The beautiful female murder victim: Literary genres and courtship practices in the origins of a cultural motif, 1590-1850

Journal of Social History

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 277-306

  Cohen, Daniel A ^a  

^a FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040651711     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh/31.2.277     Document Type: Article

References (251)

1. See Andie Tucher, Froth & Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America's First Mass Medium (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994), 21-36, with Bennett quoted at 31; Patricia Cline Cohen, "Sensationalized Murder in Antebellum New York" (unpublished paper, presented at the Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct. 1994) ; P. C. Cohen, "The Mystery of Helen Jewett: Romantic Fiction and the Eroticization of Violence," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 133-45, with Bennett quoted at 139; P. C. Cohen, "The Helen Jewett Murder: Violence, Gender, and Sexual Licentiousness in Antebellum America," NWSA Journal 2 (Summer 1990): 374-89; David Ray Papke, Framing the Criminal: Crime, Cultural Work, and the Loss of Critical Perspective, 1830-1900 (Hamden, CT, 1987), 41-43; Dan Schiller, Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia, 1981), 57-65; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States (New York, 1941), 233; Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, Main Currents in the History of American Journalism (Boston, 1927), 181-83. Tucher even implies that Bennett may not have visited the crime scene at all; see Froth & Scum, 34-36; P. C. Cohen disagrees (oral communication with author). For an excellent recent study of a similar antebellum murder case in New York City and its implications, see Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers: Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995); also see Srebnick, "The Death of Mary Rogers, the 'Public Prints,' and the Violence of Representation," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 147-69. For a study of cultural representations of female murder victims in England during a somewhat later period, see Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago, 1992).
2. See Andie Tucher, Froth & Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America's First Mass Medium (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994), 21-36, with Bennett quoted at 31; Patricia Cline Cohen, "Sensationalized Murder in Antebellum New York" (unpublished paper, presented at the Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct. 1994) ; P. C. Cohen, "The Mystery of Helen Jewett: Romantic Fiction and the Eroticization of Violence," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 133-45, with Bennett quoted at 139; P. C. Cohen, "The Helen Jewett Murder: Violence, Gender, and Sexual Licentiousness in Antebellum America," NWSA Journal 2 (Summer 1990): 374-89; David Ray Papke, Framing the Criminal: Crime, Cultural Work, and the Loss of Critical Perspective, 1830-1900 (Hamden, CT, 1987), 41-43; Dan Schiller, Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia, 1981), 57-65; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States (New York, 1941), 233; Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, Main Currents in the History of American Journalism (Boston, 1927), 181-83. Tucher even implies that Bennett may not have visited the crime scene at all; see Froth & Scum, 34-36; P. C. Cohen disagrees (oral communication with author). For an excellent recent study of a similar antebellum murder case in New York City and its implications, see Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers: Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995); also see Srebnick, "The Death of Mary Rogers, the 'Public Prints,' and the Violence of Representation," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 147-69. For a study of cultural representations of female murder victims in England during a somewhat later period, see Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago, 1992).
3. See Andie Tucher, Froth & Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America's First Mass Medium (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994), 21-36, with Bennett quoted at 31; Patricia Cline Cohen, "Sensationalized Murder in Antebellum New York" (unpublished paper, presented at the Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct. 1994) ; P. C. Cohen, "The Mystery of Helen Jewett: Romantic Fiction and the Eroticization of Violence," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 133-45, with Bennett quoted at 139; P. C. Cohen, "The Helen Jewett Murder: Violence, Gender, and Sexual Licentiousness in Antebellum America," NWSA Journal 2 (Summer 1990): 374-89; David Ray Papke, Framing the Criminal: Crime, Cultural Work, and the Loss of Critical Perspective, 1830-1900 (Hamden, CT, 1987), 41-43; Dan Schiller, Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia, 1981), 57-65; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States (New York, 1941), 233; Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, Main Currents in the History of American Journalism (Boston, 1927), 181-83. Tucher even implies that Bennett may not have visited the crime scene at all; see Froth & Scum, 34-36; P. C. Cohen disagrees (oral communication with author). For an excellent recent study of a similar antebellum murder case in New York City and its implications, see Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers: Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995); also see Srebnick, "The Death of Mary Rogers, the 'Public Prints,' and the Violence of Representation," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 147-69. For a study of cultural representations of female murder victims in England during a somewhat later period, see Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago, 1992).
4. See Andie Tucher, Froth & Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America's First Mass Medium (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994), 21-36, with Bennett quoted at 31; Patricia Cline Cohen, "Sensationalized Murder in Antebellum New York" (unpublished paper, presented at the Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct. 1994) ; P. C. Cohen, "The Mystery of Helen Jewett: Romantic Fiction and the Eroticization of Violence," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 133-45, with Bennett quoted at 139; P. C. Cohen, "The Helen Jewett Murder: Violence, Gender, and Sexual Licentiousness in Antebellum America," NWSA Journal 2 (Summer 1990): 374-89; David Ray Papke, Framing the Criminal: Crime, Cultural Work, and the Loss of Critical Perspective, 1830-1900 (Hamden, CT, 1987), 41-43; Dan Schiller, Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia, 1981), 57-65; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States (New York, 1941), 233; Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, Main Currents in the History of American Journalism (Boston, 1927), 181-83. Tucher even implies that Bennett may not have visited the crime scene at all; see Froth & Scum, 34-36; P. C. Cohen disagrees (oral communication with author). For an excellent recent study of a similar antebellum murder case in New York City and its implications, see Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers: Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995); also see Srebnick, "The Death of Mary Rogers, the 'Public Prints,' and the Violence of Representation," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 147-69. For a study of cultural representations of female murder victims in England during a somewhat later period, see Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago, 1992).
5. See Andie Tucher, Froth & Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America's First Mass Medium (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994), 21-36, with Bennett quoted at 31; Patricia Cline Cohen, "Sensationalized Murder in Antebellum New York" (unpublished paper, presented at the Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct. 1994) ; P. C. Cohen, "The Mystery of Helen Jewett: Romantic Fiction and the Eroticization of Violence," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 133-45, with Bennett quoted at 139; P. C. Cohen, "The Helen Jewett Murder: Violence, Gender, and Sexual Licentiousness in Antebellum America," NWSA Journal 2 (Summer 1990): 374-89; David Ray Papke, Framing the Criminal: Crime, Cultural Work, and the Loss of Critical Perspective, 1830-1900 (Hamden, CT, 1987), 41-43; Dan Schiller, Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia, 1981), 57-65; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States (New York, 1941), 233; Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, Main Currents in the History of American Journalism (Boston, 1927), 181-83. Tucher even implies that Bennett may not have visited the crime scene at all; see Froth & Scum, 34-36; P. C. Cohen disagrees (oral communication with author). For an excellent recent study of a similar antebellum murder case in New York City and its implications, see Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers: Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995); also see Srebnick, "The Death of Mary Rogers, the 'Public Prints,' and the Violence of Representation," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 147-69. For a study of cultural representations of female murder victims in England during a somewhat later period, see Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago, 1992).
6. See Andie Tucher, Froth & Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America's First Mass Medium (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994), 21-36, with Bennett quoted at 31; Patricia Cline Cohen, "Sensationalized Murder in Antebellum New York" (unpublished paper, presented at the Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct. 1994) ; P. C. Cohen, "The Mystery of Helen Jewett: Romantic Fiction and the Eroticization of Violence," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 133-45, with Bennett quoted at 139; P. C. Cohen, "The Helen Jewett Murder: Violence, Gender, and Sexual Licentiousness in Antebellum America," NWSA Journal 2 (Summer 1990): 374-89; David Ray Papke, Framing the Criminal: Crime, Cultural Work, and the Loss of Critical Perspective, 1830-1900 (Hamden, CT, 1987), 41-43; Dan Schiller, Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia, 1981), 57-65; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States (New York, 1941), 233; Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, Main Currents in the History of American Journalism (Boston, 1927), 181-83. Tucher even implies that Bennett may not have visited the crime scene at all; see Froth & Scum, 34-36; P. C. Cohen disagrees (oral communication with author). For an excellent recent study of a similar antebellum murder case in New York City and its implications, see Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers: Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995); also see Srebnick, "The Death of Mary Rogers, the 'Public Prints,' and the Violence of Representation," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 147-69. For a study of cultural representations of female murder victims in England during a somewhat later period, see Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago, 1992).
7. See Andie Tucher, Froth & Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America's First Mass Medium (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994), 21-36, with Bennett quoted at 31; Patricia Cline Cohen, "Sensationalized Murder in Antebellum New York" (unpublished paper, presented at the Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct. 1994) ; P. C. Cohen, "The Mystery of Helen Jewett: Romantic Fiction and the Eroticization of Violence," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 133-45, with Bennett quoted at 139; P. C. Cohen, "The Helen Jewett Murder: Violence, Gender, and Sexual Licentiousness in Antebellum America," NWSA Journal 2 (Summer 1990): 374-89; David Ray Papke, Framing the Criminal: Crime, Cultural Work, and the Loss of Critical Perspective, 1830-1900 (Hamden, CT, 1987), 41-43; Dan Schiller, Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia, 1981), 57-65; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States (New York, 1941), 233; Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, Main Currents in the History of American Journalism (Boston, 1927), 181-83. Tucher even implies that Bennett may not have visited the crime scene at all; see Froth & Scum, 34-36; P. C. Cohen disagrees (oral communication with author). For an excellent recent study of a similar antebellum murder case in New York City and its implications, see Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers: Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995); also see Srebnick, "The Death of Mary Rogers, the 'Public Prints,' and the Violence of Representation," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 147-69. For a study of cultural representations of female murder victims in England during a somewhat later period, see Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago, 1992).
8. See Andie Tucher, Froth & Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America's First Mass Medium (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994), 21-36, with Bennett quoted at 31; Patricia Cline Cohen, "Sensationalized Murder in Antebellum New York" (unpublished paper, presented at the Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct. 1994) ; P. C. Cohen, "The Mystery of Helen Jewett: Romantic Fiction and the Eroticization of Violence," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 133-45, with Bennett quoted at 139; P. C. Cohen, "The Helen Jewett Murder: Violence, Gender, and Sexual Licentiousness in Antebellum America," NWSA Journal 2 (Summer 1990): 374-89; David Ray Papke, Framing the Criminal: Crime, Cultural Work, and the Loss of Critical Perspective, 1830-1900 (Hamden, CT, 1987), 41-43; Dan Schiller, Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia, 1981), 57-65; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States (New York, 1941), 233; Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, Main Currents in the History of American Journalism (Boston, 1927), 181-83. Tucher even implies that Bennett may not have visited the crime scene at all; see Froth & Scum, 34-36; P. C. Cohen disagrees (oral communication with author). For an excellent recent study of a similar antebellum murder case in New York City and its implications, see Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers: Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995); also see Srebnick, "The Death of Mary Rogers, the 'Public Prints,' and the Violence of Representation," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 147-69. For a study of cultural representations of female murder victims in England during a somewhat later period, see Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago, 1992).
9. See Andie Tucher, Froth & Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America's First Mass Medium (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994), 21-36, with Bennett quoted at 31; Patricia Cline Cohen, "Sensationalized Murder in Antebellum New York" (unpublished paper, presented at the Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct. 1994) ; P. C. Cohen, "The Mystery of Helen Jewett: Romantic Fiction and the Eroticization of Violence," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 133-45, with Bennett quoted at 139; P. C. Cohen, "The Helen Jewett Murder: Violence, Gender, and Sexual Licentiousness in Antebellum America," NWSA Journal 2 (Summer 1990): 374-89; David Ray Papke, Framing the Criminal: Crime, Cultural Work, and the Loss of Critical Perspective, 1830-1900 (Hamden, CT, 1987), 41-43; Dan Schiller, Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia, 1981), 57-65; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States (New York, 1941), 233; Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, Main Currents in the History of American Journalism (Boston, 1927), 181-83. Tucher even implies that Bennett may not have visited the crime scene at all; see Froth & Scum, 34-36; P. C. Cohen disagrees (oral communication with author). For an excellent recent study of a similar antebellum murder case in New York City and its implications, see Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers: Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995); also see Srebnick, "The Death of Mary Rogers, the 'Public Prints,' and the Violence of Representation," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 147-69. For a study of cultural representations of female murder victims in England during a somewhat later period, see Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago, 1992).
10. See Andie Tucher, Froth & Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America's First Mass Medium (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994), 21-36, with Bennett quoted at 31; Patricia Cline Cohen, "Sensationalized Murder in Antebellum New York" (unpublished paper, presented at the Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct. 1994) ; P. C. Cohen, "The Mystery of Helen Jewett: Romantic Fiction and the Eroticization of Violence," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 133-45, with Bennett quoted at 139; P. C. Cohen, "The Helen Jewett Murder: Violence, Gender, and Sexual Licentiousness in Antebellum America," NWSA Journal 2 (Summer 1990): 374-89; David Ray Papke, Framing the Criminal: Crime, Cultural Work, and the Loss of Critical Perspective, 1830-1900 (Hamden, CT, 1987), 41-43; Dan Schiller, Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia, 1981), 57-65; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States (New York, 1941), 233; Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, Main Currents in the History of American Journalism (Boston, 1927), 181-83. Tucher even implies that Bennett may not have visited the crime scene at all; see Froth & Scum, 34-36; P. C. Cohen disagrees (oral communication with author). For an excellent recent study of a similar antebellum murder case in New York City and its implications, see Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers: Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995); also see Srebnick, "The Death of Mary Rogers, the 'Public Prints,' and the Violence of Representation," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 147-69. For a study of cultural representations of female murder victims in England during a somewhat later period, see Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago, 1992).
11. See Andie Tucher, Froth & Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America's First Mass Medium (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994), 21-36, with Bennett quoted at 31; Patricia Cline Cohen, "Sensationalized Murder in Antebellum New York" (unpublished paper, presented at the Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct. 1994) ; P. C. Cohen, "The Mystery of Helen Jewett: Romantic Fiction and the Eroticization of Violence," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 133-45, with Bennett quoted at 139; P. C. Cohen, "The Helen Jewett Murder: Violence, Gender, and Sexual Licentiousness in Antebellum America," NWSA Journal 2 (Summer 1990): 374-89; David Ray Papke, Framing the Criminal: Crime, Cultural Work, and the Loss of Critical Perspective, 1830-1900 (Hamden, CT, 1987), 41-43; Dan Schiller, Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia, 1981), 57-65; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States (New York, 1941), 233; Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, Main Currents in the History of American Journalism (Boston, 1927), 181-83. Tucher even implies that Bennett may not have visited the crime scene at all; see Froth & Scum, 34-36; P. C. Cohen disagrees (oral communication with author). For an excellent recent study of a similar antebellum murder case in New York City and its implications, see Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers: Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995); also see Srebnick, "The Death of Mary Rogers, the 'Public Prints,' and the Violence of Representation," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 147-69. For a study of cultural representations of female murder victims in England during a somewhat later period, see Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago, 1992).
12. See Andie Tucher, Froth & Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America's First Mass Medium (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994), 21-36, with Bennett quoted at 31; Patricia Cline Cohen, "Sensationalized Murder in Antebellum New York" (unpublished paper, presented at the Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct. 1994) ; P. C. Cohen, "The Mystery of Helen Jewett: Romantic Fiction and the Eroticization of Violence," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 133-45, with Bennett quoted at 139; P. C. Cohen, "The Helen Jewett Murder: Violence, Gender, and Sexual Licentiousness in Antebellum America," NWSA Journal 2 (Summer 1990): 374-89; David Ray Papke, Framing the Criminal: Crime, Cultural Work, and the Loss of Critical Perspective, 1830-1900 (Hamden, CT, 1987), 41-43; Dan Schiller, Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia, 1981), 57-65; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States (New York, 1941), 233; Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, Main Currents in the History of American Journalism (Boston, 1927), 181-83. Tucher even implies that Bennett may not have visited the crime scene at all; see Froth & Scum, 34-36; P. C. Cohen disagrees (oral communication with author). For an excellent recent study of a similar antebellum murder case in New York City and its implications, see Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers: Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York, 1995); also see Srebnick, "The Death of Mary Rogers, the 'Public Prints,' and the Violence of Representation," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 147-69. For a study of cultural representations of female murder victims in England during a somewhat later period, see Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago, 1992).
13. From the moment of its first appearance, the "beautiful female murder victim" became one of the most marketable images of crime in American popular print culture. One of the first homicides to lend itself to that motif, the murder of Elizabeth Fales by Jason Fairbanks in 1801, resulted in the publication of more than half a dozen different books, pamphlets, and broadsides. Of the eighteen other American homicides between 1800 and 1860 that evoked as many or more publications, six involved women killed in the context of sexual or romantic relationships and three others featured women as instigators or accomplices in romantically-motivated murders of men. While various nonfiction crime genres had been popular in Anglo-America since the late seventeenth century, examples issued prior to 1790 had rarely if ever depicted "beautiful female murder victims" - or attributed homicides of any sort to sexual or romantic motives. On the Fairbanks/Fales case, see Thomas M. McDade, comp., The Annals of Murder: A Bibliography of Books and Pamphlets on American Murders from Colonial Times to 1900 (Norman, OK, 1961), nos. 293-98 and discussion in text below. For the other eighteen highly-publicized homicides between 1801 and 1860, see McDade, Annals of Murder, nos. 24-30 (Arnold), 33-53 (Avery), 80-89 (Beauchamp), 185-91 (Clough), 337-49 (Gibbs), 384-89 (Green), 431-36 (Hamilton), 522-28 (J. Johnson), 529-34 (R. Johnson), 562-73 (Knapp), 806-11 (P. Robinson), 812-22 (R. Robinson), 881-89 (Smith), 932-43 (Strang), 970-75 (Thayers), 986-93 (Tirrell), 1001-6 (Tully), and 1053-70 (Webster). For the six cases involving female victims in sexual or romantically-motivated homicides, see Avery, Clough, Green, R. Johnson, R. Robinson, and Tirrell. For the three cases in which women figured as instigators or accomplices, see Beauchamp, Smith, and Strang. On the popularity of crime genres in Anglo-America since the late seventeenth century, see Daniel A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace: New England Crime Literature and the Origins of American Popular Culture, 1674-1860 (New York, 1993). One category of homicide often treated in pre-1790 crime literature that is at least indirectly linked to sexual motives or behaviors is infanticide, which sometimes resulted from a mother's desire to conceal her earlier sexual misconduct (as judged by the standards of the time).
14. From the moment of its first appearance, the "beautiful female murder victim" became one of the most marketable images of crime in American popular print culture. One of the first homicides to lend itself to that motif, the murder of Elizabeth Fales by Jason Fairbanks in 1801, resulted in the publication of more than half a dozen different books, pamphlets, and broadsides. Of the eighteen other American homicides between 1800 and 1860 that evoked as many or more publications, six involved women killed in the context of sexual or romantic relationships and three others featured women as instigators or accomplices in romantically-motivated murders of men. While various nonfiction crime genres had been popular in Anglo-America since the late seventeenth century, examples issued prior to 1790 had rarely if ever depicted "beautiful female murder victims" - or attributed homicides of any sort to sexual or romantic motives. On the Fairbanks/Fales case, see Thomas M. McDade, comp., The Annals of Murder: A Bibliography of Books and Pamphlets on American Murders from Colonial Times to 1900 (Norman, OK, 1961), nos. 293-98 and discussion in text below. For the other eighteen highly-publicized homicides between 1801 and 1860, see McDade, Annals of Murder, nos. 24-30 (Arnold), 33-53 (Avery), 80-89 (Beauchamp), 185-91 (Clough), 337-49 (Gibbs), 384-89 (Green), 431-36 (Hamilton), 522-28 (J. Johnson), 529-34 (R. Johnson), 562-73 (Knapp), 806-11 (P. Robinson), 812-22 (R. Robinson), 881-89 (Smith), 932-43 (Strang), 970-75 (Thayers), 986-93 (Tirrell), 1001-6 (Tully), and 1053-70 (Webster). For the six cases involving female victims in sexual or romantically-motivated homicides, see Avery, Clough, Green, R. Johnson, R. Robinson, and Tirrell. For the three cases in which women figured as instigators or accomplices, see Beauchamp, Smith, and Strang. On the popularity of crime genres in Anglo-America since the late seventeenth century, see Daniel A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace: New England Crime Literature and the Origins of American Popular Culture, 1674-1860 (New York, 1993). One category of homicide often treated in pre-1790 crime literature that is at least indirectly linked to sexual motives or behaviors is infanticide, which sometimes resulted from a mother's desire to conceal her earlier sexual misconduct (as judged by the standards of the time).
15. From the moment of its first appearance, the "beautiful female murder victim" became one of the most marketable images of crime in American popular print culture. One of the first homicides to lend itself to that motif, the murder of Elizabeth Fales by Jason Fairbanks in 1801, resulted in the publication of more than half a dozen different books, pamphlets, and broadsides. Of the eighteen other American homicides between 1800 and 1860 that evoked as many or more publications, six involved women killed in the context of sexual or romantic relationships and three others featured women as instigators or accomplices in romantically-motivated murders of men. While various nonfiction crime genres had been popular in Anglo-America since the late seventeenth century, examples issued prior to 1790 had rarely if ever depicted "beautiful female murder victims" - or attributed homicides of any sort to sexual or romantic motives. On the Fairbanks/Fales case, see Thomas M. McDade, comp., The Annals of Murder: A Bibliography of Books and Pamphlets on American Murders from Colonial Times to 1900 (Norman, OK, 1961), nos. 293-98 and discussion in text below. For the other eighteen highly-publicized homicides between 1801 and 1860, see McDade, Annals of Murder, nos. 24-30 (Arnold), 33-53 (Avery), 80-89 (Beauchamp), 185-91 (Clough), 337-49 (Gibbs), 384-89 (Green), 431-36 (Hamilton), 522-28 (J. Johnson), 529-34 (R. Johnson), 562-73 (Knapp), 806-11 (P. Robinson), 812-22 (R. Robinson), 881-89 (Smith), 932-43 (Strang), 970-75 (Thayers), 986-93 (Tirrell), 1001-6 (Tully), and 1053-70 (Webster). For the six cases involving female victims in sexual or romantically-motivated homicides, see Avery, Clough, Green, R. Johnson, R. Robinson, and Tirrell. For the three cases in which women figured as instigators or accomplices, see Beauchamp, Smith, and Strang. On the popularity of crime genres in Anglo-America since the late seventeenth century, see Daniel A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace: New England Crime Literature and the Origins of American Popular Culture, 1674-1860 (New York, 1993). One category of homicide often treated in pre-1790 crime literature that is at least indirectly linked to sexual motives or behaviors is infanticide, which sometimes resulted from a mother's desire to conceal her earlier sexual misconduct (as judged by the standards of the time).
16. The one genre that had not emerged in Great Britain by the mid-seventeenth century was the sentimental novel; Samuel Richardson's Pamela: or Virtue Rewarded, first published in 1740, is conventionally considered the first English sentimental novel.
17. For three relatively recent attempts to link the changing incidence of particular types of homicide to broader social-historical developments, see Daniel A. Cohen, "Homicidal Compulsion and the Conditions of Freedom: The Social and Psychological Origins of Familicide in America's Early Republic," Journal of Social History 28 (Summer 1995): 725-64; Anne Parrella, "Industrialization and Murder: Northern France, 1815-1904," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 22 (Spring 1992): 627-54 ; Robert M. Ireland, "The Libertine Must Die: Sexual Dishonor and the Unwritten Law in the Nineteenth-Century United States," Journal of Social History 23 (Fall 1989): 27-44.
18. For three relatively recent attempts to link the changing incidence of particular types of homicide to broader social-historical developments, see Daniel A. Cohen, "Homicidal Compulsion and the Conditions of Freedom: The Social and Psychological Origins of Familicide in America's Early Republic," Journal of Social History 28 (Summer 1995): 725-64; Anne Parrella, "Industrialization and Murder: Northern France, 1815-1904," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 22 (Spring 1992): 627-54 ; Robert M. Ireland, "The Libertine Must Die: Sexual Dishonor and the Unwritten Law in the Nineteenth-Century United States," Journal of Social History 23 (Fall 1989): 27-44.
19. For three relatively recent attempts to link the changing incidence of particular types of homicide to broader social-historical developments, see Daniel A. Cohen, "Homicidal Compulsion and the Conditions of Freedom: The Social and Psychological Origins of Familicide in America's Early Republic," Journal of Social History 28 (Summer 1995): 725-64; Anne Parrella, "Industrialization and Murder: Northern France, 1815-1904," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 22 (Spring 1992): 627-54 ; Robert M. Ireland, "The Libertine Must Die: Sexual Dishonor and the Unwritten Law in the Nineteenth-Century United States," Journal of Social History 23 (Fall 1989): 27-44.
