Unravelling the 'war' on terrorism: A risk-management exercise in war clothing?

Security Dialogue

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 227-242

  Heng, Yee Kuang ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0040669943     PISSN: 09670106     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0967010602033002009     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. 'DoD News Briefing - Secretary Rumsfeld', US Department of Defense News Transcript, 20 September 2001, available at http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Sep2001/ t09202001_t920ruma.html.
2. I am grateful to anonymous reviewers for these suggestions.
3. See 'Introduction' to US Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 1999 (Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary of State, April 2000).
4. Paul Pillar, Terrorism and US Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2001), p. 14.
5. UK Ministry of Defence, 'Public Discussion on the New Chapter for the Strategic Defence Review', London, February 2002, available at http://www.mod.uk/issues/sdr/ new_chapter/glance.htm.
6. Michael Howard, 'What's in a Name? How to Fight Terrorism', Foreign Affairs, vol. 81, no. 1, January/February 2002, pp. 22-35.
7. Don Melvin, 'Enemy, Victory Hard to Define', Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 18 September 2001.
8. Howard (note 6 above), p. 22
9. Walter Laquer, 'Post-Modern Terrorism', Foreign Affairs, vol. 75, no. 5, September/October 1996, pp. 24-36.
10. Ian O. Lesser, Bruce Hoffman, John Arquilla, David F. Ronfeldt, Michele Zanini & Brian Michael Jenkins, Countering the New Terrorism (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1999), Document No. MR-989-AF, p. 46.
11. Ibid., p. 70.
12. Daniel Pipes, 'War, Not Crime: Time for a Paradigm Shift', National Review, 1 October 2001; Caleb Carr, 'Terrorism as Warfare', World Policy Journal, vol. 13, no. 4, Winter 1996-97, pp. 1-13.
13. Daniel Pipes, 'War, Not Crime: Time for a Paradigm Shift', National Review, 1 October 2001; Caleb Carr, 'Terrorism as Warfare', World Policy Journal, vol. 13, no. 4, Winter 1996-97, pp. 1-13.
14. Melvin (note 7 above).
15. For example, James Der Derian, '9.11: Before, After, and In Between', Social Science Research Council, available at http://www.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/der_derian.htm; Lawrence Freedman, 'The Third World War?', Survival, vol. 43, no. 4, Winter 2001-02, pp. 61-88; Mary Kaldor, 'Terror in the US: Murky Road to War', Fathom, 13 September 2001, available at http://www.fathom.com/feature/122358.
16. For example, James Der Derian, '9.11: Before, After, and In Between', Social Science Research Council, available at http://www.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/der_derian.htm; Lawrence Freedman, 'The Third World War?', Survival, vol. 43, no. 4, Winter 2001-02, pp. 61-88; Mary Kaldor, 'Terror in the US: Murky Road to War', Fathom, 13 September 2001, available at http://www.fathom.com/feature/122358.
17. For example, James Der Derian, '9.11: Before, After, and In Between', Social Science Research Council, available at http://www.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/der_derian.htm; Lawrence Freedman, 'The Third World War?', Survival, vol. 43, no. 4, Winter 2001-02, pp. 61-88; Mary Kaldor, 'Terror in the US: Murky Road to War', Fathom, 13 September 2001, available at http://www.fathom.com/feature/122358.
18. Eve Coles, Denis Smith & Steve Tombs, Risk Management and Society (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2000), p. 24.
19. Alan Waring & A. Ian Glendon, Managing Risk: Critical Issues for Survival and Success into the 21st Century (London: Thomson Learning, 1998), p. 3.
20. Ibid., p. xxii.
21. The others are corporate organizational culture and individual perception and cognitive beliefs; ibid., p. 426.
22. US Department of Defense, Quadrennial Defense Review (Washington, DC: DoD), pp. 13, 57.
23. Christopher Hood & David K. C. Jones, Accident and Design: Contemporary Debates in Risk Management (London: UCL Press, 1996), p. 5.
24. Report of the National Commission on Terrorism, Countering the Changing Threat of International Terrorism, June 2000; available at http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/ commission.html.
25. Coles, Smith & Tombs (note 15 above), p. 47.
26. Tony Blair, Prime Minister's Statement on Military Action in Afghanistan, 7 October 2001, available at http://www.number-10.gov.uk/news.asp?NewsId-2712&SectionId=32.
27. See 'Secretary Rumsfeld Interview with the Telegraph', DoD News Transcripts, 23 February 2002; and Kathleen T. Rhem, 'Coalition Turning Up the Pressure, but Battle Not Over', American Forces Press Service, 6 March 2002.
