Literacy at Calhoun Colored School 1892-1945

Reading Research Quarterly

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 8-44

  Willis, Arlette Ingram ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040675653     PISSN: 00340553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1598/RRQ.37.1.1     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. ANDERSON, J. (1988). The education of blacks in the South, 1860-1935. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
2. ANDERSON, J. (1995). Literacy and education in the African-American experience. In V. Gadsden & D. Wagner (Eds.), Literacy among African-American youth (pp. 19-37). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
3. ARMSTRONG, S.C. (1892). The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute principal's report for the year ending June 30, 1892. Hampton, VA: Normal School Steam Press Print.
4. ARMSTRONG, S.C. (1893). The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute principal's report for the year ending June 30, 1893. Hampton, VA: Normal School Steam Press Print.
5. ARMSTRONG, S.C. (1908). Ideas on education expressed by Samuel Chapman Armstrong. Hampton, VA: Hampton Institute Press.
6. AU, K. (2000). Literacy education in the process of community development. In T. Shanahan & F. Rodriguez-Brown (Eds.), National Reading Conference yearbook, 49 (pp. 61-77). Chicago: National Reading Conference.
7. AVERY, W.A. (1933). A pioneer in education [Editorial]. The Southern Workman, 62, 195-196.
8. BACON, A. (1892, February 29). Beginnings. The Evening Post.
9. BARNES, W., & LANE, M. (1903). The Jones readers. Boston: Ginn.
10. BELTON, R. (1996). Words of art [Online]. Available: http://www.arts.ouc.bc.ca/fina/glossary/p_list.html.
11. BEST, S. (1995). The politics of historical vision: Marx, Foucault, Habermas. New York: Guilford Press.
12. BEST, S., & KELLNER, D. (1991). Postmodern theory: Critical interrogations. New York: Guilford Press.
13. BLAISDELL, E., & BLAISDELL, M. (1913). The Child Life Primer. New York: Macmillan.
14. BOND, H. (1939). Negro education in Alabama: A study of cotton and steel. New York: Atheneum. (Reprinted 1969)
15. BROWN, E. (1906). Report of the academic department. In P. Dillingham & C. Thorn (Eds.), Fourteenth annual report of the principals of Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama (pp. 35-38). Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
16. BROWN, E. (1908). Academic department. In P. Dillingham & C. Thorn (Eds.), Sixteenth annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama (pp. 32-45). Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
17. BROWN, E. (1909). Academic department. In P. Dillingham & C. Thorn (Eds.), Seventeenth annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama (pp. 35-50). Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
18. BROWN, E. (1910). Academic report. In C. Thorn (Ed.), Eighteenth annual report of the principal of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama (pp. 38-47). Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
19. BUTCHART, R. (1980). Northern schools, Southern blacks, and Reconstruction: Freedmen's education, 1862-1875. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
20. CHOMSKY, N., & FOUCAULT, M. (1974). Human nature: Justice versus power. In F. Elder (Ed.), Reflective water: The basic concerns of mankind (pp. 133-197). London: Souvenir Press.
21. Circular of information for students and applicants of Calhoun Colored School. (1919). Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
22. CLIPPINGER, E. (1917). Written course in spoken English: A course in composition and rhetoric. Boston: Silver Burdett.
23. CORNELIUS, J. (1991). When I can read my title clear: Literacy, slavery, and religion in the Antebellum South. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
24. CYR, E. (1899-1901). The Cyr readers. Boston: Ginn.
25. DABNEY, C. (1936). Universal education in the South, Vol. II. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
26. DAVIS, J. (1914). Hampton in the field: "De Mornin' Star." The Southern Workman, 43, 447-455.
27. DAWSON, G., & GLAUBMAN, R. (2000). Life is so good. New York: Random House.
28. DENNIS, M. (1998). Schooling along the color line: Progressives and the education of Blacks in the New South. Journal of Negro Education, 67, 142-156.
