The density of state interest-communities: Do regional variables matter?

Publius: The Journal of Federalism

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 61-78

  Gray, Virginia ^b   Lowery, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040757797     PISSN: 00485950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029969     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Frances Stokes Berry and William D. Berry, "State Lottery Adoptions as Polio Innovations: An Event History Analysis," American Political Science Review 84 (February 1990): 395-415.
2. Thomas R. Dye, Politics, Economics, and the Public (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966).
3. Robert S. Erickson, Gerald C. Wright, and John P. McIver, Statehouse Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
4. Daniel J. Elazar, American Federalism: A View From the States (New York: Thomas Crowell, 1972).
5. See, for example, Jack L. Walker, "The Diffusion of Innovations Among the American States." American Political Science Review 63 (March 1969): 880-899; Virginia Gray, "Innovation in the States: A Diffusion Study," American Political Science Review 67 (April 1973): 1174-1185.
6. See, for example, Jack L. Walker, "The Diffusion of Innovations Among the American States." American Political Science Review 63 (March 1969): 880-899; Virginia Gray, "Innovation in the States: A Diffusion Study," American Political Science Review 67 (April 1973): 1174-1185.
7. Paul A. Peterson and Mark Rom, Welfare Magnets (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1990).
8. Virginia Gray and David Lowery. The Population Ecology of Interest Representation: Lobbying Communities in the American States (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1996).
9. Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive Thomas, Interest Groups in the American West (Provo, UT: University of Utah Press, 1987); Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Southern States (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1992); Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Midwest States (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1993); Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Northeastern States (University Park PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993).
10. Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive Thomas, Interest Groups in the American West (Provo, UT: University of Utah Press, 1987); Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Southern States (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1992); Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Midwest States (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1993); Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Northeastern States (University Park PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993).
11. Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive Thomas, Interest Groups in the American West (Provo, UT: University of Utah Press, 1987); Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Southern States (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1992); Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Midwest States (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1993); Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Northeastern States (University Park PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993).
12. Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive Thomas, Interest Groups in the American West (Provo, UT: University of Utah Press, 1987); Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Southern States (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1992); Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Midwest States (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1993); Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Northeastern States (University Park PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993).
13. See, for example, Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "Looking for Pluralism in All the Wrong Places: Institutions in Dense Interest Communities" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April 1997); Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "Reconceptualizing PAC Formation: It's Not a Collective Action Problem, and It May Be an Arms Race," American Politics Quarterly 25 (March 1997): 319-346; Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "To Lobby Alone or in a Flock: Foraging Behavior Among Organized Interests," American Politics Quarterly 26 (January 1998): 5-34; David Lowery and Virginia Gray, "The Dominance of Institutions in Interest Representation: A Test of Seven Explanations," American Journal of Political Science 42 (January 1998): 231-255.
14. See, for example, Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "Looking for Pluralism in All the Wrong Places: Institutions in Dense Interest Communities" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April 1997); Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "Reconceptualizing PAC Formation: It's Not a Collective Action Problem, and It May Be an Arms Race," American Politics Quarterly 25 (March 1997): 319-346; Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "To Lobby Alone or in a Flock: Foraging Behavior Among Organized Interests," American Politics Quarterly 26 (January 1998): 5-34; David Lowery and Virginia Gray, "The Dominance of Institutions in Interest Representation: A Test of Seven Explanations," American Journal of Political Science 42 (January 1998): 231-255.
15. See, for example, Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "Looking for Pluralism in All the Wrong Places: Institutions in Dense Interest Communities" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April 1997); Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "Reconceptualizing PAC Formation: It's Not a Collective Action Problem, and It May Be an Arms Race," American Politics Quarterly 25 (March 1997): 319-346; Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "To Lobby Alone or in a Flock: Foraging Behavior Among Organized Interests," American Politics Quarterly 26 (January 1998): 5-34; David Lowery and Virginia Gray, "The Dominance of Institutions in Interest Representation: A Test of Seven Explanations," American Journal of Political Science 42 (January 1998): 231-255.