20. The literature on the various aspects of social and cultural change in the early republic is vast and cannot be adequately documented here. However, for a few suggestive examples of the pattern of disagreement noted, see the following contrasting pairs of studies: on economic development, contrast Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Market Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (Chicago, 1992) to Douglass C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860 (1961; rpt. New York, 1966), esp. 61-215; on political-party formation, contrast William Nisbet Chambers, Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776-1809 (New York, 1963) to Ronald P. Formisano, "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789-1840," American Political Science Review 68 (March 1974): 473-87 or, more elaborately but less polemically, Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s (New York, 1983); on religious transformation, contrast Stephen A. Marini, Radical Sects of Revolutionary New England (Cambridge, MA, 1982) to Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837 (New York, 1978); on changes in reading and publishing, contrast William J. Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England, 1780-1835 (Knoxville, TN, 1989) to Ronald J. Zboray, A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York, 1993).
21. The literature on the various aspects of social and cultural change in the early republic is vast and cannot be adequately documented here. However, for a few suggestive examples of the pattern of disagreement noted, see the following contrasting pairs of studies: on economic development, contrast Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Market Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (Chicago, 1992) to Douglass C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860 (1961; rpt. New York, 1966), esp. 61-215; on political-party formation, contrast William Nisbet Chambers, Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776-1809 (New York, 1963) to Ronald P. Formisano, "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789-1840," American Political Science Review 68 (March 1974): 473-87 or, more elaborately but less polemically, Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s (New York, 1983); on religious transformation, contrast Stephen A. Marini, Radical Sects of Revolutionary New England (Cambridge, MA, 1982) to Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837 (New York, 1978); on changes in reading and publishing, contrast William J. Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England, 1780-1835 (Knoxville, TN, 1989) to Ronald J. Zboray, A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York, 1993).
22. The literature on the various aspects of social and cultural change in the early republic is vast and cannot be adequately documented here. However, for a few suggestive examples of the pattern of disagreement noted, see the following contrasting pairs of studies: on economic development, contrast Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Market Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (Chicago, 1992) to Douglass C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860 (1961; rpt. New York, 1966), esp. 61-215; on political-party formation, contrast William Nisbet Chambers, Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776-1809 (New York, 1963) to Ronald P. Formisano, "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789-1840," American Political Science Review 68 (March 1974): 473-87 or, more elaborately but less polemically, Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s (New York, 1983); on religious transformation, contrast Stephen A. Marini, Radical Sects of Revolutionary New England (Cambridge, MA, 1982) to Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837 (New York, 1978); on changes in reading and publishing, contrast William J. Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England, 1780-1835 (Knoxville, TN, 1989) to Ronald J. Zboray, A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York, 1993).
23. The literature on the various aspects of social and cultural change in the early republic is vast and cannot be adequately documented here. However, for a few suggestive examples of the pattern of disagreement noted, see the following contrasting pairs of studies: on economic development, contrast Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Market Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (Chicago, 1992) to Douglass C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860 (1961; rpt. New York, 1966), esp. 61-215; on political-party formation, contrast William Nisbet Chambers, Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776-1809 (New York, 1963) to Ronald P. Formisano, "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789-1840," American Political Science Review 68 (March 1974): 473-87 or, more elaborately but less polemically, Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s (New York, 1983); on religious transformation, contrast Stephen A. Marini, Radical Sects of Revolutionary New England (Cambridge, MA, 1982) to Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837 (New York, 1978); on changes in reading and publishing, contrast William J. Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England, 1780-1835 (Knoxville, TN, 1989) to Ronald J. Zboray, A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York, 1993).
24. The literature on the various aspects of social and cultural change in the early republic is vast and cannot be adequately documented here. However, for a few suggestive examples of the pattern of disagreement noted, see the following contrasting pairs of studies: on economic development, contrast Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Market Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (Chicago, 1992) to Douglass C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860 (1961; rpt. New York, 1966), esp. 61-215; on political-party formation, contrast William Nisbet Chambers, Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776-1809 (New York, 1963) to Ronald P. Formisano, "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789-1840," American Political Science Review 68 (March 1974): 473-87 or, more elaborately but less polemically, Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s (New York, 1983); on religious transformation, contrast Stephen A. Marini, Radical Sects of Revolutionary New England (Cambridge, MA, 1982) to Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837 (New York, 1978); on changes in reading and publishing, contrast William J. Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England, 1780-1835 (Knoxville, TN, 1989) to Ronald J. Zboray, A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York, 1993).
25. The literature on the various aspects of social and cultural change in the early republic is vast and cannot be adequately documented here. However, for a few suggestive examples of the pattern of disagreement noted, see the following contrasting pairs of studies: on economic development, contrast Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Market Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (Chicago, 1992) to Douglass C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860 (1961; rpt. New York, 1966), esp. 61-215; on political-party formation, contrast William Nisbet Chambers, Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776-1809 (New York, 1963) to Ronald P. Formisano, "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789-1840," American Political Science Review 68 (March 1974): 473-87 or, more elaborately but less polemically, Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s (New York, 1983); on religious transformation, contrast Stephen A. Marini, Radical Sects of Revolutionary New England (Cambridge, MA, 1982) to Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837 (New York, 1978); on changes in reading and publishing, contrast William J. Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England, 1780-1835 (Knoxville, TN, 1989) to Ronald J. Zboray, A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York, 1993).
26. The literature on the various aspects of social and cultural change in the early republic is vast and cannot be adequately documented here. However, for a few suggestive examples of the pattern of disagreement noted, see the following contrasting pairs of studies: on economic development, contrast Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Market Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (Chicago, 1992) to Douglass C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860 (1961; rpt. New York, 1966), esp. 61-215; on political-party formation, contrast William Nisbet Chambers, Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776-1809 (New York, 1963) to Ronald P. Formisano, "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789-1840," American Political Science Review 68 (March 1974): 473-87 or, more elaborately but less polemically, Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s (New York, 1983); on religious transformation, contrast Stephen A. Marini, Radical Sects of Revolutionary New England (Cambridge, MA, 1982) to Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837 (New York, 1978); on changes in reading and publishing, contrast William J. Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England, 1780-1835 (Knoxville, TN, 1989) to Ronald J. Zboray, A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York, 1993).
27. The literature on the various aspects of social and cultural change in the early republic is vast and cannot be adequately documented here. However, for a few suggestive examples of the pattern of disagreement noted, see the following contrasting pairs of studies: on economic development, contrast Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Market Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (Chicago, 1992) to Douglass C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860 (1961; rpt. New York, 1966), esp. 61-215; on political-party formation, contrast William Nisbet Chambers, Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776-1809 (New York, 1963) to Ronald P. Formisano, "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789-1840," American Political Science Review 68 (March 1974): 473-87 or, more elaborately but less polemically, Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s (New York, 1983); on religious transformation, contrast Stephen A. Marini, Radical Sects of Revolutionary New England (Cambridge, MA, 1982) to Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837 (New York, 1978); on changes in reading and publishing, contrast William J. Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England, 1780-1835 (Knoxville, TN, 1989) to Ronald J. Zboray, A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York, 1993).
28. The literature on the various aspects of social and cultural change in the early republic is vast and cannot be adequately documented here. However, for a few suggestive examples of the pattern of disagreement noted, see the following contrasting pairs of studies: on economic development, contrast Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Market Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (Chicago, 1992) to Douglass C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860 (1961; rpt. New York, 1966), esp. 61-215; on political-party formation, contrast William Nisbet Chambers, Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776-1809 (New York, 1963) to Ronald P. Formisano, "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789-1840," American Political Science Review 68 (March 1974): 473-87 or, more elaborately but less polemically, Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s (New York, 1983); on religious transformation, contrast Stephen A. Marini, Radical Sects of Revolutionary New England (Cambridge, MA, 1982) to Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837 (New York, 1978); on changes in reading and publishing, contrast William J. Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England, 1780-1835 (Knoxville, TN, 1989) to Ronald J. Zboray, A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York, 1993).
29. Characterizations of women as "beautiful" are, of course, highly subjective and hence may be regarded at least as much as literary conventions (probably derived from the British genres discussed below) as empirical descriptions, even when they appear in essentially nonfictional publications. In regard to age, "beautiful female murder victims" were generally under thirty years old.
30. For a recent discussion of the female "victims" depicted in Indian captivity narratives, see June Namias, White Captives: Gender and Ethnicity on the American Frontier (Chapel Hill, NC, 1993), 36-46 and passim.
31. See George Watson, ed., The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1971), 780; John Ashton, Chap-Books of the Eighteenth Century (1882; rpt. Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England, 1969), 387-89 and 393-95; The Roxburghe Ballads, 8 vols. (1869-1901; rpt. New York, 1966), I, 479-92. On the concept of early modern "steady sellers," see David D. Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Belief in Early New England (New York, 1989), 48-52; D. D. Hall, "Introduction: The Uses of Literacy in New England, 1600-1850," in William L. Joyce, et. al., eds., Printing and Society in Early America (Worcester, MA, 1983), 28-35 and passim.
32. See George Watson, ed., The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1971), 780; John Ashton, Chap-Books of the Eighteenth Century (1882; rpt. Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England, 1969), 387-89 and 393-95; The Roxburghe Ballads, 8 vols. (1869-1901; rpt. New York, 1966), I, 479-92. On the concept of early modern "steady sellers," see David D. Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Belief in Early New England (New York, 1989), 48-52; D. D. Hall, "Introduction: The Uses of Literacy in New England, 1600-1850," in William L. Joyce, et. al., eds., Printing and Society in Early America (Worcester, MA, 1983), 28-35 and passim.
33. See George Watson, ed., The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1971), 780; John Ashton, Chap-Books of the Eighteenth Century (1882; rpt. Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England, 1969), 387-89 and 393-95; The Roxburghe Ballads, 8 vols. (1869-1901; rpt. New York, 1966), I, 479-92. On the concept of early modern "steady sellers," see David D. Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Belief in Early New England (New York, 1989), 48-52; D. D. Hall, "Introduction: The Uses of Literacy in New England, 1600-1850," in William L. Joyce, et. al., eds., Printing and Society in Early America (Worcester, MA, 1983), 28-35 and passim.
34. See George Watson, ed., The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1971), 780; John Ashton, Chap-Books of the Eighteenth Century (1882; rpt. Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England, 1969), 387-89 and 393-95; The Roxburghe Ballads, 8 vols. (1869-1901; rpt. New York, 1966), I, 479-92. On the concept of early modern "steady sellers," see David D. Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Belief in Early New England (New York, 1989), 48-52; D. D. Hall, "Introduction: The Uses of Literacy in New England, 1600-1850," in William L. Joyce, et. al., eds., Printing and Society in Early America (Worcester, MA, 1983), 28-35 and passim.
35. See George Watson, ed., The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1971), 780; John Ashton, Chap-Books of the Eighteenth Century (1882; rpt. Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England, 1969), 387-89 and 393-95; The Roxburghe Ballads, 8 vols. (1869-1901; rpt. New York, 1966), I, 479-92. On the concept of early modern "steady sellers," see David D. Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Belief in Early New England (New York, 1989), 48-52; D. D. Hall, "Introduction: The Uses of Literacy in New England, 1600-1850," in William L. Joyce, et. al., eds., Printing and Society in Early America (Worcester, MA, 1983), 28-35 and passim.
36. The Unfortunate Concubines; or, The History of Fair Rosamond . . . and Jane Shore (Wilmington, 1796), 9-10. It should be noted that such elaborate descriptions of a young lady's beauty were by no means unique to court romances but were a staple of many popular early modern genres; I am grateful to Kerri Thomsen for sharing some of her knowledge and insight on that point.
37. Charles Evans, comp., American Bibliography, 14 vols. (New York and Worcester, MA, 1941-59) [cited hereafter as Evans], III, 302.
38. Evans, IX, 299; X, 356; XI, 209; Roger P. Bristol, comp., Supplement to Charles Evans' American Bibliography (Charlottesville, VA, 1970), 549; Ralph R. Shaw and Richard H. Shoemaker, comps., American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist for 1801[-1819], [19] vols. (New York, 1958-63) (year covered used in place of volume number), 1801, 72; an edition of 1802 does not appear to be listed in the relevant volume of American Bibliography.
39. Evans, IX, 299; X, 356; XI, 209; Roger P. Bristol, comp., Supplement to Charles Evans' American Bibliography (Charlottesville, VA, 1970), 549; Ralph R. Shaw and Richard H. Shoemaker, comps., American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist for 1801[-1819], [19] vols. (New York, 1958-63) (year covered used in place of volume number), 1801, 72; an edition of 1802 does not appear to be listed in the relevant volume of American Bibliography.
40. Evans, IX, 299; X, 356; XI, 209; Roger P. Bristol, comp., Supplement to Charles Evans' American Bibliography (Charlottesville, VA, 1970), 549; Ralph R. Shaw and Richard H. Shoemaker, comps., American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist for 1801[-1819], [19] vols. (New York, 1958-63) (year covered used in place of volume number), 1801, 72; an edition of 1802 does not appear to be listed in the relevant volume of American Bibliography.
41. Evans, IX, 299; X, 356; XI, 209; Roger P. Bristol, comp., Supplement to Charles Evans' American Bibliography (Charlottesville, VA, 1970), 549; Ralph R. Shaw and Richard H. Shoemaker, comps., American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist for 1801[-1819], [19] vols. (New York, 1958-63) (year covered used in place of volume number), 1801, 72; an edition of 1802 does not appear to be listed in the relevant volume of American Bibliography.
42. Worthington Chauncey Ford, The Isaiah Thomas Collection of Ballads (Worcester, MA, 1924), 37; Worthington Chauncey Ford, Broadsides, Ballads &c. Printed in Massachusetts, 1639-1800 (Boston, 1922), 415.
43. Worthington Chauncey Ford, The Isaiah Thomas Collection of Ballads (Worcester, MA, 1924), 37; Worthington Chauncey Ford, Broadsides, Ballads &c. Printed in Massachusetts, 1639-1800 (Boston, 1922), 415.
44. See Francis James Child, ed., The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, 5 vols. (1882-1898; rpt. New York, 1965). For one example from Child of a "beautiful female murder victim," see I, 170-77 ("Babylon; or, the Bonnie Banks O Fordie"); for similar themes, see I, 22-62 ("Lady Isabel and the Elf-Knight"); II, 179-99 ("Lord Thomas and Fair Annet"). For three perceptive works that analyze early modern gender roles and images through broadside ballads and similar forms of popular literature (albeit without specific reference to courtship murder ballads), see Frances Dolan, Dangerous Familiars: Representations of Domestic Crime in England, 1550-1700 (Ithaca, NY, 1994); Joy Wiltenburg, Disorderly Women and Female Power in the Street Literature of Early Modern England and Germany (Charlottesville, VA, 1992); Dianne Dugaw, Warrior Women and Popular Balladry, 1650-1850 (Cambridge, 1989).
45. See Francis James Child, ed., The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, 5 vols. (1882-1898; rpt. New York, 1965). For one example from Child of a "beautiful female murder victim," see I, 170-77 ("Babylon; or, the Bonnie Banks O Fordie"); for similar themes, see I, 22-62 ("Lady Isabel and the Elf-Knight"); II, 179-99 ("Lord Thomas and Fair Annet"). For three perceptive works that analyze early modern gender roles and images through broadside ballads and similar forms of popular literature (albeit without specific reference to courtship murder ballads), see Frances Dolan, Dangerous Familiars: Representations of Domestic Crime in England, 1550-1700 (Ithaca, NY, 1994); Joy Wiltenburg, Disorderly Women and Female Power in the Street Literature of Early Modern England and Germany (Charlottesville, VA, 1992); Dianne Dugaw, Warrior Women and Popular Balladry, 1650-1850 (Cambridge, 1989).
46. See Francis James Child, ed., The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, 5 vols. (1882-1898; rpt. New York, 1965). For one example from Child of a "beautiful female murder victim," see I, 170-77 ("Babylon; or, the Bonnie Banks O Fordie"); for similar themes, see I, 22-62 ("Lady Isabel and the Elf-Knight"); II, 179-99 ("Lord Thomas and Fair Annet"). For three perceptive works that analyze early modern gender roles and images through broadside ballads and similar forms of popular literature (albeit without specific reference to courtship murder ballads), see Frances Dolan, Dangerous Familiars: Representations of Domestic Crime in England, 1550-1700 (Ithaca, NY, 1994); Joy Wiltenburg, Disorderly Women and Female Power in the Street Literature of Early Modern England and Germany (Charlottesville, VA, 1992); Dianne Dugaw, Warrior Women and Popular Balladry, 1650-1850 (Cambridge, 1989).
47. See Francis James Child, ed., The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, 5 vols. (1882-1898; rpt. New York, 1965). For one example from Child of a "beautiful female murder victim," see I, 170-77 ("Babylon; or, the Bonnie Banks O Fordie"); for similar themes, see I, 22-62 ("Lady Isabel and the Elf-Knight"); II, 179-99 ("Lord Thomas and Fair Annet"). For three perceptive works that analyze early modern gender roles and images through broadside ballads and similar forms of popular literature (albeit without specific reference to courtship murder ballads), see Frances Dolan, Dangerous Familiars: Representations of Domestic Crime in England, 1550-1700 (Ithaca, NY, 1994); Joy Wiltenburg, Disorderly Women and Female Power in the Street Literature of Early Modern England and Germany (Charlottesville, VA, 1992); Dianne Dugaw, Warrior Women and Popular Balladry, 1650-1850 (Cambridge, 1989).
48. See Francis James Child, ed., The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, 5 vols. (1882-1898; rpt. New York, 1965). For one example from Child of a "beautiful female murder victim," see I, 170-77 ("Babylon; or, the Bonnie Banks O Fordie"); for similar themes, see I, 22-62 ("Lady Isabel and the Elf-Knight"); II, 179-99 ("Lord Thomas and Fair Annet"). For three perceptive works that analyze early modern gender roles and images through broadside ballads and similar forms of popular literature (albeit without specific reference to courtship murder ballads), see Frances Dolan, Dangerous Familiars: Representations of Domestic Crime in England, 1550-1700 (Ithaca, NY, 1994); Joy Wiltenburg, Disorderly Women and Female Power in the Street Literature of Early Modern England and Germany (Charlottesville, VA, 1992); Dianne Dugaw, Warrior Women and Popular Balladry, 1650-1850 (Cambridge, 1989).
49. See Francis James Child, ed., The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, 5 vols. (1882-1898; rpt. New York, 1965). For one example from Child of a "beautiful female murder victim," see I, 170-77 ("Babylon; or, the Bonnie Banks O Fordie"); for similar themes, see I, 22-62 ("Lady Isabel and the Elf-Knight"); II, 179-99 ("Lord Thomas and Fair Annet"). For three perceptive works that analyze early modern gender roles and images through broadside ballads and similar forms of popular literature (albeit without specific reference to courtship murder ballads), see Frances Dolan, Dangerous Familiars: Representations of Domestic Crime in England, 1550-1700 (Ithaca, NY, 1994); Joy Wiltenburg, Disorderly Women and Female Power in the Street Literature of Early Modern England and Germany (Charlottesville, VA, 1992); Dianne Dugaw, Warrior Women and Popular Balladry, 1650-1850 (Cambridge, 1989).
50. See Francis James Child, ed., The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, 5 vols. (1882-1898; rpt. New York, 1965). For one example from Child of a "beautiful female murder victim," see I, 170-77 ("Babylon; or,
51. Roxburghe Ballads, VIII, 67-71, 143-44, 173-76, and 629-31.
52. See Henry M. Belden and Arthur Palmer Hudson, eds., The Frank C. Brown Collection of North Carolina Folklore: Volume Two: Folk Ballads from North Carolina (Durham, NC, 1952) [cited hereafter as Folk Ballads from North Carolina], 578-89, 690-98, and 717-21; G. Malcolm Laws, Jr., Native American Balladry : A Descriptive Study and a Bibliographical Syllabus (1950; rpt. Folcroft, PA, 1969), 23, 65-67, and 184-88 ; Phillips Barry, "Fair Florelia," American Speech III (Aug. 1928): 441-47; John Harrington Cox, Folk-Songs of the South Collected Under the Auspices of the West Virginia Folk-Lore Society (1925; rpt. New York, 1967), 308-310. For an excellent scholarly discussion of one American "beautiful female murder victim" (actually, the victim of a botched abortion) of the late nineteenth century, and of the complex relationship between ballad and newspaper accounts of her case, see Anne B. Cohen, Poor Pearl, Poor Girl!: The Murdered-Girl Stereotype in Ballad and Newspaper (Austin, TX, 1973).
53. See Henry M. Belden and Arthur Palmer Hudson, eds., The Frank C. Brown Collection of North Carolina Folklore: Volume Two: Folk Ballads from North Carolina (Durham, NC, 1952) [cited hereafter as Folk Ballads from North Carolina], 578-89, 690-98, and 717-21; G. Malcolm Laws, Jr., Native American Balladry : A Descriptive Study and a Bibliographical Syllabus (1950; rpt. Folcroft, PA, 1969), 23, 65-67, and 184-88 ; Phillips Barry, "Fair Florelia," American Speech III (Aug. 1928): 441-47; John Harrington Cox, Folk-Songs of the South Collected Under the Auspices of the West Virginia Folk-Lore Society (1925; rpt. New York, 1967), 308-310. For an excellent scholarly discussion of one American "beautiful female murder victim" (actually, the victim of a botched abortion) of the late nineteenth century, and of the complex relationship between ballad and newspaper accounts of her case, see Anne B. Cohen, Poor Pearl, Poor Girl!: The Murdered-Girl Stereotype in Ballad and Newspaper (Austin, TX, 1973).
54. See Henry M. Belden and Arthur Palmer Hudson, eds., The Frank C. Brown Collection of North Carolina Folklore: Volume Two: Folk Ballads from North Carolina (Durham, NC, 1952) [cited hereafter as Folk Ballads from North Carolina], 578-89, 690-98, and 717-21; G. Malcolm Laws, Jr., Native American Balladry : A Descriptive Study and a Bibliographical Syllabus (1950; rpt. Folcroft, PA, 1969), 23, 65-67, and 184-88 ; Phillips Barry, "Fair Florelia," American Speech III (Aug. 1928): 441-47; John Harrington Cox, Folk-Songs of the South Collected Under the Auspices of the West Virginia Folk-Lore Society (1925; rpt. New York, 1967), 308-310. For an excellent scholarly discussion of one American "beautiful female murder victim" (actually, the victim of a botched abortion) of the late nineteenth century, and of the complex relationship between ballad and newspaper accounts of her case, see Anne B. Cohen, Poor Pearl, Poor Girl!: The Murdered-Girl Stereotype in Ballad and Newspaper (Austin, TX, 1973).
55. See Henry M. Belden and Arthur Palmer Hudson, eds., The Frank C. Brown Collection of North Carolina Folklore: Volume Two: Folk Ballads from North Carolina (Durham, NC, 1952) [cited hereafter as Folk Ballads from North Carolina], 578-89, 690-98, and 717-21; G. Malcolm Laws, Jr., Native American Balladry : A Descriptive Study and a Bibliographical Syllabus (1950; rpt. Folcroft, PA, 1969), 23, 65-67, and 184-88 ; Phillips Barry, "Fair Florelia," American Speech III (Aug. 1928): 441-47; John Harrington Cox, Folk-Songs of the South Collected Under the Auspices of the West Virginia Folk-Lore Society (1925; rpt. New York, 1967), 308-310. For an excellent scholarly discussion of one American "beautiful female murder victim" (actually, the victim of a botched abortion) of the late nineteenth century, and of the complex relationship between ballad and newspaper accounts of her case, see Anne B. Cohen, Poor Pearl, Poor Girl!: The Murdered-Girl Stereotype in Ballad and Newspaper (Austin, TX, 1973).
56. See Henry M. Belden and Arthur Palmer Hudson, eds., The Frank C. Brown Collection of North Carolina Folklore: Volume Two: Folk Ballads from North Carolina (Durham, NC, 1952) [cited hereafter as Folk Ballads from North Carolina], 578-89, 690-98, and 717-21; G. Malcolm Laws, Jr., Native American Balladry : A Descriptive Study and a Bibliographical Syllabus (1950; rpt. Folcroft, PA, 1969), 23, 65-67, and 184-88 ; Phillips Barry, "Fair Florelia," American Speech III (Aug. 1928): 441-47; John Harrington Cox, Folk-Songs of the South Collected Under the Auspices of the West Virginia Folk-Lore Society (1925; rpt. New York, 1967), 308-310. For an excellent scholarly discussion of one American "beautiful female murder victim" (actually, the victim of a botched abortion) of the late nineteenth century, and of the complex relationship between ballad and newspaper accounts of her case, see Anne B. Cohen, Poor Pearl, Poor Girl!: The Murdered-Girl Stereotype in Ballad and Newspaper (Austin, TX, 1973).
57. In this discussion, murder ballads should be distinguished from "dying verses," a somewhat similar genre that began to appear in New England as early as the 1730s. While early modern British murder ballads were, in part, an oral form, with tunes for singing generally provided even on printed versions, early American "dying verses" were apparently intended to be read (either silently or aloud) rather than sung. In any case, it should be noted that "dying verses" relating to "courtship murders" did not begin to appear in North America until the turn of the nineteenth century. On "dying verses," see D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 18-20.
