Xenophobia and the European Union

Comparative Politics

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 419-436

  De Master, Sara ^a   Le Roy, Michael K ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040714500     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422387     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. "Preamble to the Treaty on the European Union (The Maastricht Treaty)," in Brent F. Nelsen and Alexander C-G. Stubb, eds., The European Union: Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration (Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 1996), p. 66.
2. David M. Wood and Birol A. Yesilada, The Emerging European Union (White Plains: Longman, 1996), pp. 81-83.
3. Alec G. Hargreaves and Jeremy Leaman, "Racism in Contemporary Western Europe: An Overview," in Alec G. Hargreaves and Jeremy Leaman, eds., Racism, Ethnicity and Politics in Contemporary Europe (Brookfield: Edward Elgar, 1995), pp. 9-10.
4. Christopher Anderson, "Economic Uncertainty and European Solidarity Revisited: Trends in Public Support for European Integration," in Carolyn Rhodes and Sonia Mazey, eds., The State of the European Union, Volume 3: Building a European Polity? (Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 1995), p. 114.
5. Richard C. Eichenberg and Russell J. Dalton, "Europeans and the European Community: The Dynamics of Public Support for European Integration," International Organization, 47 (1993).
6. Christopher J. Anderson and M. Shawn Reichert, "Economic Benefits and Support for Membership in the E.U.: A Cross-National Analysis," Journal of Public Policy, 15 (1996), 241;
7. Matthew Gabel and Harvey D. Palmer, "Understanding Variation in Public Support for European Integration," European Journal of Political Research, 27 (1995), 7-8;
8. Matthew Gabel and Guy D. Whitten, "Economic Conditions, Economic Perceptions and Public Support for European Integration," Political Behavior, 19 (1997), 92.
9. Cleveland R. Fraser and Brent F. Nelsen, "Religion and Public Attitudes toward the European Union," paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, August 1996, pp. 2-6.
10. Mathieu Deflem and Fred C. Pampel, "The Myth of Postnational Identity: Popular Support for European Unification," Social Forces, 75 (1), 138.
11. Gabriel A. Almond, A Discipline Divided: Schools and Sects in Political Science (London: Sage, 1990), p. 134.
12. Harry Eckstein, "A Culturalist Theory of Political Change," in Harry Eckstein, Regarding Politics: Essays on Political Theory, Stability, and Change (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), p. 267.
13. In examinations of culture as a social phenomenon, the emphasis is naturally placed upon the mediating orientations the group shares. However, even within the group individuals may exhibit different behaviors because of the sources of socialization that create orientations particular to subgroups.
14. Sidney Verba, "Conclusion: Comparative Political Culture," in Lucian W. Pye and Sidney Verba, eds., Political Culture and Political Development (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965), p. 516.
15. Almond, p. 144.
16. Eckstein, p. 271.
17. Ibid., pp. 271-77.
18. Ibid., p. 278.
19. Ibid., pp. 278-80.
20. For the sake of simplicity and because of the literal definition of xenophobia, the term "fear" will be used to express the variety of negative feelings toward strangers, with the understanding that it may represent more than just apprehension on the part of the xenophobe.
21. Karlheinz Reif and Eric Marlier, Euro-barometer 41.1: Post-European Election, June-July 1994 (Ann Arbor: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, 1996). Current members Austria, Finland, and Sweden were not included in the survey because they joined the European Union in 1995.
22. To reduce missing percentages, responses of don't know or missing were receded based on the responses given to other questions regarding the EU. Hence answers supporting (or not supporting) integration in the other variables led to the receding of the missing into supporting or nonsupporting categories. The remaining missing percentages were replaced with the mean during the factor analysis procedure used to construct the support for integration index.
23. Same direction coding was also necessary to conduct a reliability analysis of these three variables. This analysis produced an alpha score of 0.81 (standardized item alpha = 0.82), indicating that the scale created from these items is very reliable in measuring support for integration.
24. The three variables composing the support for European integration index have the following loadings on the first principal component in factor analysis: reaction to scrapping the EU, 0.874; evaluation of country's membership in the EU, 0.868; support for unification of Europe, 0.841.
25. Missing percentages were receded similarly to those for the integration questions. If possible, they were receded based on responses to the other xenophobia questions. Otherwise, they were receded to the mean during the factor analysis that produced the xenophobia index.
26. The reliability analysis conducted for these seven variables produced an alpha value of 0.84 (standardized item alpha score = 0.85), indicating another very reliable scale. The seven variables composing the xenophobia index have the following loadings on the first principal component in factor analysis: perception of number of foreigners, 0.749; foreigners' exploitation of welfare, 0.749; immigration problem, 0.714; foreigners as cause of delinquency, 0.698; foreigners' responsibility for increased unemployment, 0.681; foreigners as problem neighbors, 0.662; badly ending marriages with foreigners, 0.636.
27. World Bank, World Development Indicators, 1998 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1998), p. 354.
28. Lincoln Quillian, "Prejudice as a Response to Perceived Group Threat: Population Composition and Anti-Immigrant and Racial Prejudice in Europe," American Sociological Review, 60 (1995), 586.
29. Lincoln Quillian, " American Sociological Review, Ibid., pp. 2, 6.
30. Some examples are Deflem and Pampel; Anthony D. Smith, "National Identity and the Idea of European Unity," International Affairs, 68 (1992);
31. and Chris Shore, "Transcending the Nation-State? The European Commission and the (Re)-Discovery of Europe," Journal of Historical Sociology, 9 (1996).