29. DICKINSON, C. (1916). Twenty-fourth annual report of the principal of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
30. DILLINGHAM, M. (1893). Pleasant letters from Calhoun. The Southern Workman, 23, 12.
31. DILLINGHAM, P. (1902). Black-belt settlement work. The Southern Workman, 31, 437-441.
32. DILLINGHAM, P., & THORN, C. (1896). Fourth annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
33. DILLINGHAM, P., & THORN, C. (1898). Sixth annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
34. DILLINGHAM, P., & THORN, C. (1899). Seventh annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
35. DILLINGHAM, P., & THORN, C. (1902). Tenth annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
36. DILLINGHAM, P., & THORN, C. (1904). Twelfth annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
37. DILLINGHAM, P., & THORN, C. (1905). Thirteenth annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
38. DORR, G. (2000). The birth of a nation [Online]. Available: http://www.dvd-journal.com/reviews/b/birthofantion.shtml
39. DREYFUS, H., & RABINOW, P. (1982). Michel Foucault: Beyond structuralism and hermeneutics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
40. DUBOIS, W.E.B. (1901). The evolution of Negro leadership. The Dial, 31, 53-55.
41. DUBOIS, W.E.B. (1969). The souls of black folk. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization. (Original work published 1903)
42. DUNN, F. (1993). The educational philosophies of Washington, DuBois, and Houston: Laying the foundations for Afrocentrism and multiculturalism. Journal of Negro Education, 62(1), 24-34.
43. EGGLESTON, E. (1895). Stories of great Americans for little Americans. New York: American Book.
44. ELLIS, R. (1984). The Calhoun School: Miss Charlotte Thorn's "Lighthouse on the Hill" in Lowndes County, Alabama. The Alabama Review, 37, 183-201.
45. Elson's eighth grade reader. (n.d.). New York: Scott, Foresman.
46. Farm life readers, Books IV and V. (n.d.). New York: Silver Burdett.
47. FAUSET, J.R. (1924). There is confusion. New York: Boni & Liveright.
48. FOUCAULT, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge. (A. Sheridan, Trans.). London: Tavistock Publications.
49. FOUCAULT, M. (1975). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. (A. Sheridan, Trans). New York: Vintage Books.
50. FOUCAULT, M. (1980a). The history of sexuality. New York: Vintage Books.
51. FOUCAULT, M. (1980b). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977. New York: Pantheon.
52. FOUCAULT, M. (1984). Nietzsche, genealogy, and history. In P. Rabinow (Ed.), The Foucault reader (pp. 76-100). New York: Pantheon.
53. FOUCAULT, M. (1988). Critical theory/Intellectual history. In L. Kritzman (Ed.), Politics, philosophy, culture: Interviews and other writings, 1977-1984 (pp. 17-46). New York: Routledge.
54. FOUCAULT, M. (1994). The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences. New York: Vintage.
55. FRANKLIN, J. (1994). From slavery to freedom: A history of Negro Americans. New York: McGraw Hill.
56. FREIRE, P., & MACEDO, D. (1987). Literacy: Reading the word and the world. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.
57. GEE, J. (1990). Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in discourses. New York: Falmer.
58. GENERAL EDUCATION BOARD. (1994). The General Education Board Archives, Series 1: Appropriations, Subseries 1: The early Southern program. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources.
59. GIROUX, H. (1987). Introduction. In P. Freire & D. Macedo (Eds.), Literacy: Reading the word and the world (pp. 1-27). Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.
60. GIROUX, H. (1993). Literacy and the politics of difference. In C. Lankshear & P. McLaren (Eds.), Critical literacy: Politics, praxis, and postmodernism (pp. 367-377). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
61. GOLDSMITH, G. (1975). Fort Deposit: History and happenings. Fort Deposit, AL: Author.
62. GRAFF, H. (1979). The literacy myth: Literacy and social structure in the nineteenth-century city. New York: Academic Press.
63. GRAFF, H. (1981). Literacy in history: An interdisciplinary research bibliography. New York: Garland.
64. GRAFF, H. (1987). The literacy myth: Cultural integration and social structure in the nineteenth century. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press.