58. See Joseph Doddridge, "Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania," appended to Samuel Kercheval, A History of the Valley of Virginia, 4th ed. (Strasburg, VA, 1925), 279; quoted in David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York, 1989), 718-19. Doddridge's account appears to have referred primarily to settlers of the period between 1763 and 1783.
59. See Joseph Doddridge, "Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania," appended to Samuel Kercheval, A History of the Valley of Virginia, 4th ed. (Strasburg, VA, 1925), 279; quoted in David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York, 1989), 718-19. Doddridge's account appears to have referred primarily to settlers of the period between 1763 and 1783.
60. See Joseph Doddridge, "Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania," appended to Samuel Kercheval, A History of the Valley of Virginia, 4th ed. (Strasburg, VA, 1925), 279; quoted in David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York, 1989), 718-19. Doddridge's account appears to have referred primarily to settlers of the period between 1763 and 1783.
61. Evans, VII, 149.
62. Cox, Folk-Songs of the South, 308; also see G. Malcolm Laws, Jr., American Balladry From British Broadsides; A Guide for Students and Collectors of Traditional Song (Philadelphia, 1957), 109.
63. Cox, Folk-Songs of the South, 308; also see G. Malcolm Laws, Jr., American Balladry From British Broadsides; A Guide for Students and Collectors of Traditional Song (Philadelphia, 1957), 109.
64. See Folk Ballads from North Carolina, 642 and 690-98; Olive Woolley Burt, ed., American Murder Ballads and Their Stories (New York, 1958), 25-29; The Story of Naomi Wise and the History of Randleman (1944; rpt. Randleman, NC, 1962).
65. See Folk Ballads from North Carolina, 642 and 690-98; Olive Woolley Burt, ed., American Murder Ballads and Their Stories (New York, 1958), 25-29; The Story of Naomi Wise and the History of Randleman (1944; rpt. Randleman, NC, 1962).
66. See Folk Ballads from North Carolina, 642 and 690-98; Olive Woolley Burt, ed., American Murder Ballads and Their Stories (New York, 1958), 25-29; The Story of Naomi Wise and the History of Randleman (1944; rpt. Randleman, NC, 1962).
67. J. M. S. Tompkins, The Popular Novel in England 1770-1800 (London, 1932), 61, quoted. Although the discussion in this section focuses on early American sentimental novels, similar themes were treated in early American gothic novels as well; see, for example, Charles Brockden Brown's Wieland; or The Transformation. An American Tale (1798) and Arthur Mervyn; or, Memoirs of the Year 1793 (1799-1800).
68. J. M. S. Tompkins, The Popular Novel in England 1770-1800 (London, 1932), 61, quoted. Although the discussion in this section focuses on early American sentimental novels, similar themes were treated in early American gothic novels as well; see, for example, Charles Brockden Brown's Wieland; or The Transformation. An American Tale (1798) and Arthur Mervyn; or, Memoirs of the Year 1793 (1799-1800).
69. J. M. S. Tompkins, The Popular Novel in England 1770-1800 (London, 1932), 61, quoted. Although the discussion in this section focuses on early American sentimental novels, similar themes were treated in early American gothic novels as well; see, for example, Charles Brockden Brown's Wieland; or The Transformation. An American Tale (1798) and Arthur Mervyn; or, Memoirs of the Year 1793 (1799-1800).
70. See William Hill Brown, The Power of Sympathy [bound with Hannah W. Foster, The Coquette] (New Haven, 1970), quoted at 29; for a brief discussion of seduction and death in early American sentimental novels, see D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 167-68.
71. See William Hill Brown, The Power of Sympathy [bound with Hannah W. Foster, The Coquette] (New Haven, 1970), quoted at 29; for a brief discussion of seduction and death in early American sentimental novels, see D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 167-68.
72. See Susanna Haswell Rowson, Charlotte Temple, ed. Cathy N. Davidson (New York, 1986). The symbiotic literary - and commercial - relationships between the "beautiful female murder victim" and the beautiful victims of seduction featured in sentimental novels are further established by the output of Barclay & Company and the Old Franklin Publishing House, two of the most prolific purveyors of accounts of "beautiful female murder victims" during the second half of the nineteenth century. Over a period of several decades, both of those publishers issued a seemingly endless stream of narratives of tragic deaths of beautiful young women. Some of the accounts were purely fictional, others were loosely factual; some of the protagonists were murdered by their paramours, others were the victims of broken hearts. But all of the narratives were similarly packaged for a mass audience as illustrated paper-bound pamphlets printed on cheap pulp stock. Among those pamphlets were retrospective accounts of Sarah Cornell, Helen Jewett, and Mary Rogers, three of the most famous "beautiful female murder victims" of the antebellum period. But in 1865 Barclay also published, in the same format, "The Only Correct and Authentic Edition" of The Lamentable History of the Beautiful and Accomplished Charlotte Temple. Thus the commercial linkage between "beautiful female murder victims" and the tragic heroines of sentimental novels persisted from the late 1780s, when Isaiah Thomas, Revolutionary America's most distinguished printer, issued both The Oxfordshire Tragedy (1787) and The Power of Sympathy (1789), through the Gilded Age, when less reputable pulp publishers produced a succession of cheap knock-offs of both genres for a mass audience. The Lamentable History of the Beautiful and Accomplished Charlotte Temple, with an Account of Her Elopement With Lieutenant Montroville [sic], and Her Misfortunes and Painful Sufferings, Are Herein Pathetically Depicted (Philadelphia, 1865); for an excellent general discussion of Barclay & Company and the Old Franklin Publishing House, see Thomas M. McDade, "Lurid Literature of the Last Century: The Publications of E. E. Barclay," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 80 (Oct. 1956): 452-64. Andie Tucher also recognizes the literary kinship between "beautiful female murder victims" and the heroines in early sentimental novels; see Tucher, Froth & Scum, 67-69.
73. See Susanna Haswell Rowson, Charlotte Temple, ed. Cathy N. Davidson (New York, 1986). The symbiotic literary - and commercial - relationships between the "beautiful female murder victim" and the beautiful victims of seduction featured in sentimental novels are further established by the output of Barclay & Company and the Old Franklin Publishing House, two of the most prolific purveyors of accounts of "beautiful female murder victims" during the second half of the nineteenth century. Over a period of several decades, both of those publishers issued a seemingly endless stream of narratives of tragic deaths of beautiful young women. Some of the accounts were purely fictional, others were loosely factual; some of the protagonists were murdered by their paramours, others were the victims of broken hearts. But all of the narratives were similarly packaged for a mass audience as illustrated paper-bound pamphlets printed on cheap pulp stock. Among those pamphlets were retrospective accounts of Sarah Cornell, Helen Jewett, and Mary Rogers, three of the most famous "beautiful female murder victims" of the antebellum period. But in 1865 Barclay also published, in the same format, "The Only Correct and Authentic Edition" of The Lamentable History of the Beautiful and Accomplished Charlotte Temple. Thus the commercial linkage between "beautiful female murder victims" and the tragic heroines of sentimental novels persisted from the late 1780s, when Isaiah Thomas, Revolutionary America's most distinguished printer, issued both The Oxfordshire Tragedy (1787) and The Power of Sympathy (1789), through the Gilded Age, when less reputable pulp publishers produced a succession of cheap knock-offs of both genres for a mass audience. The Lamentable History of the Beautiful and Accomplished Charlotte Temple, with an Account of Her Elopement With Lieutenant Montroville [sic], and Her Misfortunes and Painful Sufferings, Are Herein Pathetically Depicted (Philadelphia, 1865); for an excellent general discussion of Barclay & Company and the Old Franklin Publishing House, see Thomas M. McDade, "Lurid Literature of the Last Century: The Publications of E. E. Barclay," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 80 (Oct. 1956): 452-64. Andie Tucher also recognizes the literary kinship between "beautiful female murder victims" and the heroines in early sentimental novels; see Tucher, Froth & Scum, 67-69.
74. See Susanna Haswell Rowson, Charlotte Temple, ed. Cathy N. Davidson (New York, 1986). The symbiotic literary - and commercial - relationships between the "beautiful female murder victim" and the beautiful victims of seduction featured in sentimental novels are further established by the output of Barclay & Company and the Old Franklin Publishing House, two of the most prolific purveyors of accounts of "beautiful female murder victims" during the second half of the nineteenth century. Over a period of several decades, both of those publishers issued a seemingly endless stream of narratives of tragic deaths of beautiful young women. Some of the accounts were purely fictional, others were loosely factual; some of the protagonists were murdered by their paramours, others were the victims of broken hearts. But all of the narratives were similarly packaged for a mass audience as illustrated paper-bound pamphlets printed on cheap pulp stock. Among those pamphlets were retrospective accounts of Sarah Cornell, Helen Jewett, and Mary Rogers, three of the most famous "beautiful female murder victims" of the antebellum period. But in 1865 Barclay also published, in the same format, "The Only Correct and Authentic Edition" of The Lamentable History of the Beautiful and Accomplished Charlotte Temple. Thus the commercial linkage between "beautiful female murder victims" and the tragic heroines of sentimental novels persisted from the late 1780s, when Isaiah Thomas, Revolutionary America's most distinguished printer, issued both The Oxfordshire Tragedy (1787) and The Power of Sympathy (1789), through the Gilded Age, when less reputable pulp publishers produced a succession of cheap knock-offs of both genres for a mass audience. The Lamentable History of the Beautiful and Accomplished Charlotte Temple, with an Account of Her Elopement With Lieutenant Montroville [sic], and Her Misfortunes and Painful Sufferings, Are Herein Pathetically Depicted (Philadelphia, 1865); for an excellent general discussion of Barclay & Company and the Old Franklin Publishing House, see Thomas M. McDade, "Lurid Literature of the Last Century: The Publications of E. E. Barclay," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 80 (Oct. 1956): 452-64. Andie Tucher also recognizes the literary kinship between "beautiful female murder victims" and the heroines in early sentimental novels; see Tucher, Froth & Scum, 67-69.
75. See Susanna Haswell Rowson, Charlotte Temple, ed. Cathy N. Davidson (New York, 1986). The symbiotic literary - and commercial - relationships between the "beautiful female murder victim" and the beautiful victims of seduction featured in sentimental novels are further established by the output of Barclay & Company and the Old Franklin Publishing House, two of the most prolific purveyors of accounts of "beautiful female murder victims" during the second half of the nineteenth century. Over a period of several decades, both of those publishers issued a seemingly endless stream of narratives of tragic deaths of beautiful young women. Some of the accounts were purely fictional, others were loosely factual; some of the protagonists were murdered by their paramours, others were the victims of broken hearts. But all of the narratives were similarly packaged for a mass audience as illustrated paper-bound pamphlets printed on cheap pulp stock. Among those pamphlets were retrospective accounts of Sarah Cornell, Helen Jewett, and Mary Rogers, three of the most famous "beautiful female murder victims" of the antebellum period. But in 1865 Barclay also published, in the same format, "The Only Correct and Authentic Edition" of The Lamentable History of the Beautiful and Accomplished Charlotte Temple. Thus the commercial linkage between "beautiful female murder victims" and the tragic heroines of sentimental novels persisted from the late 1780s, when Isaiah Thomas, Revolutionary America's most distinguished printer, issued both The Oxfordshire Tragedy (1787) and The Power of Sympathy (1789), through the Gilded Age, when less reputable pulp publishers produced a succession of cheap knock-offs of both genres for a mass audience. The Lamentable History of the Beautiful and Accomplished Charlotte Temple, with an Account of Her Elopement With Lieutenant Montroville [sic], and Her Misfortunes and Painful Sufferings, Are Herein Pathetically Depicted (Philadelphia, 1865); for an excellent general discussion of Barclay & Company and the Old Franklin Publishing House, see Thomas M. McDade, "Lurid Literature of the Last Century: The Publications of E. E. Barclay," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 80 (Oct. 1956): 452-64. Andie Tucher also recognizes the literary kinship between "beautiful female murder victims" and the heroines in early sentimental novels; see Tucher, Froth & Scum, 67-69.
76. See Susanna Haswell Rowson, Charlotte Temple, ed. Cathy N. Davidson (New York, 1986). The symbiotic literary - and commercial - relationships between the "beautiful female murder victim" and the beautiful victims of seduction featured in sentimental novels are further established by the output of Barclay & Company and the Old Franklin Publishing House, two of the most prolific purveyors of accounts of "beautiful female murder victims" during the second half of the nineteenth century. Over a period of several decades, both of those publishers issued a seemingly endless stream of narratives of tragic deaths of beautiful young women. Some of the accounts were purely fictional, others were loosely factual; some of the protagonists were murdered by their paramours, others were the victims of broken hearts. But all of the narratives were similarly packaged for a mass audience as illustrated paper-bound pamphlets printed on cheap pulp stock. Among those pamphlets were retrospective accounts of Sarah Cornell, Helen Jewett, and Mary Rogers, three of the most famous "beautiful female murder victims" of the antebellum period. But in 1865 Barclay also published, in the same format, "The Only Correct and Authentic Edition" of The Lamentable History of the Beautiful and Accomplished Charlotte Temple. Thus the commercial linkage between "beautiful female murder victims" and the tragic heroines of sentimental novels persisted from the late 1780s, when Isaiah Thomas, Revolutionary America's most distinguished printer, issued both The Oxfordshire Tragedy (1787) and The Power of Sympathy (1789), through the Gilded Age, when less reputable pulp publishers produced a succession of cheap knock-offs of both genres for a mass audience. The Lamentable History of the Beautiful and Accomplished Charlotte Temple, with an Account of Her Elopement With Lieutenant Montroville [sic], and Her Misfortunes and Painful Sufferings, Are Herein Pathetically Depicted (Philadelphia, 1865); for an excellent general discussion of Barclay & Company and the Old Franklin Publishing House, see Thomas M. McDade, "Lurid Literature of the Last Century: The Publications of E. E. Barclay," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 80 (Oct. 1956): 452-64. Andie Tucher also recognizes the literary kinship between "beautiful female murder victims" and the heroines in early sentimental novels; see Tucher, Froth & Scum, 67-69.
77. See Susanna Haswell Rowson, Charlotte Temple, ed. Cathy N. Davidson (New York, 1986). The symbiotic literary - and commercial - relationships between the "beautiful female murder victim" and the beautiful victims of seduction featured in sentimental novels are further established by the output of Barclay & Company and the Old Franklin Publishing House, two of the most prolific purveyors of accounts of "beautiful female murder victims" during the second half of the nineteenth century. Over a period of several decades, both of those publishers issued a seemingly endless stream of narratives of tragic deaths of beautiful young women. Some of the accounts were purely fictional, others were loosely factual; some of the protagonists were murdered by their paramours, others were the victims of broken hearts. But all of the narratives were similarly packaged for a mass audience as illustrated paper-bound pamphlets printed on cheap pulp stock. Among those pamphlets were retrospective accounts of Sarah Cornell, Helen Jewett, and Mary Rogers, three of the most famous "beautiful female murder victims" of the antebellum period. But in 1865 Barclay also published, in the same format, "The Only Correct and Authentic Edition" of The Lamentable History of the Beautiful and Accomplished Charlotte Temple. Thus the commercial linkage between "beautiful female murder victims" and the tragic heroines of sentimental novels persisted from the late 1780s, when Isaiah Thomas, Revolutionary America's most distinguished printer, issued both The Oxfordshire Tragedy (1787) and The Power of Sympathy (1789), through the Gilded Age, when less reputable pulp publishers produced a succession of cheap knock-offs of both genres for a mass audience. The Lamentable History of the Beautiful and Accomplished Charlotte Temple, with an Account of Her Elopement With Lieutenant Montroville [sic], and Her Misfortunes and Painful Sufferings, Are Herein Pathetically Depicted (Philadelphia, 1865); for an excellent general discussion of Barclay & Company and the Old Franklin Publishing House, see Thomas M. McDade, "Lurid Literature of the Last Century: The Publications of E. E. Barclay," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 80 (Oct. 1956): 452-64. Andie Tucher also recognizes the literary kinship between "beautiful female murder victims" and the heroines in early sentimental novels; see Tucher, Froth & Scum, 67-69.
78. See Susanna Haswell Rowson, Charlotte Temple, ed. Cathy N. Davidson (New York, 1986). The symbiotic literary - and commercial - relationships between the "beautiful female murder victim" and the beautiful victims of seduction featured in sentimental novels are further established by the output of Barclay & Company and the Old Franklin Publishing House, two of the most prolific purveyors of accounts of "beautiful female murder victims" during the second half of the nineteenth century. Over a period of several decades, both of those publishers issued a seemingly endless stream of narratives of tragic deaths of beautiful young women. Some of the accounts were purely fictional, others were loosely factual; some of the protagonists were murdered by their paramours, others were the victims of broken hearts. But all of the narratives were similarly packaged for a mass audience as illustrated paper-bound pamphlets printed on cheap pulp stock. Among those pamphlets were retrospective accounts of Sarah Cornell, Helen Jewett, and Mary Rogers, three of the most famous "beautiful female murder victims" of the antebellum period. But in 1865 Barclay also published, in the same format, "The Only Correct and Authentic Edition" of The Lamentable History of the Beautiful and Accomplished Charlotte Temple. Thus the commercial linkage between "beautiful female murder victims" and the tragic heroines of sentimental novels persisted from the late 1780s, when Isaiah Thomas, Revolutionary America's most distinguished printer, issued both The Oxfordshire Tragedy (1787) and The Power of Sympathy (1789), through the Gilded Age, when less reputable pulp publishers produced a succession of cheap knock-offs of both genres for a mass audience. The Lamentable History of the Beautiful and Accomplished Charlotte Temple, with an Account of Her Elopement With Lieutenant Montroville [sic], and Her Misfortunes and Painful Sufferings, Are Herein Pathetically Depicted (Philadelphia, 1865); for an excellent general discussion of Barclay & Company and the Old Franklin Publishing House, see Thomas M. McDade, "Lurid Literature of the Last Century: The Publications of E. E. Barclay," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 80 (Oct. 1956): 452-64. Andie Tucher also recognizes the literary kinship between "beautiful female murder victims" and the heroines in early sentimental novels; see Tucher, Froth & Scum, 67-69.
79. See D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 14-15 and 26-31; for a more thorough discussion, including detailed analysis of the early New York City "sex" cases, see D. A. Cohen, "Pillars of Salt: The Transformation of New England Crime Literature, 1674-1860" (Ph.D. diss., Brandeis University, 1989), 319-90. Karen Halttunen has argued that the forensic descriptions of female corpses were sometimes pornographic; see Halttunen, "Pornography and Sentimentalism: Narratives of Sexual Murder in Nineteenth-Century America" (unpublished paper, presented at The College of William and Mary, 1990); for her broader analysis of the emergence of a "pornography of pain" during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see Halttunen, "Humanitarianism and the Pornography of Pain in Anglo-American Culture," American Historical Review 100 (Apr. 1995): 303-34.
80. See D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 14-15 and 26-31; for a more thorough discussion, including detailed analysis of the early New York City "sex" cases, see D. A. Cohen, "Pillars of Salt: The Transformation of New England Crime Literature, 1674-1860" (Ph.D. diss., Brandeis University, 1989), 319-90. Karen Halttunen has argued that the forensic descriptions of female corpses were sometimes pornographic; see Halttunen, "Pornography and Sentimentalism: Narratives of Sexual Murder in Nineteenth-Century America" (unpublished paper, presented at The College of William and Mary, 1990); for her broader analysis of the emergence of a "pornography of pain" during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see Halttunen, "Humanitarianism and the Pornography of Pain in Anglo-American Culture," American Historical Review 100 (Apr. 1995): 303-34.
81. See D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 14-15 and 26-31; for a more thorough discussion, including detailed analysis of the early New York City "sex" cases, see D. A. Cohen, "Pillars of Salt: The Transformation of New England Crime Literature, 1674-1860" (Ph.D. diss., Brandeis University, 1989), 319-90. Karen Halttunen has argued that the forensic descriptions of female corpses were sometimes pornographic; see Halttunen, "Pornography and Sentimentalism: Narratives of Sexual Murder in Nineteenth-Century America" (unpublished paper, presented at The College of William and Mary, 1990); for her broader analysis of the emergence of a "pornography of pain" during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see Halttunen, "Humanitarianism and the Pornography of Pain in Anglo-American Culture," American Historical Review 100 (Apr. 1995): 303-34.
82. See D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 14-15 and 26-31; for a more thorough discussion, including detailed analysis of the early New York City "sex" cases, see D. A. Cohen, "Pillars of Salt: The Transformation of New England Crime Literature, 1674-1860" (Ph.D. diss., Brandeis University, 1989), 319-90. Karen Halttunen has argued that the forensic descriptions of female corpses were sometimes pornographic; see Halttunen, "Pornography and Sentimentalism: Narratives of Sexual Murder in Nineteenth-Century America" (unpublished paper, presented at The College of William and Mary, 1990); for her broader analysis of the emergence of a "pornography of pain" during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see Halttunen, "Humanitarianism and the Pornography of Pain in Anglo-American Culture," American Historical Review 100 (Apr. 1995): 303-34.
83. For a detailed discussion of the Fairbanks/Fales case and the publications that it evoked, see D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 167-94; alternately, see D. A. Cohen, "The Story of Jason Fairbanks: Trial Reports and the Rise of Sentimental Fiction," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 119-32.
84. For a detailed discussion of the Fairbanks/Fales case and the publications that it evoked, see D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 167-94; alternately, see D. A. Cohen, "The Story of Jason Fairbanks: Trial Reports and the Rise of Sentimental Fiction," Legal Studies Forum 17: 2 (1993): 119-32.
85. Biography of Mr. Jason Fairbanks and Miss Eliza Fales (Boston, [1801?]), broadside (copy at Boston Athenaeum); for a detailed discussion of the variant editions of that broadside, see D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 178-82.
86. Biography of Mr. Jason Fairbanks and Miss Eliza Fales (Boston, [1801?]), broadside (copy at Boston Athenaeum); for a detailed discussion of the variant editions of that broadside, see D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 178-82.
87. For a detailed discussion of the publication by Coverly that borrows passages from Charlotte Temple, see D. A. Cohen, "The Female Marine in an Era of Good Feelings: Cross-Dressing and the 'Genius' of Nathaniel Coverly, Jr.," Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 103 (1993): 359-93; the relevant passages are discussed at 378-79.
88. Those genres were of "British origin" in the sense that American authors and printers seem to have been influenced primarily by British models; in fact, similar works were also published elsewhere in Europe during the same (and perhaps earlier) periods.
89. The apparent upsurge in broadside ballads might be explained (or explained away), in part, as an artifact of increasing survival rates for copies of such ephemeral publications issued after about 1800; however, it seems unlikely to me that all traces of such works would have disappeared had many actually been published during the colonial period. Most eighteenth-century publications, even broadsides, were typically advertised in newspapers, and so some evidence of the appearance of American murder ballads would probably have survived (had they been published) even if there were no surviving copies.
90. For those broader interpretations, see Michael McKeon, The Origins of the English Novel, 1600-1740 (Baltimore, 1987); Ian Watt, The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson, and Fielding (Berkeley, CA, 1957); Cathy N. Davidson, Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America (New York, 1986).
91. For those broader interpretations, see Michael McKeon, The Origins of the English Novel, 1600-1740 (Baltimore, 1987); Ian Watt, The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson, and Fielding (Berkeley, CA, 1957); Cathy N. Davidson, Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America (New York, 1986).
92. For those broader interpretations, see Michael McKeon, The Origins of the English Novel, 1600-1740 (Baltimore, 1987); Ian Watt, The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson, and Fielding (Berkeley, CA, 1957); Cathy N. Davidson, Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America (New York, 1986).
93. However, it should be noted that some spousal murders did closely resemble "courtship murders," especially in cases of young, recently-married couples, and even more particularly when the husband had become sexually involved with another young woman and/or when the initial marriage was forced by a claim of pregnancy. A few such British cases will be discussed below. Two other types of sex-related homicide that rarely occurred during the colonial period but that seem to have become more common during the nineteenth century were murders of male seducers by outraged relatives of their victims (or by the victims themselves) and deaths of women resulting from botched abortions. On the murder of male seducers, see Ireland, "The Libertine Must Die"; Ireland, "Frenzied and Fallen Females: Women and Sexual Dishonor in the Nineteenth-Century United States," Journal of Women's History 3 (Winter 1992): 95-117. For nineteenth-century examples of abortion-related homicides, see McDade, comp., The Annals of Murder: A Bibliography of Books and Pamphlets on American Murders from Colonial Times to 1900 (Norman, OK, 1961), nos. 135, 175, 350, 379, 664, and 828-29. For an excellent analysis of one of the only known "botched abortion" cases of the late colonial period, see Cornelia Hughes Dayton, "Taking the Trade: Abortion and Gender Relations in an Eighteenth-Century New England Village," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 48 (Jan. 1991); 19-49; am grateful to Mary Beth Norton for reminding me of the possible relevance of that article to this essay. For the best discussion of a famous antebellum "beautiful female murder victim" who may have been killed in a botched abortion, see Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers.