16. See, for example, Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "Looking for Pluralism in All the Wrong Places: Institutions in Dense Interest Communities" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April 1997); Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "Reconceptualizing PAC Formation: It's Not a Collective Action Problem, and It May Be an Arms Race," American Politics Quarterly 25 (March 1997): 319-346; Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "To Lobby Alone or in a Flock: Foraging Behavior Among Organized Interests," American Politics Quarterly 26 (January 1998): 5-34; David Lowery and Virginia Gray, "The Dominance of Institutions in Interest Representation: A Test of Seven Explanations," American Journal of Political Science 42 (January 1998): 231-255.
17. Sara McCally Morehouse, State Politics, Parties, and Policy (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1981).
18. Kennith G. Hunter, Laura Ann Wilson, and Gregory G. Brunk, "Social Complexity and Interest-Group Lobbying in the American States," Journal of Politics 53 (February 1991): 488-503.
19. Gray and Lowery, The Population Ecology of Interest Representation.
20. See, for example, David Lowery and Virginia Gray, "The Density of State Interest Group Systems," Journal of Politics 55 (January 1993): 191-206; David Lowery and Virginia Gray, "The Population Ecology of Gucci Gulch, or the Natural Regulation of Interest Group Numbers in the American States," American Journal of Political Science 39) (February 1995): 1-29; Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "State Interest Group System Density and Diversity: A Research Update," International Political Science Review 15 (January 1994): 5-14; Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "The Demography of Interest Organization Communities: Institutions, Associations, and Membership Groups," American Politics Quarterly 23 (January 1995): 3-32.
21. See, for example, David Lowery and Virginia Gray, "The Density of State Interest Group Systems," Journal of Politics 55 (January 1993): 191-206; David Lowery and Virginia Gray, "The Population Ecology of Gucci Gulch, or the Natural Regulation of Interest Group Numbers in the American States," American Journal of Political Science 39) (February 1995): 1-29; Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "State Interest Group System Density and Diversity: A Research Update," International Political Science Review 15 (January 1994): 5-14; Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "The Demography of Interest Organization Communities: Institutions, Associations, and Membership Groups," American Politics Quarterly 23 (January 1995): 3-32.
22. See, for example, David Lowery and Virginia Gray, "The Density of State Interest Group Systems," Journal of Politics 55 (January 1993): 191-206; David Lowery and Virginia Gray, "The Population Ecology of Gucci Gulch, or the Natural Regulation of Interest Group Numbers in the American States," American Journal of Political Science 39) (February 1995): 1-29; Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "State Interest Group System Density and Diversity: A Research Update," International Political Science Review 15 (January 1994): 5-14; Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "The Demography of Interest Organization Communities: Institutions, Associations, and Membership Groups," American Politics Quarterly 23 (January 1995): 3-32.
23. See, for example, David Lowery and Virginia Gray, "The Density of State Interest Group Systems," Journal of Politics 55 (January 1993): 191-206; David Lowery and Virginia Gray, "The Population Ecology of Gucci Gulch, or the Natural Regulation of Interest Group Numbers in the American States," American Journal of Political Science 39) (February 1995): 1-29; Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "State Interest Group System Density and Diversity: A Research Update," International Political Science Review 15 (January 1994): 5-14; Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "The Demography of Interest Organization Communities: Institutions, Associations, and Membership Groups," American Politics Quarterly 23 (January 1995): 3-32.
24. The third factor of government activity or potential activity is included in their models of interest-system density when applied to specific subsets of organizations representing different types of substantive interests, but not in the models of total interest-system density because of the lack of a valid comprehensive measure.
25. Hrebenar and Thomas, Interest Groups in the American West; Interest Group Politics in the Southern States; Interest Group Politics in the Midwest States; Interest Group Politics in the Northeastern States.
26. Clive Thomas and Ronald J. Hrebenar, "Changing Patterns of Interest Group Activity: A Regional Perspective," The Politics of Interests, ed. Mark P. Petracca (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1992), pp. 159-174.
27. See, for example, V. O. Key, Jr., Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949); Dwayne Lockard, New England State Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959); John H. Fenton, Politics in the Midwest States (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1966).
28. See, for example, V. O. Key, Jr., Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949); Dwayne Lockard, New England State Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959); John H. Fenton, Politics in the Midwest States (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1966).