65. GRAFF, H. (1995). The labyrinths of literacy: Reflections on literacy past and present (Rev. and expanded ed.). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
66. GUERNSEY, J. (1912). Academic department. In Annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama (pp. 20-23). Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
67. GUTTING, G. (Ed.). (1995). The Cambridge companion to Foucault. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
68. HALLOWELL, E. (1901). Calhoun plantation songs: Collected and edited by Emily Hallowell. Boston: C.W. Thompson.
69. HALLOWELL, E. (1909). Calhoun in pictures and songs. Calhoun, AL: Calhoun Colored School.
70. HALLOWELL, E. (1913). A community school: The Calhoun Colored School, Alabama. The Southern Workman, 42, 87-94.
71. HARLAN, L. (Ed.). (1974). The Booker T. Washington papers, Vol. 3, 1889-95. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
72. HART, C. (1896). Neighborhood and community life. In P. Dillingham & C. Thorn (Eds.), Fourth annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama, (pp. 30-32). Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
73. HART, C. (1898). Report of the academic department. In P. Dillingham & C. Thorn (Eds.), Sixth annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama (pp. 22-26). Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
74. HART, C. (1899). Academic department. In P. Dillingham & C. Thorn (Eds.), Seventh annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama (pp. 23-27). Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
75. HART, C. (1900). Academic department. In P. Dillingham & C. Thorn (Eds.), Eighth annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama (pp. 22-27). Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
76. HART, C. (1903). Arbor Day. The Southern Workman, 32, 249-250.
77. HAYNES, E.R. (1921). Unsung heroes. New York: DuBois & Dill.
78. HUEY, E.G. (1908). The psychology and pedagogy of reading. New York: Macmillan.
79. JONES, T. (Ed.). (1917). Negro education: A study of the private and higher schools for colored people in the United States, Bureau of Education Bulletin, No. 38. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
80. JONES, T. (Ed.). (1969). Negro education: A study of the private and higher schools for colored people in the United States. New York: Arno Press & The New York Times.
81. KAESTLE, C. (1985). The history of literacy and the history of readers. Review of Educational Research, 12, 11-53.
82. KAESTLE, C. (1988). Literacy and diversity: Themes from a social history of the American reading public. History of Education Quarterly, 28, 523-549.
83. KAESTLE, C., DAMON-MOORE, H., STEDMAN, L., TINSLEY, K., & TROLLINGER, W., JR. (1991). Literacy in the United States: Readers and reading since 1880. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
84. KARIER, C. (1975). Shaping the American educational state: 1900 to the present. New York: Free Press.
85. KELLER, H. (1903). The story of my life, with her letters (1887-1901). New York: Doubleday.
86. KELLOGG, V. (1924). Evolution. New York and London: D. Appleton.
87. LASCH-QUINN, E. (1993). Black neighbors: Race and the limits of reform in the American settlement house movement, 1890-1945. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
88. LEIPER, M. (1916). Language work in elementary schools. Boston: Ginn.
89. LEMON, J. (1899, November). Flag raising at Calhoun. The Southern Workman, 28, 447-448.
90. LEMON, J. (1903, April). Farmer's conference at Calhoun. The Southern Workman, 32(4), 247-248.
91. L.W.B. (1893, March 12). Two Yankee girls. The Ocean.
92. MATHEWS, M. (1966). Teaching to read: Historically considered. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
93. MCMURRAY, C. (1899). Special method in reading of complete English classics. Bloomington, IL: Public School Publishing Company.
94. Modern English, Book I. (n.d.). New York: Macmillan.
95. MORRIS, R. (1981). Reading, 'riting, and reconstruction: The Freedmen in the South, 1861-1870. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1976)
96. OVINGTON, M. (1910). Slaves' reminiscences of slavery. The Independent, 68, 1131-1136.
97. OVINGTON, M. (1927, September). A woman who answered a prayer. The Southern Workman, 56, 405-412.
98. PEAGLER, R. (1915). The influence of the Calhoun School. The Southern Workman, 44, 399-401.
99. PINKUS, J. (1996). Foucault [Online]. Available http://www.massey.ac.nz/∼ALock/theory/foucault.htm
100. RABINOW, P. (1994). Modern and counter-modern: Ethos and epoch. In G. Gutting (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to Foucault (pp. 197-214). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
101. REED, A. (1909). Word lessons: A complete speller adapted for use in the higher primary, intermediate, and grammar grades. New York: Clark & Maynard.