94. However, it should be noted that some spousal murders did closely resemble "courtship murders," especially in cases of young, recently-married couples, and even more particularly when the husband had become sexually involved with another young woman and/or when the initial marriage was forced by a claim of pregnancy. A few such British cases will be discussed below. Two other types of sex-related homicide that rarely occurred during the colonial period but that seem to have become more common during the nineteenth century were murders of male seducers by outraged relatives of their victims (or by the victims themselves) and deaths of women resulting from botched abortions. On the murder of male seducers, see Ireland, "The Libertine Must Die"; Ireland, "Frenzied and Fallen Females: Women and Sexual Dishonor in the Nineteenth-Century United States," Journal of Women's History 3 (Winter 1992): 95-117. For nineteenth-century examples of abortion-related homicides, see McDade, comp., The Annals of Murder: A Bibliography of Books and Pamphlets on American Murders from Colonial Times to 1900 (Norman, OK, 1961), nos. 135, 175, 350, 379, 664, and 828-29. For an excellent analysis of one of the only known "botched abortion" cases of the late colonial period, see Cornelia Hughes Dayton, "Taking the Trade: Abortion and Gender Relations in an Eighteenth-Century New England Village," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 48 (Jan. 1991); 19-49; am grateful to Mary Beth Norton for reminding me of the possible relevance of that article to this essay. For the best discussion of a famous antebellum "beautiful female murder victim" who may have been killed in a botched abortion, see Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers.
95. However, it should be noted that some spousal murders did closely resemble "courtship murders," especially in cases of young, recently-married couples, and even more particularly when the husband had become sexually involved with another young woman and/or when the initial marriage was forced by a claim of pregnancy. A few such British cases will be discussed below. Two other types of sex-related homicide that rarely occurred during the colonial period but that seem to have become more common during the nineteenth century were murders of male seducers by outraged relatives of their victims (or by the victims themselves) and deaths of women resulting from botched abortions. On the murder of male seducers, see Ireland, "The Libertine Must Die"; Ireland, "Frenzied and Fallen Females: Women and Sexual Dishonor in the Nineteenth-Century United States," Journal of Women's History 3 (Winter 1992): 95-117. For nineteenth-century examples of abortion-related homicides, see McDade, comp., The Annals of Murder: A Bibliography of Books and Pamphlets on American Murders from Colonial Times to 1900 (Norman, OK, 1961), nos. 135, 175, 350, 379, 664, and 828-29. For an excellent analysis of one of the only known "botched abortion" cases of the late colonial period, see Cornelia Hughes Dayton, "Taking the Trade: Abortion and Gender Relations in an Eighteenth-Century New England Village," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 48 (Jan. 1991); 19-49; am grateful to Mary Beth Norton for reminding me of the possible relevance of that article to this essay. For the best discussion of a famous antebellum "beautiful female murder victim" who may have been killed in a botched abortion, see Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers.
96. However, it should be noted that some spousal murders did closely resemble "courtship murders," especially in cases of young, recently-married couples, and even more particularly when the husband had become sexually involved with another young woman and/or when the initial marriage was forced by a claim of pregnancy. A few such British cases will be discussed below. Two other types of sex-related homicide that rarely occurred during the colonial period but that seem to have become more common during the nineteenth century were murders of male seducers by outraged relatives of their victims (or by the victims themselves) and deaths of women resulting from botched abortions. On the murder of male seducers, see Ireland, "The Libertine Must Die"; Ireland, "Frenzied and Fallen Females: Women and Sexual Dishonor in the Nineteenth-Century United States," Journal of Women's History 3 (Winter 1992): 95-117. For nineteenth-century examples of abortion-related homicides, see McDade, comp., The Annals of Murder: A Bibliography of Books and Pamphlets on American Murders from Colonial Times to 1900 (Norman, OK, 1961), nos. 135, 175, 350, 379, 664, and 828-29. For an excellent analysis of one of the only known "botched abortion" cases of the late colonial period, see Cornelia Hughes Dayton, "Taking the Trade: Abortion and Gender Relations in an Eighteenth-Century New England Village," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 48 (Jan. 1991); 19-49; am grateful to Mary Beth Norton for reminding me of the possible relevance of that article to this essay. For the best discussion of a famous antebellum "beautiful female murder victim" who may have been killed in a botched abortion, see Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers.
97. However, it should be noted that some spousal murders did closely resemble "courtship murders," especially in cases of young, recently-married couples, and even more particularly when the husband had become sexually involved with another young woman and/or when the initial marriage was forced by a claim of pregnancy. A few such British cases will be discussed below. Two other types of sex-related homicide that rarely occurred during the colonial period but that seem to have become more common during the nineteenth century were murders of male seducers by outraged relatives of their victims (or by the victims themselves) and deaths of women resulting from botched abortions. On the murder of male seducers, see Ireland, "The Libertine Must Die"; Ireland, "Frenzied and Fallen Females: Women and Sexual Dishonor in the Nineteenth-Century United States," Journal of Women's History 3 (Winter 1992): 95-117. For nineteenth-century examples of abortion-related homicides, see McDade, comp., The Annals of Murder: A Bibliography of Books and Pamphlets on American Murders from Colonial Times to 1900 (Norman, OK, 1961), nos. 135, 175, 350, 379, 664, and 828-29. For an excellent analysis of one of the only known "botched abortion" cases of the late colonial period, see Cornelia Hughes Dayton, "Taking the Trade: Abortion and Gender Relations in an Eighteenth-Century New England Village," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 48 (Jan. 1991); 19-49; am grateful to Mary Beth Norton for reminding me of the possible relevance of that article to this essay. For the best discussion of a famous antebellum "beautiful female murder victim" who may have been killed in a botched abortion, see Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers.
98. See McDade, The Annals of Murder, nos. 72, 131, 166, 293-98, 312, and 1071-73. The five cases of the period 1794 to 1804 include two "courtship murders" and three interracial "rape-murders." It should be noted that the two courtship cases evoked much greater literary and journalistic attention than the others; still, I hope to explore those "rape-murders" more closely in a separate article on interracial sexual violence. The one pre-1790 case took place in 1763; the circumstantial details presented in contemporary accounts suggest that it was not a "courtship murder." Undoubtedly, there were at least a few other scattered cases of young men murdering young women during the colonial period. For example, in his journal, Puritan founder John Winthrop described two probable rape-murders in seventeenth-century New England, but neither appears to have been courtship-related; those cases are discussed in Lyle Koehler, A Search for Power: The "Weaker Sex" in Seventeenth-Century New England (Urbana, IL, 1980), 93; Edwin Powers, Crime and Punishment in Early Massachusetts, 1620-1692: A Documentary History (Boston, 1966), 287-88. Also, in her study of crime and society in colonial North Carolina, Donna Spindel briefly mentions a few cases of murdered women; see Donna J. Spindel, Crime and Society in North Carolina 1663-1776 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1989), 48, 54, 65, and 74; however, there is no indication that any of those cases mentioned by Spindel were "sexual" or "courtship" murders. At least one late colonial "botched abortion" case might also have lent itself to the motif of the "beautiful female murder victim"; see Dayton, "Taking the Trade."
99. See McDade, The Annals of Murder, nos. 72, 131, 166, 293-98, 312, and 1071-73. The five cases of the period 1794 to 1804 include two "courtship murders" and three interracial "rape-murders." It should be noted that the two courtship cases evoked much greater literary and journalistic attention than the others; still, I hope to explore those "rape-murders" more closely in a separate article on interracial sexual violence. The one pre-1790 case took place in 1763; the circumstantial details presented in contemporary accounts suggest that it was not a "courtship murder." Undoubtedly, there were at least a few other scattered cases of young men murdering young women during the colonial period. For example, in his journal, Puritan founder John Winthrop described two probable rape-murders in seventeenth-century New England, but neither appears to have been courtship-related; those cases are discussed in Lyle Koehler, A Search for Power: The "Weaker Sex" in Seventeenth-Century New England (Urbana, IL, 1980), 93; Edwin Powers, Crime and Punishment in Early Massachusetts, 1620-1692: A Documentary History (Boston, 1966), 287-88. Also, in her study of crime and society in colonial North Carolina, Donna Spindel briefly mentions a few cases of murdered women; see Donna J. Spindel, Crime and Society in North Carolina 1663-1776 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1989), 48, 54, 65, and 74; however, there is no indication that any of those cases mentioned by Spindel were "sexual" or "courtship" murders. At least one late colonial "botched abortion" case might also have lent itself to the motif of the "beautiful female murder victim"; see Dayton, "Taking the Trade."
100. See McDade, The Annals of Murder, nos. 72, 131, 166, 293-98, 312, and 1071-73. The five cases of the period 1794 to 1804 include two "courtship murders" and three interracial "rape-murders." It should be noted that the two courtship cases evoked much greater literary and journalistic attention than the others; still, I hope to explore those "rape-murders" more closely in a separate article on interracial sexual violence. The one pre-1790 case took place in 1763; the circumstantial details presented in contemporary accounts suggest that it was not a "courtship murder." Undoubtedly, there were at least a few other scattered cases of young men murdering young women during the colonial period. For example, in his journal, Puritan founder John Winthrop described two probable rape-murders in seventeenth-century New England, but neither appears to have been courtship-related; those cases are discussed in Lyle Koehler, A Search for Power: The "Weaker Sex" in Seventeenth-Century New England (Urbana, IL, 1980), 93; Edwin Powers, Crime and Punishment in Early Massachusetts, 1620-1692: A Documentary History (Boston, 1966), 287-88. Also, in her study of crime and society in colonial North Carolina, Donna Spindel briefly mentions a few cases of murdered women; see Donna J. Spindel, Crime and Society in North Carolina 1663-1776 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1989), 48, 54, 65, and 74; however, there is no indication that any of those cases mentioned by Spindel were "sexual" or "courtship" murders. At least one late colonial "botched abortion" case might also have lent itself to the motif of the "beautiful female murder victim"; see Dayton, "Taking the Trade."
101. See McDade, The Annals of Murder, nos. 72, 131, 166, 293-98, 312, and 1071-73. The five cases of the period 1794 to 1804 include two "courtship murders" and three interracial "rape-murders." It should be noted that the two courtship cases evoked much greater literary and journalistic attention than the others; still, I hope to explore those "rape-murders" more closely in a separate article on interracial sexual violence. The one pre-1790 case took place in 1763; the circumstantial details presented in contemporary accounts suggest that it was not a "courtship murder." Undoubtedly, there were at least a few other scattered cases of young men murdering young women during the colonial period. For example, in his journal, Puritan founder John Winthrop described two probable rape-murders in seventeenth-century New England, but neither appears to have been courtship-related; those cases are discussed in Lyle Koehler, A Search for Power: The "Weaker Sex" in Seventeenth-Century New England (Urbana, IL, 1980), 93; Edwin Powers, Crime and Punishment in Early Massachusetts, 1620-1692: A Documentary History (Boston, 1966), 287-88. Also, in her study of crime and society in colonial North Carolina, Donna Spindel briefly mentions a few cases of murdered women; see Donna J. Spindel, Crime and Society in North Carolina 1663-1776 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1989), 48, 54, 65, and 74; however, there is no indication that any of those cases mentioned by Spindel were "sexual" or "courtship" murders. At least one late colonial "botched abortion" case might also have lent itself to the motif of the "beautiful female murder victim"; see Dayton, "Taking the Trade."
102. See McDade, The Annals of Murder, nos. 72, 131, 166, 293-98, 312, and 1071-73. The five cases of the period 1794 to 1804 include two "courtship murders" and three interracial "rape-murders." It should be noted that the two courtship cases evoked much greater literary and journalistic attention than the others; still, I hope to explore those "rape-murders" more closely in a separate article on interracial sexual violence. The one pre-1790 case took place in 1763; the circumstantial details presented in contemporary accounts suggest that it was not a "courtship murder." Undoubtedly, there were at least a few other scattered cases of young men murdering young women during the colonial period. For example, in his journal, Puritan founder John Winthrop described two probable rape-murders in seventeenth-century New England, but neither appears to have been courtship-related; those cases are discussed in Lyle Koehler, A Search for Power: The "Weaker Sex" in Seventeenth-Century New England (Urbana, IL, 1980), 93; Edwin Powers, Crime and Punishment in Early Massachusetts, 1620-1692: A Documentary History (Boston, 1966), 287-88. Also, in her study of crime and society in colonial North Carolina, Donna Spindel briefly mentions a few cases of murdered women; see Donna J. Spindel, Crime and Society in North Carolina 1663-1776 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1989), 48, 54, 65, and 74; however, there is no indication that any of those cases mentioned by Spindel were "sexual" or "courtship" murders. At least one late colonial "botched abortion" case might also have lent itself to the motif of the "beautiful female murder victim"; see Dayton, "Taking the Trade."
103. In addition to the works by Lyle Koehler, Edwin Powers, and Donna Spindel cited above, see Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995); Roger Thompson, Sex in Middlesex: (Amherst, MA, 1986); Douglas Greenberg, Crime and Law Enforcement in the Colony of New York, 1691-1776 (Ithaca, NY, 1976); Raphael Semmes, Crime and Punishment in Early Maryland (Baltimore, 1938). The scholars whom I have contacted directly in my largely fruitless search for pre-1790 "courtship murders" (and for whose help I am very grateful) include Sharon Block, Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Eric H. Monkkonen, John M. Murrin, Mary Beth Norton, Randolph A. Roth, and Donna J. Spindel. Randolph Roth generously provided me with detailed information concerning a New Hampshire murder of 1734 that may have been courtship related; however, that characterization is uncertain since no one was ever convicted of the crime.
104. In addition to the works by Lyle Koehler, Edwin Powers, and Donna Spindel cited above, see Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995); Roger Thompson, Sex in Middlesex: (Amherst, MA, 1986); Douglas Greenberg, Crime and Law Enforcement in the Colony of New York, 1691-1776 (Ithaca, NY, 1976); Raphael Semmes, Crime and Punishment in Early Maryland (Baltimore, 1938). The scholars whom I have contacted directly in my largely fruitless search for pre-1790 "courtship murders" (and for whose help I am very grateful) include Sharon Block, Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Eric H. Monkkonen, John M. Murrin, Mary Beth Norton, Randolph A. Roth, and Donna J. Spindel. Randolph Roth generously provided me with detailed information concerning a New Hampshire murder of 1734 that may have been courtship related; however, that characterization is uncertain since no one was ever convicted of the crime.
105. In addition to the works by Lyle Koehler, Edwin Powers, and Donna Spindel cited above, see Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995); Roger Thompson, Sex in Middlesex: (Amherst, MA, 1986); Douglas Greenberg, Crime and Law Enforcement in the Colony of New York, 1691-1776 (Ithaca, NY, 1976); Raphael Semmes, Crime and Punishment in Early Maryland (Baltimore, 1938). The scholars whom I have contacted directly in my largely fruitless search for pre-1790 "courtship murders" (and for whose help I am very grateful) include Sharon Block, Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Eric H. Monkkonen, John M. Murrin, Mary Beth Norton, Randolph A. Roth, and Donna J. Spindel. Randolph Roth generously provided me with detailed information concerning a New Hampshire murder of 1734 that may have been courtship related; however, that characterization is uncertain since no one was ever convicted of the crime.
106. In addition to the works by Lyle Koehler, Edwin Powers, and Donna Spindel cited above, see Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995); Roger Thompson, Sex in Middlesex: (Amherst, MA, 1986); Douglas Greenberg, Crime and Law Enforcement in the Colony of New York, 1691-1776 (Ithaca, NY, 1976); Raphael Semmes, Crime and Punishment in Early Maryland (Baltimore, 1938). The scholars whom I have contacted directly in my largely fruitless search for pre-1790 "courtship murders" (and for whose help I am very grateful) include Sharon Block, Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Eric H. Monkkonen, John M. Murrin, Mary Beth Norton, Randolph A. Roth, and Donna J. Spindel. Randolph Roth generously provided me with detailed information concerning a New Hampshire murder of 1734 that may have been courtship related; however, that characterization is uncertain since no one was ever convicted of the crime.
107. See Robert V. Wells, Revolutions in Americans' Lives : A Demographic Perspective on the History of Americans, Their Families, and Their Society (Westport, CT, 1982), 64-66, 83-86, and passim; Maris A. Vinovskis, Fertility in Massachusetts from the Revolution to the Civil War (New York, 1981), 117-51 and passim; Wells, "Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in Colonial America," in Peter Laslett, et. al., eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 349-61; Daniel Scott Smith, "The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy and Prenuptial Pregnancy," in Laslett, et. al., Bastardy, 362-78; R. V. Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition" (1975), reprinted in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. (New York, 1978), 516-32; Vinovskis, "Recent Trends in American Historical Demography: Some Methodological and Conceptual Considerations" (1978), reprinted in Vinoskis, ed., Studies in American Historical Demography (New York, 1979), 1-25; D. S. Smith and Michael S. Hindus, "Premarital Pregancy in America 1640-1971: An Overview and Interpretation," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 (Spring 1975): 537-70, quoted at 559; also see Edward M. Cook, Jr., "Social Behavior and Changing Values in Dedham, Massachusetts, 1770 to 1775," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 27 (Oct. 1970): 546-80; and essays by John Demos, D. S. Smith, and Nancy Osterud and John Fulton reprinted in Vinovskis, Studies in American Historical Demography, 95-112, 161-70, 399-412. According to composite North American data compiled by Smith and Hindus (based on numerous local studies), the rate of first births less than nine months after marriage was 22.5% between 1721 and 1760, 33% between 1761 and 1800, and 23.7% between 1801 and 1840 (Smith and Hindus, "Premarital Pregnancy," 561). Those figures suggest that the downturn began during the decades immediately surrounding the turn of the nineteenth century, though the precise timing undoubtedly varied from region to region and locale to locale. Year-by-year data for Hingham, Massachusetts, generously provided to me by Daniel Scott Smith, suggest that the downturn began in parts of eastern Massachusetts during the 1790s. For perceptive overviews of American courtship practices and popular sexuality during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, see John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988), 39-52; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York, 1984), 17-55 and passim; for another excellent study that focuses primarily on a somewhat later period, see Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1989). For an important early critique of "modernization theory" as applied to American history (albeit without particular reference
108. See Robert V. Wells, Revolutions in Americans' Lives : A Demographic Perspective on the History of Americans, Their Families, and Their Society (Westport, CT, 1982), 64-66, 83-86, and passim; Maris A. Vinovskis, Fertility in Massachusetts from the Revolution to the Civil War (New York, 1981), 117-51 and passim; Wells, "Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in Colonial America," in Peter Laslett, et. al., eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 349-61; Daniel Scott Smith, "The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy and Prenuptial Pregnancy," in Laslett, et. al., Bastardy, 362-78; R. V. Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition" (1975), reprinted in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. (New York, 1978), 516-32; Vinovskis, "Recent Trends in American Historical Demography: Some Methodological and Conceptual Considerations" (1978), reprinted in Vinoskis, ed., Studies in American Historical Demography (New York, 1979), 1-25; D. S. Smith and Michael S. Hindus, "Premarital Pregancy in America 1640-1971: An Overview and Interpretation," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 (Spring 1975): 537-70, quoted at 559; also see Edward M. Cook, Jr., "Social Behavior and Changing Values in Dedham, Massachusetts, 1770 to 1775," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 27 (Oct. 1970): 546-80; and essays by John Demos, D. S. Smith, and Nancy Osterud and John Fulton reprinted in Vinovskis, Studies in American Historical Demography, 95-112, 161-70, 399-412. According to composite North American data compiled by Smith and Hindus (based on numerous local studies), the rate of first births less than nine months after marriage was 22.5% between 1721 and 1760, 33% between 1761 and 1800, and 23.7% between 1801 and 1840 (Smith and Hindus, "Premarital Pregnancy," 561). Those figures suggest that the downturn began during the decades immediately surrounding the turn of the nineteenth century, though the precise timing undoubtedly varied from region to region and locale to locale. Year-by-year data for Hingham, Massachusetts, generously provided to me by Daniel Scott Smith, suggest that the downturn began in parts of eastern Massachusetts during the 1790s. For perceptive overviews of American courtship practices and popular sexuality during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, see John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988), 39-52; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York, 1984), 17-55 and passim; for another excellent study that focuses primarily on a somewhat later period, see Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1989). For an important early critique of "modernization theory" as applied to American history (albeit without particular reference to the issue of premarital pregnancy), see James A. Henretta, " 'Modernization': Toward a False Synthesis," Reviews in American History 5 (Sept. 1977): 445-52.
109. See Robert V. Wells, Revolutions in Americans' Lives : A Demographic Perspective on the History of Americans, Their Families, and Their Society (Westport, CT, 1982), 64-66, 83-86, and passim; Maris A. Vinovskis, Fertility in Massachusetts from the Revolution to the Civil War (New York, 1981), 117-51 and passim; Wells, "Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in Colonial America," in Peter Laslett, et. al., eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 349-61; Daniel Scott Smith, "The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy and Prenuptial Pregnancy," in Laslett, et. al., Bastardy, 362-78; R. V. Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition" (1975), reprinted in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. (New York, 1978), 516-32; Vinovskis, "Recent Trends in American Historical Demography: Some Methodological and Conceptual Considerations" (1978), reprinted in Vinoskis, ed., Studies in American Historical Demography (New York, 1979), 1-25; D. S. Smith and Michael S. Hindus, "Premarital Pregancy in America 1640-1971: An Overview and Interpretation," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 (Spring 1975): 537-70, quoted at 559; also see Edward M. Cook, Jr., "Social Behavior and Changing Values in Dedham, Massachusetts, 1770 to 1775," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 27 (Oct. 1970): 546-80; and essays by John Demos, D. S. Smith, and Nancy Osterud and John Fulton reprinted in Vinovskis, Studies in American Historical Demography, 95-112, 161-70, 399-412. According to composite North American data compiled by Smith and Hindus (based on numerous local studies), the rate of first births less than nine months after marriage was 22.5% between 1721 and 1760, 33% between 1761 and 1800, and 23.7% between 1801 and 1840 (Smith and Hindus, "Premarital Pregnancy," 561). Those figures suggest that the downturn began during the decades immediately surrounding the turn of the nineteenth century, though the precise timing undoubtedly varied from region to region and locale to locale. Year-by-year data for Hingham, Massachusetts, generously provided to me by Daniel Scott Smith, suggest that the downturn began in parts of eastern Massachusetts during the 1790s. For perceptive overviews of American courtship practices and popular sexuality during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, see John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988), 39-52; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York, 1984), 17-55 and passim; for another excellent study that focuses primarily on a somewhat later period, see Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1989). For an important early critique of "modernization theory" as applied to American history (albeit without particular reference to the issue of premarital pregnancy), see James A. Henretta, " 'Modernization': Toward a False Synthesis," Reviews in American History 5 (Sept. 1977): 445-52.
110. See Robert V. Wells, Revolutions in Americans' Lives : A Demographic Perspective on the History of Americans, Their Families, and Their Society (Westport, CT, 1982), 64-66, 83-86, and passim; Maris A. Vinovskis, Fertility in Massachusetts from the Revolution to the Civil War (New York, 1981), 117-51 and passim; Wells, "Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in Colonial America," in Peter Laslett, et. al., eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 349-61; Daniel Scott Smith, "The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy and Prenuptial Pregnancy," in Laslett, et. al., Bastardy, 362-78; R. V. Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition" (1975), reprinted in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. (New York, 1978), 516-32; Vinovskis, "Recent Trends in American Historical Demography: Some Methodological and Conceptual Considerations" (1978), reprinted in Vinoskis, ed., Studies in American Historical Demography (New York, 1979), 1-25; D. S. Smith and Michael S. Hindus, "Premarital Pregancy in America 1640-1971: An Overview and Interpretation," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 (Spring 1975): 537-70, quoted at 559; also see Edward M. Cook, Jr., "Social Behavior and Changing Values in Dedham, Massachusetts, 1770 to 1775," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 27 (Oct. 1970): 546-80; and essays by John Demos, D. S. Smith, and Nancy Osterud and John Fulton reprinted in Vinovskis, Studies in American Historical Demography, 95-112, 161-70, 399-412. According to composite North American data compiled by Smith and Hindus (based on numerous local studies), the rate of first births less than nine months after marriage was 22.5% between 1721 and 1760, 33% between 1761 and 1800, and 23.7% between 1801 and 1840 (Smith and Hindus, "Premarital Pregnancy," 561). Those figures suggest that the downturn began during the decades immediately surrounding the turn of the nineteenth century, though the precise timing undoubtedly varied from region to region and locale to locale. Year-by-year data for Hingham, Massachusetts, generously provided to me by Daniel Scott Smith, suggest that the downturn began in parts of eastern Massachusetts during the 1790s. For perceptive overviews of American courtship practices and popular sexuality during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, see John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988), 39-52; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York, 1984), 17-55 and passim; for another excellent study that focuses primarily on a somewhat later period, see Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1989). For an important early critique of "modernization theory" as applied to American history (albeit without particular reference to the issue of premarital pregnancy), see James A. Henretta, " 'Modernization': Toward a False Synthesis," Reviews in American History 5 (Sept. 1977): 445-52.