28. See 'Secretary Rumsfeld Interview with the Telegraph', DoD News Transcripts, 23 February 2002; and Kathleen T. Rhem, 'Coalition Turning Up the Pressure, but Battle Not Over', American Forces Press Service, 6 March 2002.
29. Michael O'Hanlon, 'The Case for a Careful Military Response', Brookings Institution Analysis Paper 1: Response to Terrorism, 25 September 2001; available at http://www.brook.edu/dybdocroot/views/articles/ohanlon/2001_militaryoptions.htm.
30. Pillar (note 4 above), p. 229.
31. Ridge cited in 'US Tries to Guess Next Terror Target', Guardian Unlimited, 3 November 2001. available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/uslatest/story/0,1282,1287584,00.html.
32. 'Terror Prompts Huge US Military Revamp', BBC News Online, 1 February 2002.
33. Michael Evans, 'Forces Take On Anti-Terror Role', The Times (London), 15 February 2002.
34. Ivo Daalder & James Lindsay, 'Force Isn't Only Way to Confront Axis', San Jose Mercury News, 24 March 2002.
35. See Andrew Grice, 'Blair Defends Bush Plan for Attack on Saddam', The Independent, 4 March 2002.
36. Jim Garamone, 'Bush Pledges To Hunt Terrorists, Calls for Quick Budget Approval', American Forces Press Service, 15 March 2002.
37. Rice cited in 'Bin Laden Search Brings Frustration', Guardian Unlimited, 15 February 2002; available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,1280,-1521784,00.html.
38. President's comments in 'President Bush holds Press Conference', Office of the White House Press Secretary, 13 March 2002.
39. Admiral Natter quoted in 'USS Roosevelt Returns Home', Washington Post, 27 March 2002.
40. Walter Pincus, 'Al Qaeda to Survive Bin Laden, Panel Told', Washington Post, 19 December 2001.
41. For these arguments, see Lesser et al. (note 10 above), p. 132; Paul Dibb, 'The Future of International Coalitions: How Useful? How Manageable?', Washington Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 2, Spring 2002, pp. 131-144; and 'Secretary Rumsfeld Television Interview with MSNBC', DoD News Transcripts, 28 March 2002.
42. For these arguments, see Lesser et al. (note 10 above), p. 132; Paul Dibb, 'The Future of International Coalitions: How Useful? How Manageable?', Washington Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 2, Spring 2002, pp. 131-144; and 'Secretary Rumsfeld Television Interview with MSNBC', DoD News Transcripts, 28 March 2002.
43. For these arguments, see Lesser et al. (note 10 above), p. 132; Paul Dibb, 'The Future of International Coalitions: How Useful? How Manageable?', Washington Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 2, Spring 2002, pp. 131-144; and 'Secretary Rumsfeld Television Interview with MSNBC', DoD News Transcripts, 28 March 2002.
44. Tabassum Zakaria, 'CIA Tenet Defends Agency, Warns of New Plots', Reuters, 6 February 2002; available at http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/nm/20020206/ts/attack_cia_dc.html.
45. Pillar (note 4 above), p. 29.
46. 'Jeremy Paxman Interviews Colin Powell', BBC Online, accessed 21 September 2001.
47. Cited in Christopher Harmon, Terrorism Today (London: Frank Cass, 2000), p. 257
48. Lesser et al. (note 10 above), p. 134
49. Steven Simon & Daniel Benjamin, 'The Terror', Survival, vol. 43, no. 4, Winter 2001, pp. 5-18.
50. Ehud Sprinzak, 'Revisiting the Superterrorism Debate', Foreign Policy, September/October 2001; available at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/issue_SeptOct_2001/ sprinzakrevisiting.html.
51. See Christopher Harmon, Terrorism Today (London: Frank Cass, 2000); Pillar (note 4 above); Philip B. Heymann, Terrorism and America: A Commonsense Strategy for a Democratic Society (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, 'The Case for Force', Chronicle of Higher Education, 28 September 2001, available at http:// www.aei.org/ra/rakirk010928.htm.
52. See Christopher Harmon, Terrorism Today (London: Frank Cass, 2000); Pillar (note 4 above); Philip B. Heymann, Terrorism and America: A Commonsense Strategy for a Democratic Society (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, 'The Case for Force', Chronicle of Higher Education, 28 September 2001, available at http:// www.aei.org/ra/rakirk010928.htm.
53. See Christopher Harmon, Terrorism Today (London: Frank Cass, 2000); Pillar (note 4 above); Philip B. Heymann, Terrorism and America: A Commonsense Strategy for a Democratic Society (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, 'The Case for Force', Chronicle of Higher Education, 28 September 2001, available at http:// www.aei.org/ra/rakirk010928.htm.
