2644, and 1962, 1983-5. It was commonly assumed that all USAF Voodoos (F-101s) were equipped with nuclear weapons. Diefenbaker revealed during the 1963 election campaign, however, that only about half were. United States authorities complained that he had divulged classified information, which he surely had, but did not dispute the statement (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 197).
62. McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 113, 132: Cochran, et al, Nuclear Weapons Databook, 168, 282-3; Jane's All the World's Aircraft, annual issues through the 1960s; Jane's Weapons Systems, London, 1969-70: Mary Simpson, 'The race for missiles,' Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1957, 303; 'Evolution of the F-104 Starfighter,' Interavia, 12, 1967, 1917-20: Ernie Hemphill, 'Is RCAF coping with re-equipment dilemma?' Canadian Aviation, February 1961, 11-18; 'Canadair rolls out its first super Starfighter,' ibid, May 1961, 11. See also: House of Commons, Debates, 1960, 2644, and 1962, 1983-5. It was commonly assumed that all USAF Voodoos (F-101s) were equipped with nuclear weapons. Diefenbaker revealed during the 1963 election campaign, however, that only about half were. United States authorities complained that he had divulged classified information, which he surely had, but did not dispute the statement (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 197).
63. McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 113, 132: Cochran, et al, Nuclear Weapons Databook, 168, 282-3; Jane's All the World's Aircraft, annual issues through the 1960s; Jane's Weapons Systems, London, 1969-70: Mary Simpson, 'The race for missiles,' Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1957, 303; 'Evolution of the F-104 Starfighter,' Interavia, 12, 1967, 1917-20: Ernie Hemphill, 'Is RCAF coping with re-equipment dilemma?' Canadian Aviation, February 1961, 11-18; 'Canadair rolls out its first super Starfighter,' ibid, May 1961, 11. See also: House of Commons, Debates, 1960, 2644, and 1962, 1983-5. It was commonly assumed that all USAF Voodoos (F-101s) were equipped with nuclear weapons. Diefenbaker revealed during the 1963 election campaign, however, that only about half were. United States authorities complained that he had divulged classified information, which he surely had, but did not dispute the statement (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 197).
64. McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 113, 132: Cochran, et al, Nuclear Weapons Databook, 168, 282-3; Jane's All the World's Aircraft, annual issues through the 1960s; Jane's Weapons Systems, London, 1969-70: Mary Simpson, 'The race for missiles,' Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1957, 303; 'Evolution of the F-104 Starfighter,' Interavia, 12, 1967, 1917-20: Ernie Hemphill, 'Is RCAF coping with re-equipment dilemma?' Canadian Aviation, February 1961, 11-18; 'Canadair rolls out its first super Starfighter,' ibid, May 1961, 11. See also: House of Commons, Debates, 1960, 2644, and 1962, 1983-5. It was commonly assumed that all USAF Voodoos (F-101s) were equipped with nuclear weapons. Diefenbaker revealed during the 1963 election campaign, however, that only about half were. United States authorities complained that he had divulged classified information, which he surely had, but did not dispute the statement (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 197).
65. McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 113, 132: Cochran, et al, Nuclear Weapons Databook, 168, 282-3; Jane's All the World's Aircraft, annual issues through the 1960s; Jane's Weapons Systems, London, 1969-70: Mary Simpson, 'The race for missiles,' Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1957, 303; 'Evolution of the F-104 Starfighter,' Interavia, 12, 1967, 1917-20: Ernie Hemphill, 'Is RCAF coping with re-equipment dilemma?' Canadian Aviation, February 1961, 11-18; 'Canadair rolls out its first super Starfighter,' ibid, May 1961, 11. See also: House of Commons, Debates, 1960, 2644, and 1962, 1983-5. It was commonly assumed that all USAF Voodoos (F-101s) were equipped with nuclear weapons. Diefenbaker revealed during the 1963 election campaign, however, that only about half were. United States authorities complained that he had divulged classified information, which he surely had, but did not dispute the statement (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 197).
66. McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 113, 132: Cochran, et al, Nuclear Weapons Databook, 168, 282-3; Jane's All the World's Aircraft, annual issues through the 1960s; Jane's Weapons Systems, London, 1969-70: Mary Simpson, 'The race for missiles,' Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1957, 303; 'Evolution of the F-104 Starfighter,' Interavia, 12, 1967, 1917-20: Ernie Hemphill, 'Is RCAF coping with re-equipment dilemma?' Canadian Aviation, February 1961, 11-18; 'Canadair rolls out its first super Starfighter,' ibid, May 1961, 11. See also: House of Commons, Debates, 1960, 2644, and 1962, 1983-5. It was commonly assumed that all USAF Voodoos (F-101s) were equipped with nuclear weapons. Diefenbaker revealed during the 1963 election campaign, however, that only about half were. United States authorities complained that he had divulged classified information, which he surely had, but did not dispute the statement (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 197).