111. See Robert V. Wells, Revolutions in Americans' Lives : A Demographic Perspective on the History of Americans, Their Families, and Their Society (Westport, CT, 1982), 64-66, 83-86, and passim; Maris A. Vinovskis, Fertility in Massachusetts from the Revolution to the Civil War (New York, 1981), 117-51 and passim; Wells, "Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in Colonial America," in Peter Laslett, et. al., eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 349-61; Daniel Scott Smith, "The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy and Prenuptial Pregnancy," in Laslett, et. al., Bastardy, 362-78; R. V. Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition" (1975), reprinted in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. (New York, 1978), 516-32; Vinovskis, "Recent Trends in American Historical Demography: Some Methodological and Conceptual Considerations" (1978), reprinted in Vinoskis, ed., Studies in American Historical Demography (New York, 1979), 1-25; D. S. Smith and Michael S. Hindus, "Premarital Pregancy in America 1640-1971: An Overview and Interpretation," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 (Spring 1975): 537-70, quoted at 559; also see Edward M. Cook, Jr., "Social Behavior and Changing Values in Dedham, Massachusetts, 1770 to 1775," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 27 (Oct. 1970): 546-80; and essays by John Demos, D. S. Smith, and Nancy Osterud and John Fulton reprinted in Vinovskis, Studies in American Historical Demography, 95-112, 161-70, 399-412. According to composite North American data compiled by Smith and Hindus (based on numerous local studies), the rate of first births less than nine months after marriage was 22.5% between 1721 and 1760, 33% between 1761 and 1800, and 23.7% between 1801 and 1840 (Smith and Hindus, "Premarital Pregnancy," 561). Those figures suggest that the downturn began during the decades immediately surrounding the turn of the nineteenth century, though the precise timing undoubtedly varied from region to region and locale to locale. Year-by-year data for Hingham, Massachusetts, generously provided to me by Daniel Scott Smith, suggest that the downturn began in parts of eastern Massachusetts during the 1790s. For perceptive overviews of American courtship practices and popular sexuality during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, see John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988), 39-52; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York, 1984), 17-55 and passim; for another excellent study that focuses primarily on a somewhat later period, see Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1989). For an important early critique of "modernization theory" as applied to American history (albeit without particular reference to the issue of premarital pregnancy), see James A. Henretta, " 'Modernization': Toward a False Synthesis," Reviews in American History 5 (Sept. 1977): 445-52.
112. See Robert V. Wells, Revolutions in Americans' Lives : A Demographic Perspective on the History of Americans, Their Families, and Their Society (Westport, CT, 1982), 64-66, 83-86, and passim; Maris A. Vinovskis, Fertility in Massachusetts from the Revolution to the Civil War (New York, 1981), 117-51 and passim; Wells, "Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in Colonial America," in Peter Laslett, et. al., eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 349-61; Daniel Scott Smith, "The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy and Prenuptial Pregnancy," in Laslett, et. al., Bastardy, 362-78; R. V. Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition" (1975), reprinted in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. (New York, 1978), 516-32; Vinovskis, "Recent Trends in American Historical Demography: Some Methodological and Conceptual Considerations" (1978), reprinted in Vinoskis, ed., Studies in American Historical Demography (New York, 1979), 1-25; D. S. Smith and Michael S. Hindus, "Premarital Pregancy in America 1640-1971: An Overview and Interpretation," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 (Spring 1975): 537-70, quoted at 559; also see Edward M. Cook, Jr., "Social Behavior and Changing Values in Dedham, Massachusetts, 1770 to 1775," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 27 (Oct. 1970): 546-80; and essays by John Demos, D. S. Smith, and Nancy Osterud and John Fulton reprinted in Vinovskis, Studies in American Historical Demography, 95-112, 161-70, 399-412. According to composite North American data compiled by Smith and Hindus (based on numerous local studies), the rate of first births less than nine months after marriage was 22.5% between 1721 and 1760, 33% between 1761 and 1800, and 23.7% between 1801 and 1840 (Smith and Hindus, "Premarital Pregnancy," 561). Those figures suggest that the downturn began during the decades immediately surrounding the turn of the nineteenth century, though the precise timing undoubtedly varied from region to region and locale to locale. Year-by-year data for Hingham, Massachusetts, generously provided to me by Daniel Scott Smith, suggest that the downturn began in parts of eastern Massachusetts during the 1790s. For perceptive overviews of American courtship practices and popular sexuality during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, see John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988), 39-52; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York, 1984), 17-55 and passim; for another excellent study that focuses primarily on a somewhat later period, see Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1989). For an important early critique of "modernization theory" as applied to American history (albeit without particular reference to the issue of premarital pregnancy), see James A. Henretta, " 'Modernization': Toward a False Synthesis," Reviews in American History 5 (Sept. 1977): 445-52.
113. See Robert V. Wells, Revolutions in Americans' Lives : A Demographic Perspective on the History of Americans, Their Families, and Their Society (Westport, CT, 1982), 64-66, 83-86, and passim; Maris A. Vinovskis, Fertility in Massachusetts from the Revolution to the Civil War (New York, 1981), 117-51 and passim; Wells, "Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in Colonial America," in Peter Laslett, et. al., eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 349-61; Daniel Scott Smith, "The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy and Prenuptial Pregnancy," in Laslett, et. al., Bastardy, 362-78; R. V. Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition" (1975), reprinted in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. (New York, 1978), 516-32; Vinovskis, "Recent Trends in American Historical Demography: Some Methodological and Conceptual Considerations" (1978), reprinted in Vinoskis, ed., Studies in American Historical Demography (New York, 1979), 1-25; D. S. Smith and Michael S. Hindus, "Premarital Pregancy in America 1640-1971: An Overview and Interpretation," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 (Spring 1975): 537-70, quoted at 559; also see Edward M. Cook, Jr., "Social Behavior and Changing Values in Dedham, Massachusetts, 1770 to 1775," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 27 (Oct. 1970): 546-80; and essays by John Demos, D. S. Smith, and Nancy Osterud and John Fulton reprinted in Vinovskis, Studies in American Historical Demography, 95-112, 161-70, 399-412. According to composite North American data compiled by Smith and Hindus (based on numerous local studies), the rate of first births less than nine months after marriage was 22.5% between 1721 and 1760, 33% between 1761 and 1800, and 23.7% between 1801 and 1840 (Smith and Hindus, "Premarital Pregnancy," 561). Those figures suggest that the downturn began during the decades immediately surrounding the turn of the nineteenth century, though the precise timing undoubtedly varied from region to region and locale to locale. Year-by-year data for Hingham, Massachusetts, generously provided to me by Daniel Scott Smith, suggest that the downturn began in parts of eastern Massachusetts during the 1790s. For perceptive overviews of American courtship practices and popular sexuality during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, see John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988), 39-52; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York, 1984), 17-55 and passim; for another excellent study that focuses primarily on a somewhat later period, see Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1989). For an important early critique of "modernization theory" as applied to American history (albeit without particular reference to the issue of premarital pregnancy), see James A. Henretta, " 'Modernization': Toward a False Synthesis," Reviews in American History 5 (Sept. 1977): 445-52.
114. See Robert V. Wells, Revolutions in Americans' Lives : A Demographic Perspective on the History of Americans, Their Families, and Their Society (Westport, CT, 1982), 64-66, 83-86, and passim; Maris A. Vinovskis, Fertility in Massachusetts from the Revolution to the Civil War (New York, 1981), 117-51 and passim; Wells, "Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in Colonial America," in Peter Laslett, et. al., eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 349-61; Daniel Scott Smith, "The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy and Prenuptial Pregnancy," in Laslett, et. al., Bastardy, 362-78; R. V. Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition" (1975), reprinted in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. (New York, 1978), 516-32; Vinovskis, "Recent Trends in American Historical Demography: Some Methodological and Conceptual Considerations" (1978), reprinted in Vinoskis, ed., Studies in American Historical Demography (New York, 1979), 1-25; D. S. Smith and Michael S. Hindus, "Premarital Pregancy in America 1640-1971: An Overview and Interpretation," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 (Spring 1975): 537-70, quoted at 559; also see Edward M. Cook, Jr., "Social Behavior and Changing Values in Dedham, Massachusetts, 1770 to 1775," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 27 (Oct. 1970): 546-80; and essays by John Demos, D. S. Smith, and Nancy Osterud and John Fulton reprinted in Vinovskis, Studies in American Historical Demography, 95-112, 161-70, 399-412. According to composite North American data compiled by Smith and Hindus (based on numerous local studies), the rate of first births less than nine months after marriage was 22.5% between 1721 and 1760, 33% between 1761 and 1800, and 23.7% between 1801 and 1840 (Smith and Hindus, "Premarital Pregnancy," 561). Those figures suggest that the downturn began during the decades immediately surrounding the turn of the nineteenth century, though the precise timing undoubtedly varied from region to region and locale to locale. Year-by-year data for Hingham, Massachusetts, generously provided to me by Daniel Scott Smith, suggest that the downturn began in parts of eastern Massachusetts during the 1790s. For perceptive overviews of American courtship practices and popular sexuality during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, see John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988), 39-52; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York, 1984), 17-55 and passim; for another excellent study that focuses primarily on a somewhat later period, see Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1989). For an important early critique of "modernization theory" as applied to American history (albeit without particular reference to the issue of premarital pregnancy), see James A. Henretta, " 'Modernization': Toward a False Synthesis," Reviews in American History 5 (Sept. 1977): 445-52.
115. See Robert V. Wells, Revolutions in Americans' Lives : A Demographic Perspective on the History of Americans, Their Families, and Their Society (Westport, CT, 1982), 64-66, 83-86, and passim; Maris A. Vinovskis, Fertility in Massachusetts from the Revolution to the Civil War (New York, 1981), 117-51 and passim; Wells, "Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in Colonial America," in Peter Laslett, et. al., eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 349-61; Daniel Scott Smith, "The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy and Prenuptial Pregnancy," in Laslett, et. al., Bastardy, 362-78; R. V. Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition" (1975), reprinted in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. (New York, 1978), 516-32; Vinovskis, "Recent Trends in American Historical Demography: Some Methodological and Conceptual Considerations" (1978), reprinted in Vinoskis, ed., Studies in American Historical Demography (New York, 1979), 1-25; D. S. Smith and Michael S. Hindus, "Premarital Pregancy in America 1640-1971: An Overview and Interpretation," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 (Spring 1975): 537-70, quoted at 559; also see Edward M. Cook, Jr., "Social Behavior and Changing Values in Dedham, Massachusetts, 1770 to 1775," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 27 (Oct. 1970): 546-80; and essays by John Demos, D. S. Smith, and Nancy Osterud and John Fulton reprinted in Vinovskis, Studies in American Historical Demography, 95-112, 161-70, 399-412. According to composite North American data compiled by Smith and Hindus (based on numerous local studies), the rate of first births less than nine months after marriage was 22.5% between 1721 and 1760, 33% between 1761 and 1800, and 23.7% between 1801 and 1840 (Smith and Hindus, "Premarital Pregnancy," 561). Those figures suggest that the downturn began during the decades immediately surrounding the turn of the nineteenth century, though the precise timing undoubtedly varied from region to region and locale to locale. Year-by-year data for Hingham, Massachusetts, generously provided to me by Daniel Scott Smith, suggest that the downturn began in parts of eastern Massachusetts during the 1790s. For perceptive overviews of American courtship practices and popular sexuality during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, see John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988), 39-52; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York, 1984), 17-55 and passim; for another excellent study that focuses primarily on a somewhat later period, see Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1989). For an important early critique of "modernization theory" as applied to American history (albeit without particular reference to the issue of premarital pregnancy), see James A. Henretta, " 'Modernization': Toward a False Synthesis," Reviews in American History 5 (Sept. 1977): 445-52.
116. See Robert V. Wells, Revolutions in Americans' Lives : A Demographic Perspective on the History of Americans, Their Families, and Their Society (Westport, CT, 1982), 64-66, 83-86, and passim; Maris A. Vinovskis, Fertility in Massachusetts from the Revolution to the Civil War (New York, 1981), 117-51 and passim; Wells, "Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in Colonial America," in Peter Laslett, et. al., eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 349-61; Daniel Scott Smith, "The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy and Prenuptial Pregnancy," in Laslett, et. al., Bastardy, 362-78; R. V. Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition" (1975), reprinted in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. (New York, 1978), 516-32; Vinovskis, "Recent Trends in American Historical Demography: Some Methodological and Conceptual Considerations" (1978), reprinted in Vinoskis, ed., Studies in American Historical Demography (New York, 1979), 1-25; D. S. Smith and Michael S. Hindus, "Premarital Pregancy in America 1640-1971: An Overview and Interpretation," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 (Spring 1975): 537-70, quoted at 559; also see Edward M. Cook, Jr., "Social Behavior and Changing Values in Dedham, Massachusetts, 1770 to 1775," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 27 (Oct. 1970): 546-80; and essays by John Demos, D. S. Smith, and Nancy Osterud and John Fulton reprinted in Vinovskis, Studies in American Historical Demography, 95-112, 161-70, 399-412. According to composite North American data compiled by Smith and Hindus (based on numerous local studies), the rate of first births less than nine months after marriage was 22.5% between 1721 and 1760, 33% between 1761 and 1800, and 23.7% between 1801 and 1840 (Smith and Hindus, "Premarital Pregnancy," 561). Those figures suggest that the downturn began during the decades immediately surrounding the turn of the nineteenth century, though the precise timing undoubtedly varied from region to region and locale to locale. Year-by-year data for Hingham, Massachusetts, generously provided to me by Daniel Scott Smith, suggest that the downturn began in parts of eastern Massachusetts during the 1790s. For perceptive overviews of American courtship practices and popular sexuality during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, see John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988), 39-52; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York, 1984), 17-55 and passim; for another excellent study that focuses primarily on a somewhat later period, see Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1989). For an important early critique of "modernization theory" as applied to American history (albeit without particular reference to the issue of premarital pregnancy), see James A. Henretta, " 'Modernization': Toward a False Synthesis," Reviews in American History 5 (Sept. 1977): 445-52.
117. See Robert V. Wells, Revolutions in Americans' Lives : A Demographic Perspective on the History of Americans, Their Families, and Their Society (Westport, CT, 1982), 64-66, 83-86, and passim; Maris A. Vinovskis, Fertility in Massachusetts from the Revolution to the Civil War (New York, 1981), 117-51 and passim; Wells, "Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in Colonial America," in Peter Laslett, et. al., eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 349-61; Daniel Scott Smith, "The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy and Prenuptial Pregnancy," in Laslett, et. al., Bastardy, 362-78; R. V. Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition" (1975), reprinted in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. (New York, 1978), 516-32; Vinovskis, "Recent Trends in American Historical Demography: Some Methodological and Conceptual Considerations" (1978), reprinted in Vinoskis, ed., Studies in American Historical Demography (New York, 1979), 1-25; D. S. Smith and Michael S. Hindus, "Premarital Pregancy in America 1640-1971: An Overview and Interpretation," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 (Spring 1975): 537-70, quoted at 559; also see Edward M. Cook, Jr., "Social Behavior and Changing Values in Dedham, Massachusetts, 1770 to 1775," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 27 (Oct. 1970): 546-80; and essays by John Demos, D. S. Smith, and Nancy Osterud and John Fulton reprinted in Vinovskis, Studies in American Historical Demography, 95-112, 161-70, 399-412. According to composite North American data compiled by Smith and Hindus (based on numerous local studies), the rate of first births less than nine months after marriage was 22.5% between 1721 and 1760, 33% between 1761 and 1800, and 23.7% between 1801 and 1840 (Smith and Hindus, "Premarital Pregnancy," 561). Those figures suggest that the downturn began during the decades immediately surrounding the turn of the nineteenth century, though the precise timing undoubtedly varied from region to region and locale to locale. Year-by-year data for Hingham, Massachusetts, generously provided to me by Daniel Scott Smith, suggest that the downturn began in parts of eastern Massachusetts during the 1790s. For perceptive overviews of American courtship practices and popular sexuality during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, see John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988), 39-52; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York, 1984), 17-55 and passim; for another excellent study that focuses primarily on a somewhat later period, see Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1989). For an important early critique of "modernization theory" as applied to American history (albeit without particular reference to the issue of premarital pregnancy), see James A. Henretta, " 'Modernization': Toward a False Synthesis," Reviews in American History 5 (Sept. 1977): 445-52.
118. See Robert V. Wells, Revolutions in Americans' Lives : A Demographic Perspective on the History of Americans, Their Families, and Their Society (Westport, CT, 1982), 64-66, 83-86, and passim; Maris A. Vinovskis, Fertility in Massachusetts from the Revolution to the Civil War (New York, 1981), 117-51 and passim; Wells, "Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in Colonial America," in Peter Laslett, et. al., eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 349-61; Daniel Scott Smith, "The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy and Prenuptial Pregnancy," in Laslett, et. al., Bastardy, 362-78; R. V. Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition" (1975), reprinted in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. (New York, 1978), 516-32; Vinovskis, "Recent Trends in American Historical Demography: Some Methodological and Conceptual Considerations" (1978), reprinted in Vinoskis, ed., Studies in American Historical Demography (New York, 1979), 1-25; D. S. Smith and Michael S. Hindus, "Premarital Pregancy in America 1640-1971: An Overview and Interpretation," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 (Spring 1975): 537-70, quoted at 559; also see Edward M. Cook, Jr., "Social Behavior and Changing Values in Dedham, Massachusetts, 1770 to 1775," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 27 (Oct. 1970): 546-80; and essays by John Demos, D. S. Smith, and Nancy Osterud and John Fulton reprinted in Vinovskis, Studies in American Historical Demography, 95-112, 161-70, 399-412. According to composite North American data compiled by Smith and Hindus (based on numerous local studies), the rate of first births less than nine months after marriage was 22.5% between 1721 and 1760, 33% between 1761 and 1800, and 23.7% between 1801 and 1840 (Smith and Hindus, "Premarital Pregnancy," 561). Those figures suggest that the downturn began during the decades immediately surrounding the turn of the nineteenth century, though the precise timing undoubtedly varied from region to region and locale to locale. Year-by-year data for Hingham, Massachusetts, generously provided to me by Daniel Scott Smith, suggest that the downturn began in parts of eastern Massachusetts during the 1790s. For perceptive overviews of American courtship practices and popular sexuality during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, see John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988), 39-52; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York, 1984), 17-55 and passim; for another excellent study that focuses primarily on a somewhat later period, see Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1989). For an important early critique of "modernization theory" as applied to American history (albeit without particular reference to the issue of premarital pregnancy), see James A. Henretta, " 'Modernization': Toward a False Synthesis," Reviews in American History 5 (Sept. 1977): 445-52.
119. See Robert V. Wells, Revolutions in Americans' Lives : A Demographic Perspective on the History of Americans, Their Families, and Their Society (Westport, CT, 1982), 64-66, 83-86, and passim; Maris A. Vinovskis, Fertility in Massachusetts from the Revolution to the Civil War (New York, 1981), 117-51 and passim; Wells, "Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in Colonial America," in Peter Laslett, et. al., eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 349-61; Daniel Scott Smith, "The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy and Prenuptial Pregnancy," in Laslett, et. al., Bastardy, 362-78; R. V. Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition" (1975), reprinted in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. (New York, 1978), 516-32; Vinovskis, "Recent Trends in American Historical Demography: Some Methodological and Conceptual Considerations" (1978), reprinted in Vinoskis, ed., Studies in American Historical Demography (New York, 1979), 1-25; D. S. Smith and Michael S. Hindus, "Premarital Pregancy in America 1640-1971: An Overview and Interpretation," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 (Spring 1975): 537-70, quoted at 559; also see Edward M. Cook, Jr., "Social Behavior and Changing Values in Dedham, Massachusetts, 1770 to 1775," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 27 (Oct. 1970): 546-80; and essays by John Demos, D. S. Smith, and Nancy Osterud and John Fulton reprinted in Vinovskis, Studies in American Historical Demography, 95-112, 161-70, 399-412. According to composite North American data compiled by Smith and Hindus (based on numerous local studies), the rate of first births less than nine months after marriage was 22.5% between 1721 and 1760, 33% between 1761 and 1800, and 23.7% between 1801 and 1840 (Smith and Hindus, "Premarital Pregnancy," 561). Those figures suggest that the downturn began during the decades immediately surrounding the turn of the nineteenth century, though the precise timing undoubtedly varied from region to region and locale to locale. Year-by-year data for Hingham, Massachusetts, generously provided to me by Daniel Scott Smith, suggest that the downturn began in parts of eastern Massachusetts during the 1790s. For perceptive overviews of American courtship practices and popular sexuality during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, see John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988), 39-52; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York, 1984), 17-55 and passim; for another excellent study that focuses primarily on a somewhat later period, see Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1989). For an important early critique of "modernization theory" as applied to American history (albeit without particular reference to the issue of premarital pregnancy), see James A. Henretta, " 'Modernization': Toward a False Synthesis," Reviews in American History 5 (Sept. 1977): 445-52.
120. See Robert V. Wells, Revolutions in Americans' Lives : A Demographic Perspective on the History of Americans, Their Families, and Their Society (Westport, CT, 1982), 64-66, 83-86, and passim; Maris A. Vinovskis, Fertility in Massachusetts from the Revolution to the Civil War (New York, 1981), 117-51 and passim; Wells, "Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in Colonial America," in Peter Laslett, et. al., eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 349-61; Daniel Scott Smith, "The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy and Prenuptial Pregnancy," in Laslett, et. al., Bastardy, 362-78; R. V. Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition" (1975), reprinted in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. (New York, 1978), 516-32; Vinovskis, "Recent Trends in American Historical Demography: Some Methodological and Conceptual Considerations" (1978), reprinted in Vinoskis, ed., Studies in American Historical Demography (New York, 1979), 1-25; D. S. Smith and Michael S. Hindus, "Premarital Pregancy in America 1640-1971: An Overview and Interpretation," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 (Spring 1975): 537-70, quoted at 559; also see Edward M. Cook, Jr., "Social Behavior and Changing Values in Dedham, Massachusetts, 1770 to 1775," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 27 (Oct. 1970): 546-80; and essays by John Demos, D. S. Smith, and Nancy Osterud and John Fulton reprinted in Vinovskis, Studies in American Historical Demography, 95-112, 161-70, 399-412. According to composite North American data compiled by Smith and Hindus (based on numerous local studies), the rate of first births less than nine months after marriage was 22.5% between 1721 and 1760, 33% between 1761 and 1800, and 23.7% between 1801 and 1840 (Smith and Hindus, "Premarital Pregnancy," 561). Those figures suggest that the downturn began during the decades immediately surrounding the turn of the nineteenth century, though the precise timing undoubtedly varied from region to region and locale to locale. Year-by-year data for Hingham, Massachusetts, generously provided to me by Daniel Scott Smith, suggest that the downturn began in parts of eastern Massachusetts during the 1790s. For perceptive overviews of American courtship practices and popular sexuality during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, see John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988), 39-52; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York, 1984), 17-55 and passim; for another excellent study that focuses primarily on a somewhat later period, see Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1989). For an important early critique of "modernization theory" as applied to American history (albeit without particular reference to the issue of premarital pregnancy), see James A. Henretta, " 'Modernization': Toward a False Synthesis," Reviews in American History 5 (Sept. 1977): 445-52.
121. See Edward Shorter, The Making of the Modern Family (New York, 1975), 79-119 and passim; Shorter, "Female Emancipation, Birth Control, and Fertility in European History," American Historical Review 78 (June 1973): 605-40; Shorter, "Capitalism, Culture, and Sexuality: Some Competing Models," Social Science Quarterly 53 (Sept. 1972): 338-56, quoted at 354; Shorter, "Illegitimacy, Sexual Revolution, and Social Change in Modern Europe," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2 (Autumn 1971): 237-72; P. E. H. Hair, "Bridal Pregnancy in Earlier Rural England Further Examined," Population Studies 24 (March 1970): 59-70; P. E. H. Hair, "Bridal Pregnancy in Rural England in Earlier Centuries," Population Studies 20 (Nov. 1966): 233-43.
122. See Edward Shorter, The Making of the Modern Family (New York, 1975), 79-119 and passim; Shorter, "Female Emancipation, Birth Control, and Fertility in European History," American Historical Review 78 (June 1973): 605-40; Shorter, "Capitalism, Culture, and Sexuality: Some Competing Models," Social Science Quarterly 53 (Sept. 1972): 338-56, quoted at 354; Shorter, "Illegitimacy, Sexual Revolution, and Social Change in Modern Europe," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2 (Autumn 1971): 237-72; P. E. H. Hair, "Bridal Pregnancy in Earlier Rural England Further Examined," Population Studies 24 (March 1970): 59-70; P. E. H. Hair, "Bridal Pregnancy in Rural England in Earlier Centuries," Population Studies 20 (Nov. 1966): 233-43.