54. See Christopher Harmon, Terrorism Today (London: Frank Cass, 2000); Pillar (note 4 above); Philip B. Heymann, Terrorism and America: A Commonsense Strategy for a Democratic Society (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, 'The Case for Force', Chronicle of Higher Education, 28 September 2001, available at http:// www.aei.org/ra/rakirk010928.htm.
55. Hazel Kemshall, 'Risk Assessment and Management of Known Sexual and Violent Offenders: A Review of Current Issues', Police Research Series Paper 140 (London: Home Office Police and Reducing Crime Unit, 2001), p. 39.
56. George W. Bush, 'Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People', Office of the White House Press Secretary, 20 September 2001.
57. Donald Rumsfeld, 'Message from the Secretary of Defense to DoD Personnel', American Forces Information Service, 7 October 2001; available at http://www.defenselink.mil/ news/Oct2001/n10092001_200110091.html.
58. William J. Clinton, A National Security Strategy for a New Century (Washington D.C: The White House, May 1997); available at http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/EOP/NSC/ Strategy/#threats.
59. For an analysis of disruption, see David Tucker, Skirmishes at the Edge of Empire (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997), pp. 103-104; Bob Stewart, 'Finding Bin Laden Is Not the Priority', BBC Online, accessed 27 September 2001; 'US Says Al Qaida Network Rendered Ineffective', YahooNews, accessed 23 March 2002.
60. For an analysis of disruption, see David Tucker, Skirmishes at the Edge of Empire (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997), pp. 103-104; Bob Stewart, 'Finding Bin Laden Is Not the Priority', BBC Online, accessed 27 September 2001; 'US Says Al Qaida Network Rendered Ineffective', YahooNews, accessed 23 March 2002.
61. For an analysis of disruption, see David Tucker, Skirmishes at the Edge of Empire (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997), pp. 103-104; Bob Stewart, 'Finding Bin Laden Is Not the Priority', BBC Online, accessed 27 September 2001; 'US Says Al Qaida Network Rendered Ineffective', YahooNews, accessed 23 March 2002.
62. Rudi Williams, 'War Will Continue Until Americans Live Without Fear', American Forces Press Service, 29 October 2001.
63. Kurt M. Campbell & Michele A. Flournoy, To Prevail: An American Strategy for the Campaign Against Terrorism (Washington, DC: CSIS Press, November 2001), p. 300.
64. 'Jeremy Paxman Interviews Secretary Powell', BBC Online, accessed 21 September 2001.
65. Cited in Kim Burger, 'USA Embarks on 'Infinite Task', Jane's Defence Weekly, 21 September 2001.
66. Tony Blair, 'Prime Minister's Statement to the House of Commons', 10 Downing Street Newsroom, 8 October 2001; available at http://www.number10.gov.uk/news.asp? NewsId=2707&SectionId=32.
67. Cited in Richard Norton-Taylor and Julian Borger, 'Commandos Going In as Confusion Reigns', The Guardian, 20 March 2002; available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/ afghanistan/story/0,1284,670452,00.html.
68. Garamone (note 32 above).
69. Pillar (note 4 above), pp. 5-6.
70. George W. Bush cited in 'Nigerian President Offers Solidarity, Support to US', Office of the White House Press Secretary, 2 November 2001.
71. Ron E. Hester & R. M. Harrison, eds, Risk Assessment and Risk Management (Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998), p. 6; Coles, Smith & Tombs (note 15 above), p. 47.
72. Ron E. Hester & R. M. Harrison, eds, Risk Assessment and Risk Management (Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998), p. 6; Coles, Smith & Tombs (note 15 above), p. 47.
73. Eva Bertram & Kenneth Sharpe, 'The Unwinnable Drug War: What Clausewitz Would Tell Us', World Policy Journal, vol. 13, no. 4, Winter 1996-97, pp. 41-53.
74. 'Not So Subtle Reminders of Terrorist Threats to Come', USA Today, 4 March 2002, p. 11A; 'Congress Presses Bush on Terror War', Associated Press Online, 4 March 2002.
75. 'Not So Subtle Reminders of Terrorist Threats to Come', USA Today, 4 March 2002, p. 11A; 'Congress Presses Bush on Terror War', Associated Press Online, 4 March 2002.
76. Melvin (note 7 above).
77. George W. Bush, 'Presidential Address to the Nation', Office of the White House Press Secretary, 7 October 2001; 'Address to a Joint Session of Congress', Office of the White House Press Secretary, 20 September 2001.
78. George W. Bush, 'Presidential Address to the Nation', Office of the White House Press Secretary, 7 October 2001; 'Address to a Joint Session of Congress', Office of the White House Press Secretary, 20 September 2001.
79. Bill Miler, 'Ridge Close to Unveiling New Warning System', Washington Post, 9 March 2002, p. A13.