Human rights: A survey of archival sources in the United States and Canada

Human Rights Quarterly

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 431-463

  Montgomery, Bruce P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040748915     PISSN: 02750392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/hrq.2001.0021     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. In 1994, Amnesty International reversed its long standing prohibition against depositing internal records with external archival institutions due to a precedent setting agreement between Amnesty International USA and the Human Rights Initiative at the University of Colorado at Boulder. This agreement set precedent for Al worldwide in establishing the fundamental ground rules for the archiving of Amnesty's records with external archival institutions.
2. See ALEKSANDR I. SOLZHENITSYN, Letter to the Soviet leaders, in THE GULAG ARCHIPELAGO, at 47 (1974).
3. HOOVER INSTITUTION, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, ANNUAL REPORT: IDEAS DEFINING A FREE SOCIETY 6 (1998), available on 〈http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/pubaffairs/ar98/default.html〉 (visited 26 Jan. 2001).
4. Id. at 7.
5. WEI JINGSHENG, THE COURAGE TO STAND ALONE: LETTERS FROM PRISON AND OTHER WRITINGS (1997).
6. See KENNETH LIEBERTHAL, GOVERNING CHINA: FROM REVOLUTION THROUGH REFORM 134 (1995), and see Andrew J. Nathans, Foreword to JINGSHENG, supra note 5, at xvi.
7. See KENNETH LIEBERTHAL, GOVERNING CHINA: FROM REVOLUTION THROUGH REFORM 134 (1995), and see Andrew J. Nathans, Foreword to JINGSHENG, supra note 5, at xvi.
8. See JINGSHENG, supra note 5, at xvi.
9. BERNARD MALAMUD, THE FIXER (1966).
10. JINGSHENG, supra note 5, at vii.
11. ANDREI D. SAKHAROV, PROGRESS, COEXISTENCE, AND INTELLECTUAL FREEDOM (1968).
12. Id.
13. LUDMILLA ALEXEYEVA, SOVIET DISSENT: CONTEMPORARY MOVEMENTS FOR NATIONAL, RELIGIOUS, AND HUMAN RIGHTS 324 (1985).
14. JOSHUA RUBENSTEIN, SOVIET DISSIDENTS: THEIR STRUGGLE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS 131 (1980).
15. See id. at 131-34, and see ALEXEYEVA, supra note 12, at 294.
16. ALEXEYEVA, supra note 12, at 324-25, 330-38.
17. For more information regarding Sakharov's views, see reference list on file with the author.
18. See the Cambodian Genocide Program website, Yale University, 〈http://www.yale .edu.cgp〉.
19. See The Cambodian Genocide Justice Act, 22 U.S.C. §2656 Part D, Sections 571-74 (2000).
20. See the Cambodian Genocide Program website, supra note 17.
21. Id.
22. Id.
23. Id.
24. Id.
25. See the Cambodian Genocide Program, Report of the Cambodian Genocide Program, 1994-1997: A Report to the United States Department of State Bureau of East Asia and the Pacific: Feb. 1998 (1998), available at 〈http://www.yale.edu/cBp/readings /report94_v3.html〉 (visited 26 Jan. 2001) [hereinafter Report of the Cambodian Genocide Program, 1994-1997].
26. See the Cambodian Genocide Program website, supra note 17.
27. See Report of the Cambodian Genocide Program, 1994-1997, supra note 24.
28. See id.
29. Yale Center for International and Area Studies, The Cambodian Genocide Program, 1994-1997: A Report to the United States Department of State Bureau of East Asia and the Pacific (Feb. 1998), available at 〈http://www.yale.edu/cgp/report.html.〉, at 10.
30. See The Human Rights Internet (last modified Jan. 24, 2000) 〈http://www.hri.ca /welcome.cfm〉.
31. Id.
32. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted 10 Dec. 1948, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.M. GAOR, 3d Sess. (Resolutions, pt. 1), at 71, U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948), reprinted in 43 AM. J. INT'L L. 127 (Supp. 1949).
33. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted 10 Dec. 1948, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.M. GAOR, 3d Sess. (Resolutions, pt. 1), at 71, U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948), reprinted in 43 AM. J. INT'L L. 127 (Supp. 1949).
34. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted 10 Dec. 1948, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.M. GAOR, 3d Sess. (Resolutions, pt. 1), at 71, U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948), reprinted in 43 AM. J. INT'L L. 127 (Supp. 1949).
35. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted 10 Dec. 1948, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.M. GAOR, 3d Sess. (Resolutions, pt. 1), at 71, U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948), reprinted in 43 AM. J. INT'L L. 127 (Supp. 1949).
36. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted 10 Dec. 1948, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.M. GAOR, 3d Sess. (Resolutions, pt. 1), at 71, U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948), reprinted in 43 AM. J. INT'L L. 127 (Supp. 1949).
37. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force 23 Mar. 1976).
38. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force 23 Mar. 1976).
39. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force 23 Mar. 1976).
40. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force 23 Mar. 1976).
41. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force 23 Mar. 1976).
42. RUBENSTEIN, supra note 13, at 184, 236-37, 211-14.
43. Id. at 218.
44. See Report: International Citizens Helsinki Watch Conference, Bellagio Study & Conference Center, Lake Como, Italy, 6-10 Sept. 1982, at 1-7 (1982).
45. See id. at 1-7, The Conference report contains a variety of background material including meeting minutes, press releases and articles, and papers given by select conference participants. On 9 November 1982, the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights issued a press release concerning its report, violations of the Helsinki Accords, which singled out Poland and the Soviet Union as the most blatant violators of the Helsinki Agreements. Since the Madrid talks recessed in March, 1982, Poland and the Soviet Union had escalated their repressive measures against citizen Helsinki monitors. The press release also outlined the abuse of human rights in Czechoslovakia.