123. See Edward Shorter, The Making of the Modern Family (New York, 1975), 79-119 and passim; Shorter, "Female Emancipation, Birth Control, and Fertility in European History," American Historical Review 78 (June 1973): 605-40; Shorter, "Capitalism, Culture, and Sexuality: Some Competing Models," Social Science Quarterly 53 (Sept. 1972): 338-56, quoted at 354; Shorter, "Illegitimacy, Sexual Revolution, and Social Change in Modern Europe," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2 (Autumn 1971): 237-72; P. E. H. Hair, "Bridal Pregnancy in Earlier Rural England Further Examined," Population Studies 24 (March 1970): 59-70; P. E. H. Hair, "Bridal Pregnancy in Rural England in Earlier Centuries," Population Studies 20 (Nov. 1966): 233-43.
124. See Edward Shorter, The Making of the Modern Family (New York, 1975), 79-119 and passim; Shorter, "Female Emancipation, Birth Control, and Fertility in European History," American Historical Review 78 (June 1973): 605-40; Shorter, "Capitalism, Culture, and Sexuality: Some Competing Models," Social Science Quarterly 53 (Sept. 1972): 338-56, quoted at 354; Shorter, "Illegitimacy, Sexual Revolution, and Social Change in Modern Europe," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2 (Autumn 1971): 237-72; P. E. H. Hair, "Bridal Pregnancy in Earlier Rural England Further Examined," Population Studies 24 (March 1970): 59-70; P. E. H. Hair, "Bridal Pregnancy in Rural England in Earlier Centuries," Population Studies 20 (Nov. 1966): 233-43.
125. See Edward Shorter, The Making of the Modern Family (New York, 1975), 79-119 and passim; Shorter, "Female Emancipation, Birth Control, and Fertility in European History," American Historical Review 78 (June 1973): 605-40; Shorter, "Capitalism, Culture, and Sexuality: Some Competing Models," Social Science Quarterly 53 (Sept. 1972): 338-56, quoted at 354; Shorter, "Illegitimacy, Sexual Revolution, and Social Change in Modern Europe," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2 (Autumn 1971): 237-72; P. E. H. Hair, "Bridal Pregnancy in Earlier Rural England Further Examined," Population Studies 24 (March 1970): 59-70; P. E. H. Hair, "Bridal Pregnancy in Rural England in Earlier Centuries," Population Studies 20 (Nov. 1966): 233-43.
126. See Edward Shorter, The Making of the Modern Family (New York, 1975), 79-119 and passim; Shorter, "Female Emancipation, Birth Control, and Fertility in European History," American Historical Review 78 (June 1973): 605-40; Shorter, "Capitalism, Culture, and Sexuality: Some Competing Models," Social Science Quarterly 53 (Sept. 1972): 338-56, quoted at 354; Shorter, "Illegitimacy, Sexual Revolution, and Social Change in Modern Europe," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2 (Autumn 1971): 237-72; P. E. H. Hair, "Bridal Pregnancy in Earlier Rural England Further Examined," Population Studies 24 (March 1970): 59-70; P. E. H. Hair, "Bridal Pregnancy in Rural England in Earlier Centuries," Population Studies 20 (Nov. 1966): 233-43.
127. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
128. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
129. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
130. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
131. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy
132. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
133. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
134. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
135. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
136. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
137. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
138. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
139. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
140. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
141. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
142. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
143. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
144. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
145. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
146. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
147. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
148. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
149. See Joan W. Scott and Louise A. Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe," in Charles E. Rosenberg, ed., The Family in History (Philadelphia, 1975), 168, fn. 71; Lawrence Stone, "The Domestic Revolution," Times Literary Supplement, May 28, 1976, 637; Christopher Lasch, "What the Doctor Ordered," New York Review of Books, Dec. 11, 1975, 50-54, quoted at 50. For other critical reviews, see English Historical Review 94 (July 1979): 680-82; Journal of Modern History 49 (March 1977): 118-20; New York Times Book Review, Dec. 21, 1975, 3. For a sampling of the many elaborations, critiques, and/or alternative hypotheses, see J. Michael Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality: The Case of Bavaria," Journal of Social History 8 (Fall 1974): 79-95; Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, "Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (Winter 1976): 447-76; W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (Winter 1977): 403-25; Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisdpinary History 8 (Spring 1978): 627-67; Edward Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisdplinary History 8 (Winter 1978): 459-69; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged ed. (New York, 1979), 382-404; David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 127-45; Belinda Meteyard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (Winter 1980): 479-89; Laslett, et al, eds., Bastardy and Its Comparative History; Lawrence Stone, "Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England: Again," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 507-9; B. Meteyard, "A Reply," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (Winter 1981): 511-14; E. A. Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England," in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (New York, 1981), 137-85; Nicholas Rogers, "Carnal Knowledge: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Westminster," Journal of Social History 23 (Winter 1989): 355-75; Peter N, Stearns, Be A Man!: Males in Modern Society, 2nd ed. (New York, 1990), 59-61, 86-88, and passim; Jeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550-1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), 187-94; Andrew Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society: Northeast Scotland, 1750-1900 (Oxford, 1993), 13-25, 99-106, and 212-19, passim; Jona Schellekens, "Courtship, the Clandestine Marriage Act, and Illegitimate Fertility in England," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (Winter 1995): 433-44.
150. Thus, in 1992, Jeffrey R. Watt concluded that "one point on which virtually all historians agree is that illegitimacy and prenuptial conception increased in late eighteenth-century Europe" (Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage, 192).
151. For a somewhat similar listing of the options faced by a man confronted by his pregnant sexual partner, albeit without inclusion of the homicidal "option" of interest here, see Shorter, "Illegitimacy, Sexual Revolution, and Social Change," 253. Another option for the man was to encourage his sexual partner to procure an abortion or commit infanticide.
152. The eleven broadsides are Indictment, Trial, and Sentence of John Marshall, Servant in Weddersbrae (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Low]; The Last Speech, Confession and Dying Words of John Marshal (n.p.: n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Marshal Speech]; A Full and Particular Account of a Most Horrid Murder (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1799]) [cited herafter as Broun] ; A Particular Account of the Barbarous and Cruel Murder of Jane M'Kenzie (Edinburgh, n.d. [ca. 1798-1810]) [cited hereafter as M'Kenzie]; An Account of the Trial and Execution of Luke Heath (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1813]) [cited hereafter as Harris); An Account of that Cruel and Inhuman Murder Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Thomas, a Young Servant Girl (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1814]) [cited hereafter as Thomas]; An Account of that Cruel and Barbarous Murder, Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Minton (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1818]) [cited hereafter as Minton]; A True and Particular Account of the Bloody and Cruel Murder of Ellen Hanly (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Hanly]; A Particular Account of a Dreadful Murder, Committed between Godmanchester and Edmonton, on a Young Woman, by Her Own Husband ([Glasgow], n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Weems]; Murder!! A Particular Account of the Murder of Hannah Ladom (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1821]) [cited hereafter as Lodom]; Execution of William Gordon, for Murdering his Wife, and Robt. MacKintosh, for Murdering his Sweetheart (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1822]) [cited hereafter as Anderson]. The two spousal murder cases are described in Low; Marshal Speech; and Weems. Six of the murders took place in England, three in Scotland, and one in Ireland. It is possible that one or two of the broadsides with no listed place of publication were published outside of Scotland, perhaps in Ireland or provincial England. There certainly were other broadside accounts of similar murders published in Scotland (and elsewhere in Great Britain) during this period that have not survived or that I have not located; over the years, many libraries have not done a very good job of cataloging eighteenth- and nineteenth-century broadsides.
153. The eleven broadsides are Indictment, Trial, and Sentence of John Marshall, Servant in Weddersbrae (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Low]; The Last Speech, Confession and Dying Words of John Marshal (n.p.: n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Marshal Speech]; A Full and Particular Account of a Most Horrid Murder (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1799]) [cited herafter as Broun] ; A Particular Account of the Barbarous and Cruel Murder of Jane M'Kenzie (Edinburgh, n.d. [ca. 1798-1810]) [cited hereafter as M'Kenzie]; An Account of the Trial and Execution of Luke Heath (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1813]) [cited hereafter as Harris); An Account of that Cruel and Inhuman Murder Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Thomas, a Young Servant Girl (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1814]) [cited hereafter as Thomas]; An Account of that Cruel and Barbarous Murder, Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Minton (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1818]) [cited hereafter as Minton]; A True and Particular Account of the Bloody and Cruel Murder of Ellen Hanly (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Hanly]; A Particular Account of a Dreadful Murder, Committed between Godmanchester and Edmonton, on a Young Woman, by Her Own Husband ([Glasgow], n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Weems]; Murder!! A Particular Account of the Murder of Hannah Ladom (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1821]) [cited hereafter as Lodom]; Execution of William Gordon, for Murdering his Wife, and Robt. MacKintosh, for Murdering his Sweetheart (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1822]) [cited hereafter as Anderson]. The two spousal murder cases are described in Low; Marshal Speech; and Weems. Six of the murders took place in England, three in Scotland, and one in Ireland. It is possible that one or two of the broadsides with no listed place of publication were published outside of Scotland, perhaps in Ireland or provincial England. There certainly were other broadside accounts of similar murders published in Scotland (and elsewhere in Great Britain) during this period that have not survived or that I have not located; over the years, many libraries have not done a very good job of cataloging eighteenth- and nineteenth-century broadsides.
154. The eleven broadsides are Indictment, Trial, and Sentence of John Marshall, Servant in Weddersbrae (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Low]; The Last Speech, Confession and Dying Words of John Marshal (n.p.: n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Marshal Speech]; A Full and Particular Account of a Most Horrid Murder (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1799]) [cited herafter as Broun] ; A Particular Account of the Barbarous and Cruel Murder of Jane M'Kenzie (Edinburgh, n.d. [ca. 1798-1810]) [cited hereafter as M'Kenzie]; An Account of the Trial and Execution of Luke Heath (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1813]) [cited hereafter as Harris); An Account of that Cruel and Inhuman Murder Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Thomas, a Young Servant Girl (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1814]) [cited hereafter as Thomas]; An Account of that Cruel and Barbarous Murder, Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Minton (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1818]) [cited hereafter as Minton]; A True and Particular Account of the Bloody and Cruel Murder of Ellen Hanly (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Hanly]; A Particular Account of a Dreadful Murder, Committed between Godmanchester and Edmonton, on a Young Woman, by Her Own Husband ([Glasgow], n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Weems]; Murder!! A Particular Account of the Murder of Hannah Ladom (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1821]) [cited hereafter as Lodom]; Execution of William Gordon, for Murdering his Wife, and Robt. MacKintosh, for Murdering his Sweetheart (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1822]) [cited hereafter as Anderson]. The two spousal murder cases are described in Low; Marshal Speech; and Weems. Six of the murders took place in England, three in Scotland, and one
155. The eleven broadsides are Indictment, Trial, and Sentence of John Marshall, Servant in Weddersbrae (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Low]; The Last Speech, Confession and Dying Words of John Marshal (n.p.: n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Marshal Speech]; A Full and Particular Account of a Most Horrid Murder (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1799]) [cited herafter as Broun] ; A Particular Account of the Barbarous and Cruel Murder of Jane M'Kenzie (Edinburgh, n.d. [ca. 1798-1810]) [cited hereafter as M'Kenzie]; An Account of the Trial and Execution of Luke Heath (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1813]) [cited hereafter as Harris); An Account of that Cruel and Inhuman Murder Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Thomas, a Young Servant Girl (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1814]) [cited hereafter as Thomas]; An Account of that Cruel and Barbarous Murder, Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Minton (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1818]) [cited hereafter as Minton]; A True and Particular Account of the Bloody and Cruel Murder of Ellen Hanly (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Hanly]; A Particular Account of a Dreadful Murder, Committed between Godmanchester and Edmonton, on a Young Woman, by Her Own Husband ([Glasgow], n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Weems]; Murder!! A Particular Account of the Murder of Hannah Ladom (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1821]) [cited hereafter as Lodom]; Execution of William Gordon, for Murdering his Wife, and Robt. MacKintosh, for Murdering his Sweetheart (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1822]) [cited hereafter as Anderson]. The two spousal murder cases are described in Low; Marshal Speech; and Weems. Six of the murders took place in England, three in Scotland, and one in Ireland. It is possible that one or two of the broadsides with no listed place of publication were published outside of Scotland, perhaps in Ireland or provincial England. There certainly were other broadside accounts of similar murders published in Scotland (and elsewhere in Great Britain) during this period that have not survived or that I have not located; over the years, many libraries have not done a very good job of cataloging eighteenth- and nineteenth-century broadsides.
156. The eleven broadsides are Indictment, Trial, and Sentence of John Marshall, Servant in Weddersbrae (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Low]; The Last Speech, Confession and Dying Words of John Marshal (n.p.: n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Marshal Speech]; A Full and Particular Account of a Most Horrid Murder (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1799]) [cited herafter as Broun] ; A Particular Account of the Barbarous and Cruel Murder of Jane M'Kenzie (Edinburgh, n.d. [ca. 1798-1810]) [cited hereafter as M'Kenzie]; An Account of the Trial and Execution of Luke Heath (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1813]) [cited hereafter as Harris); An Account of that Cruel and Inhuman Murder Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Thomas, a Young Servant Girl (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1814]) [cited hereafter as Thomas]; An Account of that Cruel and Barbarous Murder, Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Minton (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1818]) [cited hereafter as Minton]; A True and Particular Account of the Bloody and Cruel Murder of Ellen Hanly (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Hanly]; A Particular Account of a Dreadful Murder, Committed between Godmanchester and Edmonton, on a Young Woman, by Her Own Husband ([Glasgow], n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Weems]; Murder!! A Particular Account of the Murder of Hannah Ladom (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1821]) [cited hereafter as Lodom]; Execution of William Gordon, for Murdering his Wife, and Robt. MacKintosh, for Murdering his Sweetheart (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1822]) [cited hereafter as Anderson]. The two spousal murder cases are described in Low; Marshal Speech; and Weems. Six of the murders took place in England, three in Scotland, and one in Ireland. It is possible that one or two of the broadsides with no listed place of publication were published outside of Scotland, perhaps in Ireland or provincial England. There certainly were other broadside accounts of similar murders published in Scotland (and elsewhere in Great Britain) during this period that have not survived or that I have not located; over the years, many libraries have not done a very good job of cataloging eighteenth- and nineteenth-century broadsides.
157. The eleven broadsides are Indictment, Trial, and Sentence of John Marshall, Servant in Weddersbrae (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Low]; The Last Speech, Confession and Dying Words of John Marshal (n.p.: n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Marshal Speech]; A Full and Particular Account of a Most Horrid Murder (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1799]) [cited herafter as Broun] ; A Particular Account of the Barbarous and Cruel Murder of Jane M'Kenzie (Edinburgh, n.d. [ca. 1798-1810]) [cited hereafter as M'Kenzie]; An Account of the Trial and Execution of Luke Heath (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1813]) [cited hereafter as Harris); An Account of that Cruel and Inhuman Murder Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Thomas, a Young Servant Girl (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1814]) [cited hereafter as Thomas]; An Account of that Cruel and Barbarous Murder, Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Minton (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1818]) [cited hereafter as Minton]; A True and Particular Account of the Bloody and Cruel Murder of Ellen Hanly (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Hanly]; A Particular Account of a Dreadful Murder, Committed between Godmanchester and Edmonton, on a Young Woman, by Her Own Husband ([Glasgow], n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Weems]; Murder!! A Particular Account of the Murder of Hannah Ladom (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1821]) [cited hereafter as Lodom]; Execution of William Gordon, for Murdering his Wife, and Robt. MacKintosh, for Murdering his Sweetheart (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1822]) [cited hereafter as Anderson]. The two spousal murder cases are described in Low; Marshal Speech; and Weems. Six of the murders took place in England, three in Scotland, and one in Ireland. It is possible that one or two of the broadsides with no listed place of publication were published outside of Scotland, perhaps in Ireland or provincial England. There certainly were other broadside accounts of similar murders published in Scotland (and elsewhere in Great Britain) during this period that have not survived or that I have not located; over the years, many libraries have not done a very good job of cataloging eighteenth- and nineteenth-century broadsides.
158. The eleven broadsides are Indictment, Trial, and Sentence of John Marshall, Servant in Weddersbrae (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Low]; The Last Speech, Confession and Dying Words of John Marshal (n.p.: n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Marshal Speech]; A Full and Particular Account of a Most Horrid Murder (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1799]) [cited herafter as Broun] ; A Particular Account of the Barbarous and Cruel Murder of Jane M'Kenzie (Edinburgh, n.d. [ca. 1798-1810]) [cited hereafter as M'Kenzie]; An Account of the Trial and Execution of Luke Heath (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1813]) [cited hereafter as Harris); An Account of that Cruel and Inhuman Murder Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Thomas, a Young Servant Girl (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1814]) [cited hereafter as Thomas]; An Account of that Cruel and Barbarous Murder, Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Minton (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1818]) [cited hereafter as Minton]; A True and Particular Account of the Bloody and Cruel Murder of Ellen Hanly (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Hanly]; A Particular Account of a Dreadful Murder, Committed between Godmanchester and Edmonton, on a Young Woman, by Her Own Husband ([Glasgow], n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Weems]; Murder!! A Particular Account of the Murder of Hannah Ladom (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1821]) [cited hereafter as Lodom]; Execution of William Gordon, for Murdering his Wife, and Robt. MacKintosh, for Murdering his Sweetheart (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1822]) [cited hereafter as Anderson]. The two spousal murder cases are described in Low; Marshal Speech; and Weems. Six of the murders took place in England, three in Scotland, and one in Ireland. It is possible that one or two of the broadsides with no listed place of publication were published outside of Scotland, perhaps in Ireland or provincial England. There certainly were other broadside accounts of similar murders published in Scotland (and elsewhere in Great Britain) during this period that have not survived or that I have not located; over the years, many libraries have not done a very good job of cataloging eighteenth- and nineteenth-century broadsides.
159. The eleven broadsides are Indictment, Trial, and Sentence of John Marshall, Servant in Weddersbrae (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Low]; The Last Speech, Confession and Dying Words of John Marshal (n.p.: n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Marshal Speech]; A Full and Particular Account of a Most Horrid Murder (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1799]) [cited herafter as Broun] ; A Particular Account of the Barbarous and Cruel Murder of Jane M'Kenzie (Edinburgh, n.d. [ca. 1798-1810]) [cited hereafter as M'Kenzie]; An Account of the Trial and Execution of Luke Heath (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1813]) [cited hereafter as Harris); An Account of that Cruel and Inhuman Murder Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Thomas, a Young Servant Girl (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1814]) [cited hereafter as Thomas]; An Account of that Cruel and Barbarous Murder, Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Minton (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1818]) [cited hereafter as Minton]; A True and Particular Account of the Bloody and Cruel Murder of Ellen Hanly (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Hanly]; A Particular Account of a Dreadful Murder, Committed between Godmanchester and Edmonton, on a Young Woman, by Her Own Husband ([Glasgow], n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Weems]; Murder!! A Particular Account of the Murder of Hannah Ladom (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1821]) [cited hereafter as Lodom]; Execution of William Gordon, for Murdering his Wife, and Robt. MacKintosh, for Murdering his Sweetheart (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1822]) [cited hereafter as Anderson]. The two spousal murder cases are described in Low; Marshal Speech; and Weems. Six of the murders took place in England, three in Scotland, and one in Ireland. It is possible that one or two of the broadsides with no listed place of publication were published outside of Scotland, perhaps in Ireland or provincial England. There certainly were other broadside accounts of similar murders published in Scotland (and elsewhere in Great Britain) during this period that have not survived or that I have not located; over the years, many libraries have not done a very good job of cataloging eighteenth- and nineteenth-century broadsides.
160. The eleven broadsides are Indictment, Trial, and Sentence of John Marshall, Servant in Weddersbrae (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Low]; The Last Speech, Confession and Dying Words of John Marshal (n.p.: n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Marshal Speech]; A Full and Particular Account of a Most Horrid Murder (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1799]) [cited herafter as Broun] ; A Particular Account of the Barbarous and Cruel Murder of Jane M'Kenzie (Edinburgh, n.d. [ca. 1798-1810]) [cited hereafter as M'Kenzie]; An Account of the Trial and Execution of Luke Heath (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1813]) [cited hereafter as Harris); An Account of that Cruel and Inhuman Murder Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Thomas, a Young Servant Girl (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1814]) [cited hereafter as Thomas]; An Account of that Cruel and Barbarous Murder, Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Minton (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1818]) [cited hereafter as Minton]; A True and Particular Account of the Bloody and Cruel Murder of Ellen Hanly (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Hanly]; A Particular Account of a Dreadful Murder, Committed between Godmanchester and Edmonton, on a Young Woman, by Her Own Husband ([Glasgow], n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Weems]; Murder!! A Particular Account of the Murder of Hannah Ladom (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1821]) [cited hereafter as Lodom]; Execution of William Gordon, for Murdering his Wife, and Robt. MacKintosh, for Murdering his Sweetheart (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1822]) [cited hereafter as Anderson]. The two spousal murder cases are described in Low; Marshal Speech; and Weems. Six of the murders took place in England, three in Scotland, and one in Ireland. It is possible that one or two of the broadsides with no listed place of publication were published outside of Scotland, perhaps in Ireland or provincial England. There certainly were other broadside accounts of similar murders published in Scotland (and elsewhere in Great Britain) during this period that have not survived or that I have not located; over the years, many libraries have not done a very good job of cataloging eighteenth- and nineteenth-century broadsides.
161. The eleven broadsides are Indictment, Trial, and Sentence of John Marshall, Servant in Weddersbrae (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Low]; The Last Speech, Confession and Dying Words of John Marshal (n.p.: n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Marshal Speech]; A Full and Particular Account of a Most Horrid Murder (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1799]) [cited herafter as Broun] ; A Particular Account of the Barbarous and Cruel Murder of Jane M'Kenzie (Edinburgh, n.d. [ca. 1798-1810]) [cited hereafter as M'Kenzie]; An Account of the Trial and Execution of Luke Heath (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1813]) [cited hereafter as Harris); An Account of that Cruel and Inhuman Murder Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Thomas, a Young Servant Girl (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1814]) [cited hereafter as Thomas]; An Account of that Cruel and Barbarous Murder, Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Minton (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1818]) [cited hereafter as Minton]; A True and Particular Account of the Bloody and Cruel Murder of Ellen Hanly (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Hanly]; A Particular Account of a Dreadful Murder, Committed between Godmanchester and Edmonton, on a Young Woman, by Her Own Husband ([Glasgow], n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Weems]; Murder!! A Particular Account of the Murder of Hannah Ladom (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1821]) [cited hereafter as Lodom]; Execution of William Gordon, for Murdering his Wife, and Robt. MacKintosh, for Murdering his Sweetheart (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1822]) [cited hereafter as Anderson]. The two spousal murder cases are described in Low; Marshal Speech; and Weems. Six of the murders took place in England, three in Scotland, and one in Ireland. It is possible that one or two of the broadsides with no listed place of publication were published outside of Scotland, perhaps in Ireland or provincial England. There certainly were other broadside accounts of similar murders published in Scotland (and elsewhere in Great Britain) during this period that have not survived or that I have not located; over the years, many libraries have not done a very good job of cataloging eighteenth- and nineteenth-century broadsides.
162. The eleven broadsides are Indictment, Trial, and Sentence of John Marshall, Servant in Weddersbrae (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Low]; The Last Speech, Confession and Dying Words of John Marshal (n.p.: n.d. [ca. 1796]) [cited hereafter as Marshal Speech]; A Full and Particular Account of a Most Horrid Murder (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1799]) [cited herafter as Broun] ; A Particular Account of the Barbarous and Cruel Murder of Jane M'Kenzie (Edinburgh, n.d. [ca. 1798-1810]) [cited hereafter as M'Kenzie]; An Account of the Trial and Execution of Luke Heath (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1813]) [cited hereafter as Harris); An Account of that Cruel and Inhuman Murder Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Thomas, a Young Servant Girl (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1814]) [cited hereafter as Thomas]; An Account of that Cruel and Barbarous Murder, Which was Committed on the Body of Mary Minton (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1818]) [cited hereafter as Minton]; A True and Particular Account of the Bloody and Cruel Murder of Ellen Hanly (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Hanly]; A Particular Account of a Dreadful Murder, Committed between Godmanchester and Edmonton, on a Young Woman, by Her Own Husband ([Glasgow], n.d. [ca. 1819]) [cited hereafter as Weems]; Murder!! A Particular Account of the Murder of Hannah Ladom (n.p., n.d. [ca. 1821]) [cited hereafter as Lodom]; Execution of William Gordon, for Murdering his Wife, and Robt. MacKintosh, for Murdering his Sweetheart (Glasgow, n.d. [ca. 1822]) [cited hereafter as Anderson]. The two spousal murder cases are described in Low; Marshal Speech; and Weems. Six of the murders took place in England, three in Scotland, and one in Ireland. It is possible that one or two of the broadsides with no listed place of publication were published outside of Scotland, perhaps in Ireland or provincial England. There certainly were other broadside accounts of similar murders published in Scotland (and elsewhere in Great Britain) during this period that have not survived or that I have not located; over the years, many libraries have not done a very good job of cataloging eighteenth- and nineteenth-century broadsides.