67. Hellyer, Damn the Torpedoes. An unofficial RCAF history of the CF-104s suggests they had a dual-capable role from the outset. David L. Bashow, Starfighter: A Loving Retrospective of the CF104 Era in Canadian Fighter Aviation, 1961-1986 (Toronto: Fortress 1990), 29.
68. Hellyer, Damn the Torpedoes. An unofficial RCAF history of the CF-104s suggests they had a dual-capable role from the outset. David L. Bashow, Starfighter: A Loving Retrospective of the CF104 Era in Canadian Fighter Aviation, 1961-1986 (Toronto: Fortress 1990), 29.
69. A common phrase in the literature is that 'the Bomarc B was designed to be used with a nuclear warhead' (Warnock, Partner to Behemoth, 184; see also, for example, Smith, Rogue Tory, 416, 469). The phrase used in the famous Department of State press release of February 1963, which was intended to correct various statements of the prime minister, was that the Bomarc B was 'not designed to carry conventional weapons' (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 157-8). A more correct phrasing, technically and grammatically, would be that 'the only warhead designed for the Bomarc B was a nuclear one.' Although it has been argued that a frequent pattern in weapons system developments during this period was for the design of the warheads to come first and a military use for these warheads would be found later, this probably does not apply to the Bomarc, which had a long history of development. Herbert York, Making Weapons, Talking Peace (New York: Basic Books 1987), 76-7.
70. A common phrase in the literature is that 'the Bomarc B was designed to be used with a nuclear warhead' (Warnock, Partner to Behemoth, 184; see also, for example, Smith, Rogue Tory, 416, 469). The phrase used in the famous Department of State press release of February 1963, which was intended to correct various statements of the prime minister, was that the Bomarc B was 'not designed to carry conventional weapons' (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 157-8). A more correct phrasing, technically and grammatically, would be that 'the only warhead designed for the Bomarc B was a nuclear one.' Although it has been argued that a frequent pattern in weapons system developments during this period was for the design of the warheads to come first and a military use for these warheads would be found later, this probably does not apply to the Bomarc, which had a long history of development. Herbert York, Making Weapons, Talking Peace (New York: Basic Books 1987), 76-7.
71. A common phrase in the literature is that 'the Bomarc B was designed to be used with a nuclear warhead' (Warnock, Partner to Behemoth, 184; see also, for example, Smith, Rogue Tory, 416, 469). The phrase used in the famous Department of State press release of February 1963, which was intended to correct various statements of the prime minister, was that the Bomarc B was 'not designed to carry conventional weapons' (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 157-8). A more correct phrasing, technically and grammatically, would be that 'the only warhead designed for the Bomarc B was a nuclear one.' Although it has been argued that a frequent pattern in weapons system developments during this period was for the design of the warheads to come first and a military use for these warheads would be found later, this probably does not apply to the Bomarc, which had a long history of development. Herbert York, Making Weapons, Talking Peace (New York: Basic Books 1987), 76-7.
72. A common phrase in the literature is that 'the Bomarc B was designed to be used with a nuclear warhead' (Warnock, Partner to Behemoth, 184; see also, for example, Smith, Rogue Tory, 416, 469). The phrase used in the famous Department of State press release of February 1963, which was intended to correct various statements of the prime minister, was that the Bomarc B was 'not designed to carry conventional weapons' (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 157-8). A more correct phrasing, technically and grammatically, would be that 'the only warhead designed for the Bomarc B was a nuclear one.' Although it has been argued that a frequent pattern in weapons system developments during this period was for the design of the warheads to come first and a military use for these warheads would be found later, this probably does not apply to the Bomarc, which had a long history of development. Herbert York, Making Weapons, Talking Peace (New York: Basic Books 1987), 76-7.