29. See, for example, V. O. Key, Jr., Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949); Dwayne Lockard, New England State Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959); John H. Fenton, Politics in the Midwest States (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1966).
30. Thomas and Hrebenar, "Changing Patterns of Interest Group Activity: A Regional Perspective," p. 151.
31. Ibid.
32. Clive Thomas and Ronald J. Hrebenar, "Interest Groups in the States," Politics in the American States: A Comparative Perspective, eds. Virginia Gray, Herbert Jacob, and Robert B. Albritton, 5th ed. (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, and Company; Boston, MA: Little, Brown, and Company, 1990), p. 125.
33. Clive Thomas and Ronald J. Hrebenar, "Interest Group Power and Impact: Exploring Issues and Variables" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York, September 1994).
34. See, for example, Walker, "The Diffusion of Innovations Among the American States"; Berry and Berry, "State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innovations: An Event History Analysis."
35. See, for example, Walker, "The Diffusion of Innovations Among the American States"; Berry and Berry, "State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innovations: An Event History Analysis."
36. Thomas and Hrebenar, "Changing Patters, of Interest Group Activity: A Regional Perspective."
37. Lee Sigelman, David Lowery, and Roland Smith, "The Tax Revolt: A Comparative State Analysis," Western Political Quarterly 6 (Mrach 1983): 30-51.
38. Thomas and Hrebenar, "Changing Pattern, of Interest Group Activity: A Regional Perspective," p. 155.
39. Ibid, 172-173.
40. Gray and Lowery, The Population Ecology of Interest Representation, pp. 85-109.
41. Ibid, pp. 107-108.
42. Ibid.
43. Hunter, Wilson, and Brunk, "Social Complexity and Interest-Group Lobbying in the American States."
44. David Lowery and Virginia Gray, "Do Lobbying Regulations Influence Lobbying Registrations," Social Science Quarterly, 75 (February 1994): 382-384; David Lowery and Virginia Gray, "How Some Rule, Just Don't Matter: The Regulation of Lobbyists," Public Choice 91 January 1997): 139-147.
45. David Lowery and Virginia Gray, "Do Lobbying Regulations Influence Lobbying Registrations," Social Science Quarterly, 75 (February 1994): 382-384; David Lowery and Virginia Gray, "How Some Rule, Just Don't Matter: The Regulation of Lobbyists," Public Choice 91 January 1997): 139-147.
46. Virginia Gray and Lowery, "State Lobbying Regulations and Their Enforcement: Implications for the Diversity of State Interest Communities," State and Local Government Review (forthcoming).
47. Holly Brasher, David Lowery, and Virginia Gry, "The Validity of State Lobby Registration Data: The Anomalous Case of Florida (and Minnesota too!)" (unpublished manuscript, Department of Political Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1997).
48. Lowery and Gray, "The Density of State Interest Group Systems."
49. Hrebenar and Thomas, Interest Groups in the American West; Interest Group Politics in the Southern States; Interest Group Politics in the Midwest States; Interest Group Politics in the Northeastern States.
50. Hrebenar and Thomas classify the states in the following manner: Northeast (ME, NH, VT, WV, CT, DE, MD, MA, NJ, NY, PA, RI), South (KV, TN, VA, NC, FL, TX, AR, SC, GA, AL, MS, LA), Midwest (IA, KS, MI, MN, ND, SD, WI, OK, IL, IN, MO, NB, OH), and West (CA, CO. ID, OR, WA, UT, MT, AZ, NM, AK, HA, NV, WY). However, several of these states were not included in the analysis for reasons noted in the text.
51. David Quammen, The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinction (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996).
52. Berry and Berry, "State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innovations: An Event History Analysis," p. 412.
53. Ibid.
54. Lowery and Gray, "The Population Ecology of Gucci Gulch, or the Natural Regulation of Interest Group Numbers in the American States."
55. More detailed analysis of the interest-community density of the southern states provides some support for this interpretation. See Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "The Underpopulated Interest Communities of the American South: Partially Decomposing a Dummy Variable," (published manuscript, Department of Political Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1997).