163. The one exception is described in Minton.
164. For the cases involving victims who lived in their father's (or mother's) house, see Brown, Harris, Minton, Anderson; for the victim who worked as a servant near her birthplace, see Thomas. However, it should be noted that the life of the murderer in the single urban case in the broadside sample may have been disrupted by social and economic dislocations; he was identified as an unemployed laborer who had previously worked for a London fruit dealer; see Minton.
165. For the occupations or family backgrounds of the men, see Thomas; Harris; Anderson; Minton; for the occupations or family backgrounds of the women, see Brown; M'Kenzie; Harris; Thomas. There do seem to have been at least small differences in social status and/or prospects in a few of the cases. In one case, both the murderer and the victim seem to have belonged to the upper classes; see Hanley.
166. M'Kenzie; Ladom. On the widespread tolerance of premarital sexual intercourse between betrothed couples, particularly of the lower classes, by the late eighteenth century (if not earlier), see Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Berkeley, 1995), 42-62; Clark, Women's Silence, Men's Violence: Sexual Assault in England, 1770-1845 (London, 1987), 10, 79, 84-86, and 116; John R. Gillis, For Better, For Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present (New York, 1985), 179-83; Gillis, "Peasant, Plebeian, and Proletarian Marriage in Britain, 1600-1900," in David Levine, ed., Proletarianization and Family History (Orlando, FL, 1984), 141-42 ; Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility, and Population Growth"; Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, abridged ed., 382-404; Tilly, Scott, and M. Cohen, "Women's Work," 464-65; Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost, 2d ed. (New York, 1971), 149-54. Also see the book and articles by Edward Shorter already cited.
167. M'Kenzie; Ladom. On the widespread tolerance of premarital sexual intercourse between betrothed couples, particularly of the lower classes, by the late eighteenth century (if not earlier), see Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Berkeley, 1995), 42-62; Clark, Women's Silence, Men's Violence: Sexual Assault in England, 1770-1845 (London, 1987), 10, 79, 84-86, and 116; John R. Gillis, For Better, For Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present (New York, 1985), 179-83; Gillis, "Peasant, Plebeian, and Proletarian Marriage in Britain, 1600-1900," in David Levine, ed., Proletarianization and Family History (Orlando, FL, 1984), 141-42 ; Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility, and Population Growth"; Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, abridged ed., 382-404; Tilly, Scott, and M. Cohen, "Women's Work," 464-65; Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost, 2d ed. (New York, 1971), 149-54. Also see the book and articles by Edward Shorter already cited.
168. M'Kenzie; Ladom. On the widespread tolerance of premarital sexual intercourse between betrothed couples, particularly of the lower classes, by the late eighteenth century (if not earlier), see Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Berkeley, 1995), 42-62; Clark, Women's Silence, Men's Violence: Sexual Assault in England, 1770-1845 (London, 1987), 10, 79, 84-86, and 116; John R. Gillis, For Better, For Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present (New York, 1985), 179-83; Gillis, "Peasant, Plebeian, and Proletarian Marriage in Britain, 1600-1900," in David Levine, ed., Proletarianization and Family History (Orlando, FL, 1984), 141-42 ; Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility, and Population Growth"; Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, abridged ed., 382-404; Tilly, Scott, and M. Cohen, "Women's Work," 464-65; Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost, 2d ed. (New York, 1971), 149-54. Also see the book and articles by Edward Shorter already cited.
169. M'Kenzie; Ladom. On the widespread tolerance of premarital sexual intercourse between betrothed couples, particularly of the lower classes, by the late eighteenth century (if not earlier), see Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Berkeley, 1995), 42-62; Clark, Women's Silence, Men's Violence: Sexual Assault in England, 1770-1845 (London, 1987), 10, 79, 84-86, and 116; John R. Gillis, For Better, For Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present (New York, 1985), 179-83; Gillis, "Peasant, Plebeian, and Proletarian Marriage in Britain, 1600-1900," in David Levine, ed., Proletarianization and Family History (Orlando, FL, 1984), 141-42 ; Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility, and Population Growth"; Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, abridged ed., 382-404; Tilly, Scott, and M. Cohen, "Women's Work," 464-65; Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost, 2d ed. (New York, 1971), 149-54. Also see the book and articles by Edward Shorter already cited.
170. M'Kenzie; Ladom. On the widespread tolerance of premarital sexual intercourse between betrothed couples, particularly of the lower classes, by the late eighteenth century (if not earlier), see Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Berkeley, 1995), 42-62; Clark, Women's Silence, Men's Violence: Sexual Assault in England, 1770-1845 (London, 1987), 10, 79, 84-86, and 116; John R. Gillis, For Better, For Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present (New York, 1985), 179-83; Gillis, "Peasant, Plebeian, and Proletarian Marriage in Britain, 1600-1900," in David Levine, ed., Proletarianization and Family History (Orlando, FL, 1984), 141-42 ; Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility, and Population Growth"; Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, abridged ed., 382-404; Tilly, Scott, and M. Cohen, "Women's Work," 464-65; Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost, 2d ed. (New York, 1971), 149-54. Also see the book and articles by Edward Shorter already cited.
171. M'Kenzie; Ladom. On the widespread tolerance of premarital sexual intercourse between betrothed couples, particularly of the lower classes, by the late eighteenth century (if not earlier), see Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Berkeley, 1995), 42-62; Clark, Women's Silence, Men's Violence: Sexual Assault in England, 1770-1845 (London, 1987), 10, 79, 84-86, and 116; John R. Gillis, For Better, For Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present (New York, 1985), 179-83; Gillis, "Peasant, Plebeian, and Proletarian Marriage in Britain, 1600-1900," in David Levine, ed., Proletarianization and Family History (Orlando, FL, 1984), 141-42 ; Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility, and Population Growth"; Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, abridged ed., 382-404; Tilly, Scott, and M. Cohen, "Women's Work," 464-65; Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost, 2d ed. (New York, 1971), 149-54. Also see the book and articles by Edward Shorter already cited.
172. M'Kenzie; Ladom. On the widespread tolerance of premarital sexual intercourse between betrothed couples, particularly of the lower classes, by the late eighteenth century (if not earlier), see Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Berkeley, 1995), 42-62; Clark, Women's Silence, Men's Violence: Sexual Assault in England, 1770-1845 (London, 1987), 10, 79, 84-86, and 116; John R. Gillis, For Better, For Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present (New York, 1985), 179-83; Gillis, "Peasant, Plebeian, and Proletarian Marriage in Britain, 1600-1900," in David Levine, ed., Proletarianization and Family History (Orlando, FL, 1984), 141-42 ; Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility, and Population Growth"; Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, abridged ed., 382-404; Tilly, Scott, and M. Cohen, "Women's Work," 464-65; Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost, 2d ed. (New York, 1971), 149-54. Also see the book and articles by Edward Shorter already cited.
173. M'Kenzie; Ladom. On the widespread tolerance of premarital sexual intercourse between betrothed couples, particularly of the lower classes, by the late eighteenth century (if not earlier), see Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Berkeley, 1995), 42-62; Clark, Women's Silence, Men's Violence: Sexual Assault in England, 1770-1845 (London, 1987), 10, 79, 84-86, and 116; John R. Gillis, For Better, For Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present (New York, 1985), 179-83; Gillis, "Peasant, Plebeian, and Proletarian Marriage in Britain, 1600-1900," in David Levine, ed., Proletarianization and Family History (Orlando, FL, 1984), 141-42 ; Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility, and Population Growth"; Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, abridged ed., 382-404; Tilly, Scott, and M. Cohen, "Women's Work," 464-65; Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost, 2d ed. (New York, 1971), 149-54. Also see the book and articles by Edward Shorter already cited.
174. Thomas; Anderson.
175. See Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society, 105-06; Watt, The Making of the Modern Family, 192-94; Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes," 652-54, quoted; on the transformation in New England, see the next paragraph. In an article published before the appearance of Shorter's book, J. Michael Phayer suggested that changes in rural sexual practices not only preceded the onset of large-scale economic disruptions like urbanization and industrialization but were actually the first visible indicators of modern class formation: "The new moral attitudes and behavior constitute the earliest historical signs of class diversification and class consciousness" (Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality," 86). Of course, changing courtship patterns in rural areas may have often been linked to concurrent economic shifts (though not always the same ones in different locales); in addition to the works just cited, also see David Levine, "Production, Reproduction, and the Proletarian Family in England, 1500-1851," in Levine, ed., Proletarianization and Family History, 97-99; Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth," 183; Levine, Family Formation, 127-45. As John R. Gillis has sensibly pointed out in regard to the historical study of illegitimacy, no single explanation will ever suffice for "a phenomenon which has always been, and remains, immensely complex and diverse"; see Gillis, "Servants, Sexual Relations, and the Risks of Illegitimacy in London, 1801-1900," Feminist Studies 5 (Spring 1979): 142-73, quoted at 142.
176. See Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society, 105-06; Watt, The Making of the Modern Family, 192-94; Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes," 652-54, quoted; on the transformation in New England, see the next paragraph. In an article published before the appearance of Shorter's book, J. Michael Phayer suggested that changes in rural sexual practices not only preceded the onset of large-scale economic disruptions like urbanization and industrialization but were actually the first visible indicators of modern class formation: "The new moral attitudes and behavior constitute the earliest historical signs of class diversification and class consciousness" (Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality," 86). Of course, changing courtship patterns in rural areas may have often been linked to concurrent economic shifts (though not always the same ones in different locales); in addition to the works just cited, also see David Levine, "Production, Reproduction, and the Proletarian Family in England, 1500-1851," in Levine, ed., Proletarianization and Family History, 97-99; Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth," 183; Levine, Family Formation, 127-45. As John R. Gillis has sensibly pointed out in regard to the historical study of illegitimacy, no single explanation will ever suffice for "a phenomenon which has always been, and remains, immensely complex and diverse"; see Gillis, "Servants, Sexual Relations, and the Risks of Illegitimacy in London, 1801-1900," Feminist Studies 5 (Spring 1979): 142-73, quoted at 142.
177. See Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society, 105-06; Watt, The Making of the Modern Family, 192-94; Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes," 652-54, quoted; on the transformation in New England, see the next paragraph. In an article published before the appearance of Shorter's book, J. Michael Phayer suggested that changes in rural sexual practices not only preceded the onset of large-scale economic disruptions like urbanization and industrialization but were actually the first visible indicators of modern class formation: "The new moral attitudes and behavior constitute the earliest historical signs of class diversification and class consciousness" (Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality," 86). Of course, changing courtship patterns in rural areas may have often been linked to concurrent economic shifts (though not always the same ones in different locales); in addition to the works just cited, also see David Levine, "Production, Reproduction, and the Proletarian Family in England, 1500-1851," in Levine, ed., Proletarianization and Family History, 97-99; Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth," 183; Levine, Family Formation, 127-45. As John R. Gillis has sensibly pointed out in regard to the historical study of illegitimacy, no single explanation will ever suffice for "a phenomenon which has always been, and remains, immensely complex and diverse"; see Gillis, "Servants, Sexual Relations, and the Risks of Illegitimacy in London, 1801-1900," Feminist Studies 5 (Spring 1979): 142-73, quoted at 142.
178. See Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society, 105-06; Watt, The Making of the Modern Family, 192-94; Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes," 652-54, quoted; on the transformation in New England, see the next paragraph. In an article published before the appearance of Shorter's book, J. Michael Phayer suggested that changes in rural sexual practices not only preceded the onset of large-scale economic disruptions like urbanization and industrialization but were actually the first visible indicators of modern class formation: "The new moral attitudes and behavior constitute the earliest historical signs of class diversification and class consciousness" (Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality," 86). Of course, changing courtship patterns in rural areas may have often been linked to concurrent economic shifts (though not always the same ones in different locales); in addition to the works just cited, also see David Levine, "Production, Reproduction, and the Proletarian Family in England, 1500-1851," in Levine, ed., Proletarianization and Family History, 97-99; Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth," 183; Levine, Family Formation, 127-45. As John R. Gillis has sensibly pointed out in regard to the historical study of illegitimacy, no single explanation will ever suffice for "a phenomenon which has always been, and remains, immensely complex and diverse"; see Gillis, "Servants, Sexual Relations, and the Risks of Illegitimacy in London, 1801-1900," Feminist Studies 5 (Spring 1979): 142-73, quoted at 142.
179. See Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society, 105-06; Watt, The Making of the Modern Family, 192-94; Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes," 652-54, quoted; on the transformation in New England, see the next paragraph. In an article published before the appearance of Shorter's book, J. Michael Phayer suggested that changes in rural sexual practices not only preceded the onset of large-scale economic disruptions like urbanization and industrialization but were actually the first visible indicators of modern class formation: "The new moral attitudes and behavior constitute the earliest historical signs of class diversification and class consciousness" (Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality," 86). Of course, changing courtship patterns in rural areas may have often been linked to concurrent economic shifts (though not always the same ones in different locales); in addition to the works just cited, also see David Levine, "Production, Reproduction, and the Proletarian Family in England, 1500-1851," in Levine, ed., Proletarianization and Family History, 97-99; Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth," 183; Levine, Family Formation, 127-45. As John R. Gillis has sensibly pointed out in regard to the historical study of illegitimacy, no single explanation will ever suffice for "a phenomenon which has always been, and remains, immensely complex and diverse"; see Gillis, "Servants, Sexual Relations, and the Risks of Illegitimacy in London, 1801-1900," Feminist Studies 5 (Spring 1979): 142-73, quoted at 142.
180. See Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society, 105-06; Watt, The Making of the Modern Family, 192-94; Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes," 652-54, quoted; on the transformation in New England, see the next paragraph. In an article published before the appearance of Shorter's book, J. Michael Phayer suggested that changes in rural sexual practices not only preceded the onset of large-scale economic disruptions like urbanization and industrialization but were actually the first visible indicators of modern class formation: "The new moral attitudes and behavior constitute the earliest historical signs of class diversification and class consciousness" (Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality," 86). Of course, changing courtship patterns in rural areas may have often been linked to concurrent economic shifts (though not always the same ones in different locales); in addition to the works just cited, also see David Levine, "Production, Reproduction, and the Proletarian Family in England, 1500-1851," in Levine, ed., Proletarianization and Family History, 97-99; Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth," 183; Levine, Family Formation, 127-45. As John R. Gillis has sensibly pointed out in regard to the historical study of illegitimacy, no single explanation will ever suffice for "a phenomenon which has always been, and remains, immensely complex and diverse"; see Gillis, "Servants, Sexual Relations, and the Risks of Illegitimacy in London, 1801-1900," Feminist Studies 5 (Spring 1979): 142-73, quoted at 142.
181. See Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society, 105-06; Watt, The Making of the Modern Family, 192-94; Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes," 652-54, quoted; on the transformation in New England, see the next paragraph. In an article published before the appearance of Shorter's book, J. Michael Phayer suggested that changes in rural sexual practices not only preceded the onset of large-scale economic disruptions like urbanization and industrialization but were actually the first visible indicators of modern class formation: "The new moral attitudes and behavior constitute the earliest historical signs of class diversification and class consciousness" (Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality," 86). Of course, changing courtship patterns in rural areas may have often been linked to concurrent economic shifts (though not always the same ones in different locales); in addition to the works just cited, also see David Levine, "Production, Reproduction, and the Proletarian Family in England, 1500-1851," in Levine, ed., Proletarianization and Family History, 97-99; Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth," 183; Levine, Family Formation, 127-45. As John R. Gillis has sensibly pointed out in regard to the historical study of illegitimacy, no single explanation will ever suffice for "a phenomenon which has always been, and remains, immensely complex and diverse"; see Gillis, "Servants, Sexual Relations, and the Risks of Illegitimacy in London, 1801-1900," Feminist Studies 5 (Spring 1979): 142-73, quoted at 142.
182. See Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society, 105-06; Watt, The Making of the Modern Family, 192-94; Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes," 652-54, quoted; on the transformation in New England, see the next paragraph. In an article published before the appearance of Shorter's book, J. Michael Phayer suggested that changes in rural sexual practices not only preceded the onset of large-scale economic disruptions like urbanization and industrialization but were actually the first visible indicators of modern class formation: "The new moral attitudes and behavior constitute the earliest historical signs of class diversification and class consciousness" (Phayer, "Lower-Class Morality," 86). Of course, changing courtship patterns in rural areas may have often been linked to concurrent economic shifts (though not always the same ones in different locales); in addition to the works just cited, also see David Levine, "Production, Reproduction, and the Proletarian Family in England, 1500-1851," in Levine, ed., Proletarianization and Family History, 97-99; Wrigley, "Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth," 183; Levine, Family Formation, 127-45. As John R. Gillis has sensibly pointed out in regard to the historical study of illegitimacy, no single explanation will ever suffice for "a phenomenon which has always been, and remains, immensely complex and diverse"; see Gillis, "Servants, Sexual Relations, and the Risks of Illegitimacy in London, 1801-1900," Feminist Studies 5 (Spring 1979): 142-73, quoted at 142.
183. See Bruce C. Daniels, Puritans at Play : Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England (New York, 1995), 125-40, quoted at 140; also see Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995), 222-23, esp. n. 131; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich and Lois K. Stabler, "'Girling of It' in Eighteenth-Century New Hampshire," Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife 10 (1985): 24-36; Henry Reed Stiles, Bundling; Its Origin, Progress and Decline in America (Albany, NY, 1871), 73-79, 106-108, and passim.
184. See Bruce C. Daniels, Puritans at Play : Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England (New York, 1995), 125-40, quoted at 140; also see Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995), 222-23, esp. n. 131; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich and Lois K. Stabler, "'Girling of It' in Eighteenth-Century New Hampshire," Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife 10 (1985): 24-36; Henry Reed Stiles, Bundling; Its Origin, Progress and Decline in America (Albany, NY, 1871), 73-79, 106-108, and passim.
185. See Bruce C. Daniels, Puritans at Play : Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England (New York, 1995), 125-40, quoted at 140; also see Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995), 222-23, esp. n. 131; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich and Lois K. Stabler, "'Girling of It' in Eighteenth-Century New Hampshire," Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife 10 (1985): 24-36; Henry Reed Stiles, Bundling; Its Origin, Progress and Decline in America (Albany, NY, 1871), 73-79, 106-108, and passim.
186. See Bruce C. Daniels, Puritans at Play : Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England (New York, 1995), 125-40, quoted at 140; also see Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995), 222-23, esp. n. 131; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich and Lois K. Stabler, "'Girling of It' in Eighteenth-Century New Hampshire," Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife 10 (1985): 24-36; Henry Reed Stiles, Bundling; Its Origin, Progress and Decline in America (Albany, NY, 1871), 73-79, 106-108, and passim.
187. On the internalization of religious values pertaining to sexuality by non-elites in early modern Scotland, see Rosalind Mitchison and Leah Leneman, Sexuality and Social Control: Scotland, 1660-1780 (Basil Blackwell, 1989), 237-43 and passim. On the internalization of Protestant beliefs and values by non-elites in early modern New England, see Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment; Hall, "The World of Print and Collective Mentality in Seventeenth-Century New England," in John Higham and Paul K. Conkin, eds., New Directions in American Intellectual History (Baltimore, 1979), 166-80.
188. On the internalization of religious values pertaining to sexuality by non-elites in early modern Scotland, see Rosalind Mitchison and Leah Leneman, Sexuality and Social Control: Scotland, 1660-1780 (Basil Blackwell, 1989), 237-43 and passim. On the internalization of Protestant beliefs and values by non-elites in early modern New England, see Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment; Hall, "The World of Print and Collective Mentality in Seventeenth-Century New England," in John Higham and Paul K. Conkin, eds., New Directions in American Intellectual History (Baltimore, 1979), 166-80.
189. On the internalization of religious values pertaining to sexuality by non-elites in early modern Scotland, see Rosalind Mitchison and Leah Leneman, Sexuality and Social Control: Scotland, 1660-1780 (Basil Blackwell, 1989), 237-43 and passim. On the internalization of Protestant beliefs and values by non-elites in early modern New England, see Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment; Hall, "The World of Print and Collective Mentality in Seventeenth-Century New England," in John Higham and Paul K. Conkin, eds., New Directions in American Intellectual History (Baltimore, 1979), 166-80.
190. It should be noted that this aspect of Shorter's thesis (when severed from its exaggerated linkage to urbanization and industrialization) is quite similar to arguments made at about the same time by historical demographers of early America, particularly Robert V. Wells; see, for example, Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition," 521-27. For another study that questions Shorter's emphasis on changes in female sexuality and implies that changes in male sexuality and psyche probably played a greater role in the sexual transformations of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see Stearns, Be A Man!, 2nd ed., 59-60, 87-88, and passim. For a perceptive discussion of the "self-interested strategies" pursued by one group of rural eighteenth-century New England men in the context of sexual scandal, see Dayton, "Taking the Trade," 42-48. Although the focus here is on the individual assertiveness of men, other evidence suggests that women of the late eighteenth century were also becoming more assertive in their pursuit of romantic self-interest. For example, Nancy F. Cott's research has suggested that both men and women increasingly cited loss of "conjugal affection" as grounds for ending a marriage in Massachusetts divorce petitions of the 1760s through 1780s; see Cott, "Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records," Journal of Social History 10 (Fall 1976): 20-43.
191. It should be noted that this aspect of Shorter's thesis (when severed from its exaggerated linkage to urbanization and industrialization) is quite similar to arguments made at about the same time by historical demographers of early America, particularly Robert V. Wells; see, for example, Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition," 521-27. For another study that questions Shorter's emphasis on changes in female sexuality and implies that changes in male sexuality and psyche probably played a greater role in the sexual transformations of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see Stearns, Be A Man!, 2nd ed., 59-60, 87-88, and passim. For a perceptive discussion of the "self-interested strategies" pursued by one group of rural eighteenth-century New England men in the context of sexual scandal, see Dayton, "Taking the Trade," 42-48. Although the focus here is on the individual assertiveness of men, other evidence suggests that women of the late eighteenth century were also becoming more assertive in their pursuit of romantic self-interest. For example, Nancy F. Cott's research has suggested that both men and women increasingly cited loss of "conjugal affection" as grounds for ending a marriage in Massachusetts divorce petitions of the 1760s through 1780s; see Cott, "Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records," Journal of Social History 10 (Fall 1976): 20-43.
192. It should be noted that this aspect of Shorter's thesis (when severed from its exaggerated linkage to urbanization and industrialization) is quite similar to arguments made at about the same time by historical demographers of early America, particularly Robert V. Wells; see, for example, Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition," 521-27. For another study that questions Shorter's emphasis on changes in female sexuality and implies that changes in male sexuality and psyche probably played a greater role in the sexual transformations of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see Stearns, Be A Man!, 2nd ed., 59-60, 87-88, and passim. For a perceptive discussion of the "self-interested strategies" pursued by one group of rural eighteenth-century New England men in the context of sexual scandal, see Dayton, "Taking the Trade," 42-48. Although the focus here is on the individual assertiveness of men, other evidence suggests that women of the late eighteenth century were also becoming more assertive in their pursuit of romantic self-interest. For example, Nancy F. Cott's research has suggested that both men and women increasingly cited loss of "conjugal affection" as grounds for ending a marriage in Massachusetts divorce petitions of the 1760s through 1780s; see Cott, "Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records," Journal of Social History 10 (Fall 1976): 20-43.
193. It should be noted that this aspect of Shorter's thesis (when severed from its exaggerated linkage to urbanization and industrialization) is quite similar to arguments made at about the same time by historical demographers of early America, particularly Robert V. Wells; see, for example, Wells, "Family History and Demographic Transition," 521-27. For another study that questions Shorter's emphasis on changes in female sexuality and implies that changes in male sexuality and psyche probably played a greater role in the sexual transformations of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see Stearns, Be A Man!, 2nd ed., 59-60, 87-88, and passim. For a perceptive discussion of the "self-interested strategies" pursued by one group of rural eighteenth-century New England men in the context of sexual scandal, see Dayton, "Taking the Trade," 42-48. Although the focus here is on the individual assertiveness of men, other evidence suggests that women of the late eighteenth century were also becoming more assertive in their pursuit of romantic self-interest. For example, Nancy F. Cott's research has suggested that both men and women increasingly cited loss of "conjugal affection" as grounds for ending a marriage in Massachusetts divorce petitions of the 1760s through 1780s; see Cott, "Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records," Journal of Social History 10 (Fall 1976): 20-43.