102. ROOSEVELT, E. (1937). A Christmas spirited housecleaning. Readers' Digest, 31(188), inside front and back cover.
103. SEIDMAN, S., & WAGNER, D. (Eds.). (1992). Postmodernism and social theory: The debate over general theory. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
104. SHANNON, P. (1989). Broken promises: Reading instruction in twentieth-century America. New York: Bergin & Garvey.
105. SHOWERS, S. (1896). Report of the academic department. In P. Dillingham & C. Thorn (Eds.), Fourth annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama (pp. 18-21). Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
106. SHOWERS, S. (1897). Academic department. In P. Dillingham & C. Thorn (Eds.), Fifth annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama (pp. 16-18). Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
107. SHOWERS, S. (1902). Character building. The Southern Workman, 31, 445.
108. SLATTERY, M. (1914). He took it upon himself. Boston: Pilgrim Press.
109. SMITH, N.B. (1986). American reading instruction. Newark, DE: International Reading Association. (Original work published 1934; reprinted 1965)
110. SOLTOW, L., & STEVENS, E. (1981). The rise of literacy and the common school in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
111. THORN, C. (1891, December). Editorial. The Southern Workman, 20, 263.
112. THORN, C. (1892). The work at Calhoun. The Southern Workman, 22, 133.
113. THORN, C. (1893). Pleasant letters from Calhoun. The Southern Workman, 23, 12.
114. THORN, C. (1910). Eighteenth annual report of the principal of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
115. THORN, C. (1911). Nineteenth annual report of the principal of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
116. THORN, C. (1912). Twentieth annual report of the principal of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
117. THORN, C. (1913). Twenty-first annual report of the principal of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
118. THORN, C. (1915). Twenty-third annual report of the principal of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
119. THORN, C. (1918). Twenty-sixth annual report of the principal of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
120. THORN, C. (1919). Twenty-seventh annual report of the principal of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
121. THORN, C. (1924). Thirty-second annual report of the principal of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
122. THORN, C., & DILLINGHAM, M. (1892-1894). Report of the work of the Calhoun Colored School, Calhoun, Alabama, from October, 1892, to May, 1894. (No publisher or city listed)
123. THORN, C., & YODER, C. (1927). Thirty-fifth annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
124. THORN, C., & YODER, C. (1928). Thirty-sixth annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
125. THORN, C., & YODER, C. (1929). Thirty-seventh annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
126. THORN, S. (1904). Library report. In P. Dilllingham & C. Thorn (Eds.), Twelfth annual report of the principals of the Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama (p. 69). Boston: Geo. H. Ellis.
127. TRUSTEES OF THE JOHN F. SLATER FUND. (1917). Suggested course of study tor county training schools for Negroes in the South (Occasional Papers, No. 18). Lynchburg, VA: P. Bell.
128. VAN DYKE, H. (1911). The mansion. New York: Harper & Brothers.
129. VAN SICKLE, J., & SEEGMILLER, W. (1911). The Riverside reader. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
130. WASHINGTON, B. (1901). Up from slavery. New York: Doubleday.
131. WASHINGTON, B. (1903). Character building. New York: Doubleday.
132. WASHINGTON, G. (1893). Letters from Hampton graduates: A letter from the Calhoun School. The Southern Workman, 23, 11.
133. WILSON, B. (1930). What I saw at Calhoun. The Southern Workman, 6(1), 3-10.
134. YODER C. (1933). Forty-first annual report of the principal of Calhoun Colored School, of Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama. Hampton, VA: Hampton Institute Press.