Contemporary models of democracy

Polity

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 546-567

  Gabardi, Wayne ^a  

^a IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040753210     PISSN: 00323497     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3235516     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. C. B. Macpherson, The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 2-4.
2. David Held, Models of Democracy (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987), 7.
3. See David Held, Models of Democracy, 2d ed. (Stanford: University Press, 1996), and Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995).
4. See David Held, Models of Democracy, 2d ed. (Stanford: University Press, 1996), and Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995).
5. See Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Daniel Bell, Communitarianism and Its Critics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Robert Bellah, et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Amitai Etzioni, The spirt of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996); William Galston, Liberal Purposes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Thomas Spragens, Reason and Democracy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990); and Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Also see Stephen Mulhall and Adam Swift, Liberals and Communitarians (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992), and Amitai Etzioni, The Essential Communitarian Reader (Rowman & Littlefield, 1998).
6. See Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Daniel Bell, Communitarianism and Its Critics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Robert Bellah, et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Amitai Etzioni, The spirt of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996); William Galston, Liberal Purposes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Thomas Spragens, Reason and Democracy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990); and Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Also see Stephen Mulhall and Adam Swift, Liberals and Communitarians (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992), and Amitai Etzioni, The Essential Communitarian Reader (Rowman & Littlefield, 1998).
7. See Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Daniel Bell, Communitarianism and Its Critics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Robert Bellah, et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Amitai Etzioni, The spirt of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996); William Galston, Liberal Purposes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Thomas Spragens, Reason and Democracy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990); and Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Also see Stephen Mulhall and Adam Swift, Liberals and Communitarians (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992), and Amitai Etzioni, The Essential Communitarian Reader (Rowman & Littlefield, 1998).
8. See Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Daniel Bell, Communitarianism and Its Critics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Robert Bellah, et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Amitai Etzioni, The spirt of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996); William Galston, Liberal Purposes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Thomas Spragens, Reason and Democracy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990); and Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Also see Stephen Mulhall and Adam Swift, Liberals and Communitarians (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992), and Amitai Etzioni, The Essential Communitarian Reader (Rowman & Littlefield, 1998).
9. See Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Daniel Bell, Communitarianism and Its Critics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Robert Bellah, et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Amitai Etzioni, The spirt of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996); William Galston, Liberal Purposes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Thomas Spragens, Reason and Democracy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990); and Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Also see Stephen Mulhall and Adam Swift, Liberals and Communitarians (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992), and Amitai Etzioni, The Essential Communitarian Reader (Rowman & Littlefield, 1998).
10. See Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Daniel Bell, Communitarianism and Its Critics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Robert Bellah, et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Amitai Etzioni, The spirt of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996); William Galston, Liberal Purposes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Thomas Spragens, Reason and Democracy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990); and Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Also see Stephen Mulhall and Adam Swift, Liberals and Communitarians (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992), and Amitai Etzioni, The Essential Communitarian Reader (Rowman & Littlefield, 1998).
11. See Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Daniel Bell, Communitarianism and Its Critics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Robert Bellah, et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Amitai Etzioni, The spirt of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996); William Galston, Liberal Purposes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Thomas Spragens, Reason and Democracy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990); and Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Also see Stephen Mulhall and Adam Swift, Liberals and Communitarians (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992), and Amitai Etzioni, The Essential Communitarian Reader (Rowman & Littlefield, 1998).
12. See Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Daniel Bell, Communitarianism and Its Critics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Robert Bellah, et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Amitai Etzioni, The spirt of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996); William Galston, Liberal Purposes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Thomas Spragens, Reason and Democracy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990); and Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Also see Stephen Mulhall and Adam Swift, Liberals and Communitarians (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992), and Amitai Etzioni, The Essential Communitarian Reader (Rowman & Littlefield, 1998).
13. See Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Daniel Bell, Communitarianism and Its Critics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Robert Bellah, et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Amitai Etzioni, The spirt of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996); William Galston, Liberal Purposes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Thomas Spragens, Reason and Democracy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990); and Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Also see Stephen Mulhall and Adam Swift, Liberals and Communitarians (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992), and Amitai Etzioni, The Essential Communitarian Reader (Rowman & Littlefield, 1998).
14. See Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Daniel Bell, Communitarianism and Its Critics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Robert Bellah, et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Amitai Etzioni, The spirt of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996); William Galston, Liberal Purposes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Thomas Spragens, Reason and Democracy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990); and Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Also see Stephen Mulhall and Adam Swift, Liberals and Communitarians (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992), and Amitai Etzioni, The Essential Communitarian Reader (Rowman & Littlefield, 1998).