46. See El Salvador Work Shaped the Human Rights Movement, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH: QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER 1-3 (Winter 1992).
47. See Human Rights Watch/Asia Watch archives, University of Colorado at Boulder; HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH/ASIA WATCH, ANNUAL REPORTS (1991-1999).
48. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH WORLD REPORT 1997: EVENTS OF 1996, 5 (1996).
49. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH WORLD REPORT 1992: EVENTS OF 1991, 33 (1991). In 1992, Human Rights Watch reported that in Africa, the year 1991 proved momentous. Several despotic governments lost power, others were belatedly forced to concede the principle of democratic accountability, and major long running civil wars came to an end. The winds of change that had become noticable in 1990 were blowing more strongly still. The report noted the rapid spread of demands for democratization, and the withering of dictatorships with the end of the Cold War and the withdrawal of international support. Finally, it noted the growing movements for multiparty democracy, civil liberties, and human rights, despite continuing widespread violations throughout much of the continent.
50. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH WORLD REPORT 1992: EVENTS OF 1991, 33 (1991). In 1992, Human Rights Watch reported that in Africa, the year 1991 proved momentous. Several despotic governments lost power, others were belatedly forced to concede the principle of democratic accountability, and major long running civil wars came to an end. The winds of change that had become noticable in 1990 were blowing more strongly still. The report noted the rapid spread of demands for democratization, and the withering of dictatorships with the end of the Cold War and the withdrawal of international support. Finally, it noted the growing movements for multiparty democracy, civil liberties, and human rights, despite continuing widespread violations throughout much of the continent.
51. Id. at 8. The HRW/Africa Watch archives contain numerous documents from and communications with African NGOs.
52. See Judith Miller, Iraq Accused, N.Y. TIMES MAGAZINE, 3 Jan. 1993, at 12.
53. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH/MIDDLE EAST, IRAQ'S CRIME OF GENOCIDE: THE ANFAL CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE KURDS XV (1995), see also, MIDDLE EAST WATCH & PHYSICIANS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, UNQUIET GRAVES: THE SEARCH FOR THE DISAPPEARED IN IRAQI KURDISTAN 1, 6 (1992).
54. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH/MIDDLE EAST, IRAQ'S CRIME OF GENOCIDE: THE ANFAL CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE KURDS XV (1995), see also, MIDDLE EAST WATCH & PHYSICIANS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, UNQUIET GRAVES: THE SEARCH FOR THE DISAPPEARED IN IRAQI KURDISTAN 1, 6 (1992).
55. See MIDDLE EAST WATCH & PHYSICIANS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, UNQUIET GRAVES: THE SEARCH FOR THE DISAPPEARED IN IRAQI KURDISTAN (1992); MIDDLE EAST WATCH, BUREAUCRACY OF REPRESSION: THE IRAQI GOVERNMENT IN ITS OWN WORDS (1994); PHYSICIANS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, WINDS OF DEATH: IRAQ'S USE OF POISON GAS (1989).
56. See MIDDLE EAST WATCH & PHYSICIANS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, UNQUIET GRAVES: THE SEARCH FOR THE DISAPPEARED IN IRAQI KURDISTAN (1992); MIDDLE EAST WATCH, BUREAUCRACY OF REPRESSION: THE IRAQI GOVERNMENT IN ITS OWN WORDS (1994); PHYSICIANS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, WINDS OF DEATH: IRAQ'S USE OF POISON GAS (1989).
57. See MIDDLE EAST WATCH & PHYSICIANS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, UNQUIET GRAVES: THE SEARCH FOR THE DISAPPEARED IN IRAQI KURDISTAN (1992); MIDDLE EAST WATCH, BUREAUCRACY OF REPRESSION: THE IRAQI GOVERNMENT IN ITS OWN WORDS (1994); PHYSICIANS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, WINDS OF DEATH: IRAQ'S USE OF POISON GAS (1989).
58. Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, opened for signature 3 Dec. 1997 [hereinafter The Mine Ban Treaty of 1997], available on 〈http://www.banminesusa.org〉 (visited 26 Jan. 2001).
59. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH WORLD REPORT 1992: EVENTS OF 1991, 15 (1991).
60. JONATHAN POWER, AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL: THE HUMAN RIGHTS STORY 10 (1981).
61. Id.
62. Id.
63. Id.
64. Id.
65. Interview with Ginetta Sagan, founder of the west coast office of Amnesty International USA (1995).
66. See INSIGHT: SOVIET JEWS, vol. 2, no. 2, at 6 (Emanuel Litvinoff ed., Feb. 1976). in Bay Area Council for Soviet Jewery archives, Box 141, Human Rights Archives, University of Colorado at Boulder.
67. See id. International Commission of Jurists 1964 Comprehensive analysis (condemning the use of Jews as scapegoats).
68. The Jackson-Vanick Amendment, in the Trade Act of 1974, Pub. L. No. 93-618, §§ 401-11 (1975), see, e.g., 19 U.S.C. §§ 2192, 2193, 2431, 2432, 2437, and 2439 (1974).
69. The Jackson-Vanick Amendment, in the Trade Act of 1974, Pub. L. No. 93-618, §§ 401-11 (1975), see, e.g., 19 U.S.C. §§ 2192, 2193, 2431, 2432, 2437, and 2439 (1974).
70. See From Madness to Hope: The 12-Year War in El Salvador, Report of the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador, U.N. Security Council, Annex, U.N. Doc. S/25500 (1993).
71. Thomas Bergenthal, The United Nations Truth Commission for El Salvador, 27 VAND. J. TRANSNAT'L. L. 497, 505 (1994).
72. Id. 59. Id. at 511.
73. Id. at 512.
74. Id. at 505.
75. Id.