73. 'Interceptor missiles for the air defence of North America,' Interavia 5, 1960, 575; Hemphill, 'Is RCAF coping ... ?' 16; Jane's All the World', Aircraft (London: Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1961-2), 406. The 1962-63 edition of Jane's, however, states only that the 'B' was armed with a nuclear warhead. A 1961 press release from NORAD headquarters also indicated that Bomarcs could be equipped with conventional or nuclear warheads (cited in Newman, Renegade m Power, 388: and Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 196). If plans for a conventional warhead for the Bomarc were, in fact, scrapped, it would substantiate the claims of Diefenbaker's memoirs to this effect (One Canada, 44).
74. 'Interceptor missiles for the air defence of North America,' Interavia 5, 1960, 575; Hemphill, 'Is RCAF coping ... ?' 16; Jane's All the World', Aircraft (London: Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1961-2), 406. The 1962-63 edition of Jane's, however, states only that the 'B' was armed with a nuclear warhead. A 1961 press release from NORAD headquarters also indicated that Bomarcs could be equipped with conventional or nuclear warheads (cited in Newman, Renegade m Power, 388: and Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 196). If plans for a conventional warhead for the Bomarc were, in fact, scrapped, it would substantiate the claims of Diefenbaker's memoirs to this effect (One Canada, 44).
75. 'Interceptor missiles for the air defence of North America,' Interavia 5, 1960, 575; Hemphill, 'Is RCAF coping ... ?' 16; Jane's All the World', Aircraft (London: Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1961-2), 406. The 1962-63 edition of Jane's, however, states only that the 'B' was armed with a nuclear warhead. A 1961 press release from NORAD headquarters also indicated that Bomarcs could be equipped with conventional or nuclear warheads (cited in Newman, Renegade m Power, 388: and Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 196). If plans for a conventional warhead for the Bomarc were, in fact, scrapped, it would substantiate the claims of Diefenbaker's memoirs to this effect (One Canada, 44).
76. 'Interceptor missiles for the air defence of North America,' Interavia 5, 1960, 575; Hemphill, 'Is RCAF coping ... ?' 16; Jane's All the World', Aircraft (London: Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1961-2), 406. The 1962-63 edition of Jane's, however, states only that the 'B' was armed with a nuclear warhead. A 1961 press release from NORAD headquarters also indicated that Bomarcs could be equipped with conventional or nuclear warheads (cited in Newman, Renegade m Power, 388: and Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 196). If plans for a conventional warhead for the Bomarc were, in fact, scrapped, it would substantiate the claims of Diefenbaker's memoirs to this effect (One Canada, 44).
77. 'Interceptor missiles for the air defence of North America,' Interavia 5, 1960, 575; Hemphill, 'Is RCAF coping ... ?' 16; Jane's All the World', Aircraft (London: Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1961-2), 406. The 1962-63 edition of Jane's, however, states only that the 'B' was armed with a nuclear warhead. A 1961 press release from NORAD headquarters also indicated that Bomarcs could be equipped with conventional or nuclear warheads (cited in Newman, Renegade m Power, 388: and Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 196). If plans for a conventional warhead for the Bomarc were, in fact, scrapped, it would substantiate the claims of Diefenbaker's memoirs to this effect (One Canada, 44).
78. 'Interceptor missiles for the air defence of North America,' Interavia 5, 1960, 575; Hemphill, 'Is RCAF coping ... ?' 16; Jane's All the World', Aircraft (London: Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1961-2), 406. The 1962-63 edition of Jane's, however, states only that the 'B' was armed with a nuclear warhead. A 1961 press release from NORAD headquarters also indicated that Bomarcs could be equipped with conventional or nuclear warheads (cited in Newman, Renegade m Power, 388: and Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 196). If plans for a conventional warhead for the Bomarc were, in fact, scrapped, it would substantiate the claims of Diefenbaker's memoirs to this effect (One Canada, 44).
79. Cochran, et al, Nuclear Weapons Databook, 280-3.
80. McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 84, 86, 92-97: John Gellner, 'Missile bugs to beat - in attack and defense,' Canadian Aviation, May 1959, 36-8.
81. McLin, Canada's Changing Defense Policy, 84, 86, 92-97: John Gellner, 'Missile bugs to beat - in attack and defense,' Canadian Aviation, May 1959, 36-8.
82. The first official acknowledgment of the EMP phenomenon came in 1962. Samuel Glasstone, ed, The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (Atomic Energy Commission for the United States Department of Defense, United States Government Printing Office, April 1962), chap x. This public report did not detail the full effect of the EMP. See also (Kosta Tsipis, Arsenal: Understanding Weapons in the Nuclear Age (New York: Simon and Schuster 1983); and David Cox, 'The Bomarc, nuclear weapons and the North American air defence system,' paper presented to the conference on 'Canada and the Politics of the Nuclear Era,' Kingston, Ontario, September 1992.