15. See Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Daniel Bell, Communitarianism and Its Critics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Robert Bellah, et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Amitai Etzioni, The spirt of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996); William Galston, Liberal Purposes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Thomas Spragens, Reason and Democracy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990); and Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Also see Stephen Mulhall and Adam Swift, Liberals and Communitarians (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992), and Amitai Etzioni, The Essential Communitarian Reader (Rowman & Littlefield, 1998).
16. In 1991 the quarterly journal The Responsive Community was founded and "The Responsive Communitarian Platform" was issued. As the movement's leader, Etzioni envisions communitarianism to be the equivalent of the late nineteenth-century Progressive movement.
17. Due to the influence of William Galston, who was White House domestic policy advisor in Clinton's first term, communitarianism became part of the Clinton administration policy agenda as evident in the Family Leave Act and the AmeriCorps national service program. See by Galston, "Clinton and the Promise of Communitarianism," in the Chronicle of Higher Education, December 2, 1991, A52.
18. Michael Sandel, "The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self," in Political Theory 12 (February 1984): 81-96.
19. Amitai Etzioni, "A Moderate Communitarian Proposal," in Political Theory 24 (May 1996): 157.
20. Etzioni, "A Moderate Proposal," 166.
21. Etzioni, "A Moderate Proposal," 167.
22. Amitai Etzioni, "On Restoring the Moral Voice," in Rights and the Common Good: The Communitarian Perspective, ed. Etzioni (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995), 274.
23. Etzioni, The New Golden Rule, xvii.
24. Etzioni, The New Golden Rule, 3-12
25. See Etzioni, "The Responsive Communitarian Platform: Rights and Responsibilities," in Rights and the Common Good, 13.
26. See Seyla Benhabib, ed., Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); James Bohman, Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996); John Dryzek, Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy, and Political Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); James Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991); Jürgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996); and Mark Warren, "What Should We Expect From More Democracy?: Radically Democratic Responses to Politics," in Political Theory 24 (May 1996): 241-70.
27. See Seyla Benhabib, ed., Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); James Bohman, Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996); John Dryzek, Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy, and Political Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); James Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991); Jürgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996); and Mark Warren, "What Should We Expect From More Democracy?: Radically Democratic Responses to Politics," in Political Theory 24 (May 1996): 241-70.
28. See Seyla Benhabib, ed., Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); James Bohman, Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996); John Dryzek, Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy, and Political Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); James Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991); Jürgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996); and Mark Warren, "What Should We Expect From More Democracy?: Radically Democratic Responses to Politics," in Political Theory 24 (May 1996): 241-70.
29. See Seyla Benhabib, ed., Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); James Bohman, Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996); John Dryzek, Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy, and Political Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); James Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991); Jürgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996); and Mark Warren, "What Should We Expect From More Democracy?: Radically Democratic Responses to Politics," in Political Theory 24 (May 1996): 241-70.
30. See Seyla Benhabib, ed., Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); James Bohman, Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996); John Dryzek, Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy, and Political Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); James Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991); Jürgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996); and Mark Warren, "What Should We Expect From More Democracy?: Radically Democratic Responses to Politics," in Political Theory 24 (May 1996): 241-70.
31. See Seyla Benhabib, ed., Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); James Bohman, Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996); John Dryzek, Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy, and Political Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); James Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991); Jürgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996); and Mark Warren, "What Should We Expect From More Democracy?: Radically Democratic Responses to Politics," in Political Theory 24 (May 1996): 241-70.
32. See Seyla Benhabib, "Toward a Deliberative Model of Democratic Legitimacy," in Benhabib, ed., Democracy and Difference, 69.
33. On the concept and history of the public sphere see Joan Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988); Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989); Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992); and Nancy Fraser, Justice Interrupts: Critical Reflections on the "Postsocialist" Condition (New York & London: Routledge, 1997), ch. 3 and 4, 69-120.
34. On the concept and history of the public sphere see Joan Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988); Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989); Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992); and Nancy Fraser, Justice Interrupts: Critical Reflections on the "Postsocialist" Condition (New York & London: Routledge, 1997), ch. 3 and 4, 69-120.
35. On the concept and history of the public sphere see Joan Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988); Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989); Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992); and Nancy Fraser, Justice Interrupts: Critical Reflections on the "Postsocialist" Condition (New York & London: Routledge, 1997), ch. 3 and 4, 69-120.
36. On the concept and history of the public sphere see Joan Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988); Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989); Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992); and Nancy Fraser, Justice Interrupts: Critical Reflections on the "Postsocialist" Condition (New York & London: Routledge, 1997), ch. 3 and 4, 69-120.
37. Jürgen Habermas, "Three Normative Models of Democracy," in Constellations 1 (1994): 7.
38. Habermas, "Three Normative Models of Democracy," 6.
39. On the idea of a "postconventional" moral consciousness see Habermas's essay "Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action," in Habermas, Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), 116-94.
40. Habermas, "Three Normative Models of Democracy," 7.
41. Habermas, "Three Normative Models of Democracy," 9-10.
42. Habermas, "Three Normative Models of Democracy," 8.
43. Habermas, "Three Normative Models of Democracy," 8.
44. Also known as "radical democracy," this model is strongly influenced by postmodern thought and the cultural politics of the post-Marxist Left. See David Trend, ed., Radical Democracy: Identity, Citizenship, and the State (London and New York: Routledge, 1996).
45. See William Connolly's essays in The Ethos of Pluralization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995).
46. William E. Connolly, Identity\Difference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1991), "Preface," x.
47. Chantal Mouffe, The Return of the Political (London and New York: Verso, 1993), "Politics and the Limits of Liberalism," 150.
48. Chantal Mouffe, ed., Dimensions of Radical Democracy: Pluralism, Citizenship, Community (London: Verso, 1992), "Preface: Democratic Politics Today," 14.
49. Mouffe, The Return of the Political, "Radical Democracy: Modern or Postmodern?," 9-13.
50. Mouffe, The Return of the Political, "Radical Democracy: Modern or Postmodern?," 12.
51. Mouffe, The Return of the Political, "Feminism, Citizenship, and Radical Democratic Politics," 84.
52. Mouffe, The Return of the Political, "Introduction: For an Agonistic Pluralism," 1-8.
53. Mouffe, The Return of the Political, "Democratic Citizenship and the Political Community," 70.
54. Etzioni, The New Golden Rule, 198-210.
55. Etzioni, The New Golden Rule, 199-200.
56. Etzioni, The New Golden Rule, 200.
57. Etzioni, The New Golden Rule, 208.
58. Etzioni, The New Golden Rule, 189-216.
59. See Amitai Etzioni's policy proposals in The Spirit of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993).
60. See Iris Marion Young, "Communication and the Other: Beyond Deliberative Democracy," in Seyla Benhabib, ed., Democracy and Difference, 120-35; and Lynn M. Sanders, "Against Deliberation," in Political Theory 25 (June 1997): 347-76.
61. See Iris Marion Young, "Communication and the Other: Beyond Deliberative Democracy," in Seyla Benhabib, ed., Democracy and Difference, 120-35; and Lynn M. Sanders, "Against Deliberation," in Political Theory 25 (June 1997): 347-76.
62. For a critique of the relationship between discourse ethics and deliberative democracy, see Evan Charney, "Political Liberalism, Deliberative Democracy, and the Public Sphere," in the American Political Science Review 92 (March 1998): 97-110.
63. On the emergence of local social justice movements see Andrew Szasz, Ecopopulism: Toxic Waste and the Movement for Environmental Justice (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); and Beyond Identity Politics: Emerging Social Justice Movements in Communities of Color, ed. John Anner (Boston: South End Press, 1996).
64. On the emergence of local social justice movements see Andrew Szasz, Ecopopulism: Toxic Waste and the Movement for Environmental Justice (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); and Beyond Identity Politics: Emerging Social Justice Movements in Communities of Color, ed. John Anner (Boston: South End Press, 1996).
65. Danilo Zolo, Democracy and Complexity: A Realist Approach (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), "Preface," ix.