83. The first official acknowledgment of the EMP phenomenon came in 1962. Samuel Glasstone, ed, The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (Atomic Energy Commission for the United States Department of Defense, United States Government Printing Office, April 1962), chap x. This public report did not detail the full effect of the EMP. See also (Kosta Tsipis, Arsenal: Understanding Weapons in the Nuclear Age (New York: Simon and Schuster 1983); and David Cox, 'The Bomarc, nuclear weapons and the North American air defence system,' paper presented to the conference on 'Canada and the Politics of the Nuclear Era,' Kingston, Ontario, September 1992.
84. The first official acknowledgment of the EMP phenomenon came in 1962. Samuel Glasstone, ed, The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (Atomic Energy Commission for the United States Department of Defense, United States Government Printing Office, April 1962), chap x. This public report did not detail the full effect of the EMP. See also (Kosta Tsipis, Arsenal: Understanding Weapons in the Nuclear Age (New York: Simon and Schuster 1983); and David Cox, 'The Bomarc, nuclear weapons and the North American air defence system,' paper presented to the conference on 'Canada and the Politics of the Nuclear Era,' Kingston, Ontario, September 1992.
85. It should be emphasized that the Honest John missile adopted by the Canadian and other allied forces in Europe was one of a class of theatre nuclear weapons the merits of which were much debated amongst strategic analysts. For a summary of this largely non-public debate, see Susanne Peters, The Germans and the INF Missiles (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag 1990), chap 3.
86. Granatstein, Man of Influence, 336, 341-2; Robinson, Diefenbaker's World, 86, 107-7.
87. Granatstein, Man of Influence, 336, 341-2; Robinson, Diefenbaker's World, 86, 107-7.
88. Haydon, The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, 271, 78. Haydon mentions this startling point almost in passing and pays relatively little attention to it; his main focus is on the overall involvement of the Canadian military in the Cuban missile crisis and the failures of civil-military relations which the crisis revealed. He does not imply that one aspect of this failure was the deploy-ment of nuclear weapons in Canada or that the deployment happened without political authority.
89. See, respectively, Air Council Minutes, 25 October 1962, and off-the-record correspondence with Peter Haydon, cited in Haydon, The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, 105; the 1963 comments by Defence Minister Gordon Churchill (Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' 307): and correspondence from Churchill to Peyton Lyon, 15 June 1965 (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 533-4); Maloney and Sokolsky, 'Ready, willing and able,' 44-6.
90. See, respectively, Air Council Minutes, 25 October 1962, and off-the-record correspondence with Peter Haydon, cited in Haydon, The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, 105; the 1963 comments by Defence Minister Gordon Churchill (Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' 307): and correspondence from Churchill to Peyton Lyon, 15 June 1965 (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 533-4); Maloney and Sokolsky, 'Ready, willing and able,' 44-6.
91. See, respectively, Air Council Minutes, 25 October 1962, and off-the-record correspondence with Peter Haydon, cited in Haydon, The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, 105; the 1963 comments by Defence Minister Gordon Churchill (Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' 307): and correspondence from Churchill to Peyton Lyon, 15 June 1965 (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 533-4); Maloney and Sokolsky, 'Ready, willing and able,' 44-6.
92. See, respectively, Air Council Minutes, 25 October 1962, and off-the-record correspondence with Peter Haydon, cited in Haydon, The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, 105; the 1963 comments by Defence Minister Gordon Churchill (Spencer, 'External affairs and defence,' 307): and correspondence from Churchill to Peyton Lyon, 15 June 1965 (Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 533-4); Maloney and Sokolsky, 'Ready, willing and able,' 44-6.
93. Secret agreements on Canada-United States defence issues are common though not numerous. When asked in the House of Commons about this possibility early in 1962, Diefenbaker neither confirmed nor denied such an arrangement. See Haydon, The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, 118, 198.
94. Various accounts suggest that the prime minister was very close to announcing the acquisition of nuclear weapons at the time of the Berlin crisis (Robinson, Diefenbaker's World, 229). There were also later reports that the government was about to announce a decision: for example, Walter Gray, Globe and Mail (Toronto), 16 October 1962.
95. Various accounts suggest that the prime minister was very close to announcing the acquisition of nuclear weapons at the time of the Berlin crisis (Robinson, Diefenbaker's World, 229). There were also later reports that the government was about to announce a decision: for example, Walter Gray, Globe and Mail (Toronto), 16 October 1962.