66. Zolo, Democracy and Complexity, ch. 1, "Some General Assumptions," 1.
67. Zolo, Democracy and Complexity, ch. 1, "Some General Assumptions," 3.
68. Zolo, Democracy and Complexity, ch. 1, "Some General Assumptions," 3.
69. Zolo, Democracy and Complexity, ch. 2, "Complexity and Political Theory," 38.
70. Zolo, Democracy and Complexity, ch. 4, "The Evolutionary Risks of Democracy," 115-35.
71. Zolo, Democracy and Complexity, ch. 3, "Complexity and Democratic Theory," 65-73.
72. Zolo, Democracy and Complexity, ch. 3, "Complexity and Democratic Theory," 82-88.
73. Zolo, Democracy and Complexity, ch. 4, "The Evolutionary Risks of Democracy," 109-14.
74. Zolo, Democracy and Complexity, ch. 3, "Complexity and Democratic Theory," 70.
75. Zolo, Democracy and Complexity, "Conclusion," 181-82.
76. See Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: The Free Press, 1992).
77. Zolo, Democracy and Complexity, "Conclusion," 184.
78. On the nature of these social changes and their political consequences, see David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989); Anthony Giddens, Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994); and Zygmunt Bauman, In Search of Politics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999).
79. On the nature of these social changes and their political consequences, see David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989); Anthony Giddens, Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994); and Zygmunt Bauman, In Search of Politics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999).
80. On the nature of these social changes and their political consequences, see David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989); Anthony Giddens, Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994); and Zygmunt Bauman, In Search of Politics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999).
81. See Foucault's lecture on governmentality in The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, ed. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), ch. 4, "Governmentality," 87-104. Also see Foucault's course summaries "Security, Terrority, and Population," "The Birth of Biopolitics," and "On the Government of the Living," reprinted in Paul Rabinow, ed., The Essential Works of Michel Foucult 1954-1984, Volume One, Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (New York: The New Press, 1997), 67-85.
82. See Foucault's lecture on governmentality in The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, ed. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), ch. 4, "Governmentality," 87-104. Also see Foucault's course summaries "Security, Terrority, and Population," "The Birth of Biopolitics," and "On the Government of the Living," reprinted in Paul Rabinow, ed., The Essential Works of Michel Foucult 1954-1984, Volume One, Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (New York: The New Press, 1997), 67-85.
83. Nikolas Rose, "Governing advanced liberal democracies," in Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism, and Rationalities of Government, ed. Andrew Barry, Thomas Osborne, and Nikolas Rose (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 37-38.
84. Rose, "Governing advanced literal democracies," 54.
85. Rose, "Governing advanced literal democracies," 54.
86. Rose, "Governing advanced literal democracies," 56.
87. Rose, "Governing advanced liberal democracies," 56.
88. Rose, "Governing advanced liberal democracies," 57.
89. Rose, "Governing advanced liberal democracies," 57.
90. Rose, "Governing advanced liberal democracies," 57-58.
91. Rose, "Governing advanced liberal democracies," 61.
92. See Scott Lash and John Urry, Economies of Signs and Space (London, Thousand Oaks, and New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 1994).
93. See Mike Featherstone, Undoing Culture: Globalization, Postmodernism and Identity (London, Thousand Oaks, and New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 1995).
94. See Edward S. Herman and Robert W. McChesney, The Global Media: The New Missionaries of Corporate Capitalism (London: Cassell, 1997).
95. Herman and McChesney, The Global Media, ch. 3, "Main Players in the Global Media System," 70-105.
96. On the idea of "hyperreality," coined and popularized by Jean Baudrillard, see Postmodern Theory: Critical Interrogations, by Steven Best and Douglas Kellner (New York: The Guilford Press, 1991), ch. 5, "Baudrillard en route to Postmodernity," 111-45. Also see the essays in Baudrillard: A Critical Reader, ed. Douglas Kellner (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994).
97. On the idea of "hyperreality," coined and popularized by Jean Baudrillard, see Postmodern Theory: Critical Interrogations, by Steven Best and Douglas Kellner (New York: The Guilford Press, 1991), ch. 5, "Baudrillard en route to Postmodernity," 111-45. Also see the essays in Baudrillard: A Critical Reader, ed. Douglas Kellner (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994).
98. Zolo, Democracy and Complexity, ch. 5, "The Principality of Communication," 163.
99. Zolo, Democracy and Complexity, ch. 5, "The Principality of Communication," 163-64.
100. Sheldon Wolin, "Fugitive Democracy," in Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political, ed. Seyla Benhabib (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 31-43.
101. Wolin, "Fugitive Democracy," 33.
102. Wolin, "Fugitive Democracy," 33.
103. Wolin, "Fugitive Democracy," 33.
104. Wolin, "Fugitive Democracy," 33.
105. Wolin, "Fugitive Democracy," 31.
106. Wolin, "Fugitive Democracy," 43-44.
107. On Foucault's discussion of "universal" and "specific" intellectuals, see "Truth and Power," in The Foucault Reader, ed. Rabinow (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), 51-75.
108. See Michel Foucault, "What is Enlightenment?," in Rabinow, The Foucault Reader, 47-48.
109. Transgression was a major defining theme of Foucault's early thought. See his essays and interviews in Language, Counter-Memory, Practice, trans. Donald Bouchard and Sherry Simon, ed. Donald Bouchard (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977). Also see John Simons, Foucault and the Political (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), ch. 6,7, and 8, 68-104; and Brent L. Pickett, "Foucault and the Politics of Resistance," Polity 28 (Summer 1996): 445-66.
110. Transgression was a major defining theme of Foucault's early thought. See his essays and interviews in Language, Counter-Memory, Practice, trans. Donald Bouchard and Sherry Simon, ed. Donald Bouchard (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977). Also see John Simons, Foucault and the Political (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), ch. 6,7, and 8, 68-104; and Brent L. Pickett, "Foucault and the Politics of Resistance," Polity 28 (Summer 1996): 445-66.
111. Transgression was a major defining theme of Foucault's early thought. See his essays and interviews in Language, Counter-Memory, Practice, trans. Donald Bouchard and Sherry Simon, ed. Donald Bouchard (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977). Also see John Simons, Foucault and the Political (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), ch. 6,7, and 8, 68-104; and Brent L. Pickett, "Foucault and the Politics of Resistance," Polity 28 (Summer 1996): 445-66.
112. See Michel Foucault, The Use of Pleasure, Volume 2 of the History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985); The Care of the Self, Volume 3 of the History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986); and "The Ethic of Care for the Self as a Practice of Freedom: An Interview with Michel Foucault on January 28, 1984," conducted by Raul Fornet-Betancourt, Helmut Becker, and Alfredo Gomez-Muller, trans. J. D. Gauthier, S.J., in The Final Foucault, ed. James Bernauer and David Rasmussen (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988), 1-20.
113. See Michel Foucault, The Use of Pleasure, Volume 2 of the History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985); The Care of the Self, Volume 3 of the History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986); and "The Ethic of Care for the Self as a Practice of Freedom: An Interview with Michel Foucault on January 28, 1984," conducted by Raul Fornet-Betancourt, Helmut Becker, and Alfredo Gomez-Muller, trans. J. D. Gauthier, S.J., in The Final Foucault, ed. James Bernauer and David Rasmussen (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988), 1-20.
114. See Michel Foucault, The Use of Pleasure, Volume 2 of the History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985); The Care of the Self, Volume 3 of the History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986); and "The Ethic of Care for the Self as a Practice of Freedom: An Interview with Michel Foucault on January 28, 1984," conducted by Raul Fornet-Betancourt, Helmut Becker, and Alfredo Gomez-Muller, trans. J. D. Gauthier, S.J., in The Final Foucault, ed. James Bernauer and David Rasmussen (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988), 1-20.
115. See Jessica J. Kulynych, "Performing Politics: Foucault, Habermas, and Postmodern Participation," Polity 30 (Winter 1997): 315-46.
116. See Leslie Paul Thiele, "The Agony of Politics: The Nietzschean Roots of Foucault's Thought," American Political Science Review 84 (September 1990): 907-25; and Lawrence J. Hatab, A Nietzschean Defense of Democracy: An Experiment in Postmodern Politics (Chicago and La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1995).
117. See Leslie Paul Thiele, "The Agony of Politics: The Nietzschean Roots of Foucault's Thought," American Political Science Review 84 (September 1990): 907-25; and Lawrence J. Hatab, A Nietzschean Defense of Democracy: An Experiment in Postmodern Politics (Chicago and La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1995).
118. See S. Sara Monoson, "Frank Speech, Democracy, and Philosophy: Plato's Debt to a Democratic Strategy of Civic Discourse," in Athenian Political Thought and the Reconstruction of American Democracy, ed. J. Peter Euben, John R. Wallach, and Josiah Ober (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1994), 172-197.
119. See John S. Ransom, Foucault's Discipline: The Politics of Subjectivity (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1997), ch. VI, "Politics, Norms, and the Self," 155-67.
120. See Foucault, "The Subject and Power," in Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, ed. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 208-26; and Foucault, "What is Enlightenment?," in Rabinow, The Foucault Reader, 46-47.
121. See Foucault, "The Subject and Power," in Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, ed. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 208-26; and Foucault, "What is Enlightenment?," in Rabinow, The Foucault Reader, 46-47.