194. Mitchison and Leneman, Sexuality and Social Control, 147, 236, quoted, with emphasis added; also see Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society, 101-105, whose dissertation Mitchison and Leneman cite in connection with the upward movement in Scottish premarital pregnancies after 1770.
195. Mitchison and Leneman, Sexuality and Social Control, 147, 236, quoted, with emphasis added; also see Blaikie, Illegitimacy, Sex, and Society, 101-105, whose dissertation Mitchison and Leneman cite in connection with the upward movement in Scottish premarital pregnancies after 1770.
196. The very fact that the courtships described in the Scottish broadsides ended in murders demonstrates that they were not typical. One might even argue that the relatively stable rural milieus of most of the fatal courtships may help explain the murders, since young men adrift amid the population flux and relative anonymity of urban and industrial centers would have often found it easier than their country cousins to evade the consequences of their sexual behavior - by means short of murder - without lasting damage to their prospects and reputations. If so, the broadside sample may be biased toward traditional rural milieus and away from the turbulent urban and industrial areas where both Shorter and several of his critics have focused their explanations for increased premarital sexual activity.
197. On the social-historical reliability of various early modern crime genres, see D. A. Cohen, "Homicidal Compulsion"; D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 117-42, passim; D. A. Cohen, "A Fellowship of Thieves: Property Criminals in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts," Journal of Social History 22 (Fall 1988): 65-92; John H. Langbein, "The Criminal Trial Before the Lawyers," University of Chicago Law Review 45 (Winter 1978): 267-72; Peter Linebaugh, "The Ordinary of Newgate and His Account," in J. S. Cockburn, ed., Crime in England, 1550-1800 (Princeton, 1977), 246-69; Peter Linebaugh, "Tyburn: A Study of Crime and the Labouring Poor in London During the First Half of the Eighteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., University of Warwick, 1975), 256-325; John H. Langbein, Prosecuting Crime in the Renaissance (Cambridge, MA, 1974), 45-47; and A. D. J. MacFarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (New York, 1970), 85.
198. On the social-historical reliability of various early modern crime genres, see D. A. Cohen, "Homicidal Compulsion"; D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 117-42, passim; D. A. Cohen, "A Fellowship of Thieves: Property Criminals in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts," Journal of Social History 22 (Fall 1988): 65-92; John H. Langbein, "The Criminal Trial Before the Lawyers," University of Chicago Law Review 45 (Winter 1978): 267-72; Peter Linebaugh, "The Ordinary of Newgate and His Account," in J. S. Cockburn, ed., Crime in England, 1550-1800 (Princeton, 1977), 246-69; Peter Linebaugh, "Tyburn: A Study of Crime and the Labouring Poor in London During the First Half of the Eighteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., University of Warwick, 1975), 256-325; John H. Langbein, Prosecuting Crime in the Renaissance (Cambridge, MA, 1974), 45-47; and A. D. J. MacFarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (New York, 1970), 85.
199. On the social-historical reliability of various early modern crime genres, see D. A. Cohen, "Homicidal Compulsion"; D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 117-42, passim; D. A. Cohen, "A Fellowship of Thieves: Property Criminals in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts," Journal of Social History 22 (Fall 1988): 65-92; John H. Langbein, "The Criminal Trial Before the Lawyers," University of Chicago Law Review 45 (Winter 1978): 267-72; Peter Linebaugh, "The Ordinary of Newgate and His Account," in J. S. Cockburn, ed., Crime in England, 1550-1800 (Princeton, 1977), 246-69; Peter Linebaugh, "Tyburn: A Study of Crime and the Labouring Poor in London During the First Half of the Eighteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., University of Warwick, 1975), 256-325; John H. Langbein, Prosecuting Crime in the Renaissance (Cambridge, MA, 1974), 45-47; and A. D. J. MacFarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (New York, 1970), 85.
200. On the social-historical reliability of various early modern crime genres, see D. A. Cohen, "Homicidal Compulsion"; D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 117-42, passim; D. A. Cohen, "A Fellowship of Thieves: Property Criminals in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts," Journal of Social History 22 (Fall 1988): 65-92; John H. Langbein, "The Criminal Trial Before the Lawyers," University of Chicago Law Review 45 (Winter 1978): 267-72; Peter Linebaugh, "The Ordinary of Newgate and His Account," in J. S. Cockburn, ed., Crime in England, 1550-1800 (Princeton, 1977), 246-69; Peter Linebaugh, "Tyburn: A Study of Crime and the Labouring Poor in London During the First Half of the Eighteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., University of Warwick, 1975), 256-325; John H. Langbein, Prosecuting Crime in the Renaissance (Cambridge, MA, 1974), 45-47; and A. D. J. MacFarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (New York, 1970), 85.
201. On the social-historical reliability of various early modern crime genres, see D. A. Cohen, "Homicidal Compulsion"; D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 117-42, passim; D. A. Cohen, "A Fellowship of Thieves: Property Criminals in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts," Journal of Social History 22 (Fall 1988): 65-92; John H. Langbein, "The Criminal Trial Before the Lawyers," University of Chicago Law Review 45 (Winter 1978): 267-72; Peter Linebaugh, "The Ordinary of Newgate and His Account," in J. S. Cockburn, ed., Crime in England, 1550-1800 (Princeton, 1977), 246-69; Peter Linebaugh, "Tyburn: A Study of Crime and the Labouring Poor in London During the First Half of the Eighteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., University of Warwick, 1975), 256-325; John H. Langbein, Prosecuting Crime in the Renaissance (Cambridge, MA, 1974), 45-47; and A. D. J. MacFarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (New York, 1970), 85.
202. On the social-historical reliability of various early modern crime genres, see D. A. Cohen, "Homicidal Compulsion"; D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 117-42, passim; D. A. Cohen, "A Fellowship of Thieves: Property Criminals in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts," Journal of Social History 22 (Fall 1988): 65-92; John H. Langbein, "The Criminal Trial Before the Lawyers," University of Chicago Law Review 45 (Winter 1978): 267-72; Peter Linebaugh, "The Ordinary of Newgate and His Account," in J. S. Cockburn, ed., Crime in England, 1550-1800 (Princeton, 1977), 246-69; Peter Linebaugh, "Tyburn: A Study of Crime and the Labouring Poor in London During the First Half of the Eighteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., University of Warwick, 1975), 256-325; John H. Langbein, Prosecuting Crime in the Renaissance (Cambridge, MA, 1974), 45-47; and A. D. J. MacFarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (New York, 1970), 85.
203. On the social-historical reliability of various early modern crime genres, see D. A. Cohen, "Homicidal Compulsion"; D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 117-42, passim; D. A. Cohen, "A Fellowship of Thieves: Property Criminals in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts," Journal of Social History 22 (Fall 1988): 65-92; John H. Langbein, "The Criminal Trial Before the Lawyers," University of Chicago Law Review 45 (Winter 1978): 267-72; Peter Linebaugh, "The Ordinary of Newgate and His Account," in J. S. Cockburn, ed., Crime in England, 1550-1800 (Princeton, 1977), 246-69; Peter Linebaugh, "Tyburn: A Study of Crime and the Labouring Poor in London During the First Half of the Eighteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., University of Warwick, 1975), 256-325; John H. Langbein, Prosecuting Crime in the Renaissance (Cambridge, MA, 1974), 45-47; and A. D. J. MacFarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (New York, 1970), 85.
204. On the social-historical reliability of various early modern crime genres, see D. A. Cohen, "Homicidal Compulsion"; D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 117-42, passim; D. A. Cohen, "A Fellowship of Thieves: Property Criminals in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts," Journal of Social History 22 (Fall 1988): 65-92; John H. Langbein, "The Criminal Trial Before the Lawyers," University of Chicago Law Review 45 (Winter 1978): 267-72; Peter Linebaugh, "The Ordinary of Newgate and His Account," in J. S. Cockburn, ed., Crime in England, 1550-1800 (Princeton, 1977), 246-69; Peter Linebaugh, "Tyburn: A Study of Crime and the Labouring Poor in London During the First Half of the Eighteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., University of Warwick, 1975), 256-325; John H. Langbein, Prosecuting Crime in the Renaissance (Cambridge, MA, 1974), 45-47; and A. D. J. MacFarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (New York, 1970), 85.
205. See Henry Mayhew, London Lofeour and the London Poor, 6 vols. (London, 1851), I, 214, 222-23, 228, and 238-39. In some cases, "cocks" may have been loosely based on crimes that had actually occurred, but with the names, places, and dates periodically changed to keep the stories fresh.
206. See Thomas.
207. See Clark, Women's Silence, 1-5, 110-27, and passim; Clark, "Rape or Seduction? A Controversy Over Sexual Violence in the Nineteenth Century," in The London Feminist History Group, The Sexual Dynamics of History: Men's Power, Women's Resistance (London, 1983), 13-27. For a short critique of Clark's handling of the evidence in the Ashford/Thomton rape-murder case of 1817, mentioned below, see Roy Porter, "Rape - Does it have a Historical Meaning?" in Sylvana Tomaselli and Roy Porter, eds., Rape: An Historical and Social Enquiry (Oxford, 1986), 224-29.
208. See Clark, Women's Silence, 1-5, 110-27, and passim; Clark, "Rape or Seduction? A Controversy Over Sexual Violence in the Nineteenth Century," in The London Feminist History Group, The Sexual Dynamics of History: Men's Power, Women's Resistance (London, 1983), 13-27. For a short critique of Clark's handling of the evidence in the Ashford/Thomton rape-murder case of 1817, mentioned below, see Roy Porter, "Rape - Does it have a Historical Meaning?" in Sylvana Tomaselli and Roy Porter, eds., Rape: An Historical and Social Enquiry (Oxford, 1986), 224-29.
209. See Clark, Women's Silence, 1-5, 110-27, and passim; Clark, "Rape or Seduction? A Controversy Over Sexual Violence in the Nineteenth Century," in The London Feminist History Group, The Sexual Dynamics of History: Men's Power, Women's Resistance (London, 1983), 13-27. For a short critique of Clark's handling of the evidence in the Ashford/Thomton rape-murder case of 1817, mentioned below, see Roy Porter, "Rape -Does it have a Historical Meaning?" in Sylvana Tomaselli and Roy Porter, eds., Rape: An Historical and Social Enquiry (Oxford, 1986), 224-29.
210. Brown; for Clark's discussion of the inception of the campaign in 1817, see Women's Silence, 110-16.
211. Only one of the eleven broadsides in the Scottish sample fails to provide a year for the events described; the absence of such temporal specificity is one of the most common indicators of a "cock"; see M'Kenzie. I am also somewhat suspicious about the reliability of Thomas, with its many literary clichés.
212. Most of the evidence referred to here comes from the various publications discussed or cited in this essay. It should, however, be noted that two of the most famous antebellum American "prostitute murders," the Jewett/Robinson and Bickford/Tirrell cases, occurred in brothels or disreputable boarding houses.
213. Brown, quoted.
214. See Estelle Fox Kleiger, The Trial of Levi Weeks or The Manhattan Well Mystery (New York, 1989), quoted at 225, n. 40; also see D. A. Cohen, "Pillars of Salt," 342-78.
215. See Estelle Fox Kleiger, The Trial of Levi Weeks or The Manhattan Well Mystery (New York, 1989), quoted at 225, n. 40; also see D. A. Cohen, "Pillars of Salt," 342-78.
216. This discussion closely follows D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 167-94. It should be noted that Shorter is skeptical concerning that apparent turn-of-the-century transition in courtship patterns in the United States; see Shorter, Making of the Modern Family, 334; his skepticism is noted and discussed in Smith, "Long Cycle," 375.
217. This discussion closely follows D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 167-94. It should be noted that Shorter is skeptical concerning that apparent turn-of-the-century transition in courtship patterns in the United States; see Shorter, Making of the Modern Family, 334; his skepticism is noted and discussed in Smith, "Long Cycle," 375.
218. This discussion closely follows D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 167-94. It should be noted that Shorter is skeptical concerning that apparent turn-of-the-century transition in courtship patterns in the United States; see Shorter, Making of the Modern Family, 334; his skepticism is noted and discussed in Smith, "Long Cycle," 375.
219. This analysis of the Fairbanks case closely follows D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 186-87. For the possibility that there may have been a somewhat similar transition in British sexual attitudes and practices at about the turn of the nineteenth century, see Michael Mason, The Making of Victorian Sexuality (New York, 1995), 20-31. However the bulk of the demographic evidence suggests that the analogous shift in sexual behavior did not take place in Great Britain until several decades later, if then. On the downturn in both legitimate and illegitimate fertility in Great Britain (and elsewhere in Europe) after about 1850, see Smith, "The Long Cycle," 363; Peter Laslett, Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations (Cambridge, 1977), 122-24; Shorter, Making of the Modern Family, 83-85; Shorter, "Female Emancipation," 609-611. It is not at all clear that the mid-nineteenth century decline in European fertility of all types was analogous to the decline in premarital pregnancies in the United States at the turn of the nineteenth century.
220. This analysis of the Fairbanks case closely follows D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 186-87. For the possibility that there may have been a somewhat similar transition in British sexual attitudes and practices at about the turn of the nineteenth century, see Michael Mason, The Making of Victorian Sexuality (New York, 1995), 20-31. However the bulk of the demographic evidence suggests that the analogous shift in sexual behavior did not take place in Great Britain until several decades later, if then. On the downturn in both legitimate and illegitimate fertility in Great Britain (and elsewhere in Europe) after about 1850, see Smith, "The Long Cycle," 363; Peter Laslett, Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations (Cambridge, 1977), 122-24; Shorter, Making of the Modern Family, 83-85; Shorter, "Female Emancipation," 609-611. It is not at all clear that the mid-nineteenth century decline in European fertility of all types was analogous to the decline in premarital pregnancies in the United States at the turn of the nineteenth century.
221. This analysis of the Fairbanks case closely follows D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 186-87. For the possibility that there may have been a somewhat similar transition in British sexual attitudes and practices at about the turn of the nineteenth century, see Michael Mason, The Making of Victorian Sexuality (New York, 1995), 20-31. However the bulk of the demographic evidence suggests that the analogous shift in sexual behavior did not take place in Great Britain until several decades later, if then. On the downturn in both legitimate and illegitimate fertility in Great Britain (and elsewhere in Europe) after about 1850, see Smith, "The Long Cycle," 363; Peter Laslett, Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations (Cambridge, 1977), 122-24; Shorter, Making of the Modern Family, 83-85; Shorter, "Female Emancipation," 609-611. It is not at all clear that the mid-nineteenth century decline in European fertility of all types was analogous to the decline in premarital pregnancies in the United States at the turn of the nineteenth century.
222. This analysis of the Fairbanks case closely follows D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 186-87. For the possibility that there may have been a somewhat similar transition in British sexual attitudes and practices at about the turn of the nineteenth century, see Michael Mason, The Making of Victorian Sexuality (New York, 1995), 20-31. However the bulk of the demographic evidence suggests that the analogous shift in sexual behavior did not take place in Great Britain until several decades later, if then. On the downturn in both legitimate and illegitimate fertility in Great Britain (and elsewhere in Europe) after about 1850, see Smith, "The Long Cycle," 363; Peter Laslett, Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations (Cambridge, 1977), 122-24; Shorter, Making of the Modern Family, 83-85; Shorter, "Female Emancipation," 609-611. It is not at all clear that the mid-nineteenth century decline in European fertility of all types was analogous to the decline in premarital pregnancies in the United States at the turn of the nineteenth century.
223. This analysis of the Fairbanks case closely follows D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 186-87. For the possibility that there may have been a somewhat similar transition in British sexual attitudes and practices at about the turn of the nineteenth century, see Michael Mason, The Making of Victorian Sexuality (New York, 1995), 20-31. However the bulk of the demographic evidence suggests that the analogous shift in sexual behavior did not take place in Great Britain until several decades later, if then. On the downturn in both legitimate and illegitimate fertility in Great Britain (and elsewhere in Europe) after about 1850, see Smith, "The Long Cycle," 363; Peter Laslett, Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations (Cambridge, 1977), 122-24; Shorter, Making of the Modern Family, 83-85; Shorter, "Female Emancipation," 609-611. It is not at all clear that the mid-nineteenth century decline in European fertility of all types was analogous to the decline in premarital pregnancies in the United States at the turn of the nineteenth century.
224. This analysis of the Fairbanks case closely follows D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 186-87. For the possibility that there may have been a somewhat similar transition in British sexual attitudes and practices at about the turn of the nineteenth century, see Michael Mason, The Making of Victorian Sexuality (New York, 1995), 20-31. However the bulk of the demographic evidence suggests that the analogous shift in sexual behavior did not take place in Great Britain until several decades later, if then. On the downturn in both legitimate and illegitimate fertility in Great Britain (and elsewhere in Europe) after about 1850, see Smith, "The Long Cycle," 363; Peter Laslett, Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations (Cambridge, 1977), 122-24; Shorter, Making of the Modern Family, 83-85; Shorter, "Female Emancipation," 609-611. It is not at all clear that the mid-nineteenth century decline in European fertility of all types was analogous to the decline in premarital pregnancies in the United States at the turn of the nineteenth century.
225. See D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 195-246; D. A. Cohen, "The Murder of Maria Bickford: Fashion, Passion, and the Birth of a Consumer Culture," American Studies 31 (Fall 1990): 5-30.
226. See D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 195-246; D. A. Cohen, "The Murder of Maria Bickford: Fashion, Passion, and the Birth of a Consumer Culture," American Studies 31 (Fall 1990): 5-30.
227. See Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. Phillips Bradley, 2 vols. (New York, 1945), II, 209-25. Although Tocqueville was not always an accurate social observer, his claim concerning the remarkable sexual discipline of the mass of young American women tends to be confirmed by the falling rates of premarital pregnancy in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century, as discussed and documented in the text and notes above. On the expansion of antebellum prostitution, see Marilynn Wood Hill, Their Sisters' Keepers: Prostitution in New York City, 1830-1870 (Berkeley, 1993); Timothy J. Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, J 790-1920 (New York, 1992), esp. 17-75; Barbara Meil Hobson, Uneasy Virtue: The Politics of Prostitution and the American Reform Tradition (New York, 1987), 11-76; William W. Sanger, History of Prostitution: Its Extent, Causes, and Effects throughout the World (New York, 1858).
228. See Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. Phillips Bradley, 2 vols. (New York, 1945), II, 209-25. Although Tocqueville was not always an accurate social observer, his claim concerning the remarkable sexual discipline of the mass of young American women tends to be confirmed by the falling rates of premarital pregnancy in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century, as discussed and documented in the text and notes above. On the expansion of antebellum prostitution, see Marilynn Wood Hill, Their Sisters' Keepers: Prostitution in New York City, 1830-1870 (Berkeley, 1993); Timothy J. Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, J 790-1920 (New York, 1992), esp. 17-75; Barbara Meil Hobson, Uneasy Virtue: The Politics of Prostitution and the American Reform Tradition (New York, 1987), 11-76; William W. Sanger, History of Prostitution: Its Extent, Causes, and Effects throughout the World (New York, 1858).
229. See Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. Phillips Bradley, 2 vols. (New York, 1945), II, 209-25. Although Tocqueville was not always an accurate social observer, his claim concerning the remarkable sexual discipline of the mass of young American women tends to be confirmed by the falling rates of premarital pregnancy in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century, as discussed and documented in the text and notes above. On the expansion of antebellum prostitution, see Marilynn Wood Hill, Their Sisters' Keepers: Prostitution in New York City, 1830-1870 (Berkeley, 1993); Timothy J. Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, J 790-1920 (New York, 1992), esp. 17-75; Barbara Meil Hobson, Uneasy Virtue: The Politics of Prostitution and the American Reform Tradition (New York, 1987), 11-76; William W. Sanger, History of Prostitution: Its Extent, Causes, and Effects throughout the World (New York, 1858).
230. See Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. Phillips Bradley, 2 vols. (New York, 1945), II, 209-25. Although Tocqueville was not always an accurate social observer, his claim concerning the remarkable sexual discipline of the mass of young American women tends to be confirmed by the falling rates of premarital pregnancy in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century, as discussed and documented in the text and notes above. On the expansion of antebellum prostitution, see Marilynn Wood Hill, Their Sisters' Keepers: Prostitution in New York City, 1830-1870 (Berkeley, 1993); Timothy J. Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, J 790-1920 (New York, 1992), esp. 17-75; Barbara Meil Hobson, Uneasy Virtue: The Politics of Prostitution and the American Reform Tradition (New York, 1987), 11-76; William W. Sanger, History of Prostitution: Its Extent, Causes, and Effects throughout the World (New York, 1858).
231. See Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. Phillips Bradley, 2 vols. (New York, 1945), II, 209-25. Although Tocqueville was not always an accurate social observer, his claim concerning the remarkable sexual discipline of the mass of young American women tends to be confirmed by the falling rates of premarital pregnancy in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century, as discussed and documented in the text and notes above. On the expansion of antebellum prostitution, see Marilynn Wood Hill, Their Sisters' Keepers: Prostitution in New York City, 1830-1870 (Berkeley, 1993); Timothy J. Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, J 790-1920 (New York, 1992), esp. 17-75; Barbara Meil Hobson, Uneasy Virtue: The Politics of Prostitution and the American Reform Tradition (New York, 1987), 11-76; William W. Sanger, History of Prostitution: Its Extent, Causes, and Effects throughout the World (New York, 1858).
232. See [Silas Estabrook?], The Life and Death of Mrs. Maria Bickford, A Beautiful Female, Who was Inhumanly Murdered, 4th ed. (Boston, 1846), front cover; [Estabrook?], Eccentricities & Anecdotes of Albert John Tirrell, The Paramour and Reputed Murderer of the Beautiful Maria Bickford (Boston, 1846), front cover; The Trial of Albert J. Tirrell, Charged With the Murder of Mrs. Maria A. Bickford (Boston, [1846]) [37-page edition], 25, quoted. On the centrality of the voyeuristic gaze in both the practice and representation of modern sexual murder, see Jane Caputi, The Age of Sex Crime (Bowling Green, OH, 1987), 160-76 and passim; Deborah Cameron and Elizabeth Frazer, The Lust to Kill: A Feminist Investigation of Sexual Murder (New York, 1987), 152-55. On the mixed-sex readership of nineteenth-century crime literature, see D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 35-36; also see Cameron and Frazer, Lust to Kill, 44-52.
233. See [Silas Estabrook?], The Life and Death of Mrs. Maria Bickford, A Beautiful Female, Who was Inhumanly Murdered, 4th ed. (Boston, 1846), front cover; [Estabrook?], Eccentricities & Anecdotes of Albert John Tirrell, The Paramour and Reputed Murderer of the Beautiful Maria Bickford (Boston, 1846), front cover; The Trial of Albert J. Tirrell, Charged With the Murder of Mrs. Maria A. Bickford (Boston, [1846]) [37-page edition], 25, quoted. On the centrality of the voyeuristic gaze in both the practice and representation of modern sexual murder, see Jane Caputi, The Age of Sex Crime (Bowling Green, OH, 1987), 160-76 and passim; Deborah Cameron and Elizabeth Frazer, The Lust to Kill: A Feminist Investigation of Sexual Murder (New York, 1987), 152-55. On the mixed-sex readership of nineteenth-century crime literature, see D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 35-36; also see Cameron and Frazer, Lust to Kill, 44-52.
234. See [Silas Estabrook?], The Life and Death of Mrs. Maria Bickford, A Beautiful Female, Who was Inhumanly Murdered, 4th ed. (Boston, 1846), front cover; [Estabrook?], Eccentricities & Anecdotes of Albert John Tirrell, The Paramour and Reputed Murderer of the Beautiful Maria Bickford (Boston, 1846), front cover; The Trial of Albert J. Tirrell, Charged With the Murder of Mrs. Maria A. Bickford (Boston, [1846]) [37-page edition], 25, quoted. On the centrality of the voyeuristic gaze in both the practice and representation of modern sexual murder, see Jane Caputi, The Age of Sex Crime (Bowling Green, OH, 1987), 160-76 and passim; Deborah Cameron and Elizabeth Frazer, The Lust to Kill: A Feminist Investigation of Sexual Murder (New York, 1987), 152-55. On the mixed-sex readership of nineteenth-century crime literature, see D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 35-36; also see Cameron and Frazer, Lust to Kill, 44-52.
235. See [Silas Estabrook?], The Life and Death of Mrs. Maria Bickford, A Beautiful Female, Who was Inhumanly Murdered, 4th ed. (Boston, 1846), front cover; [Estabrook?], Eccentricities & Anecdotes of Albert John Tirrell, The Paramour and Reputed Murderer of the Beautiful Maria Bickford (Boston, 1846), front cover; The Trial of Albert J. Tirrell, Charged With the Murder of Mrs. Maria A. Bickford (Boston, [1846]) [37-page edition], 25, quoted. On the centrality of the voyeuristic gaze in both the practice and representation of modern sexual murder, see Jane Caputi, The Age of Sex Crime (Bowling Green, OH, 1987), 160-76 and passim; Deborah Cameron and Elizabeth Frazer, The Lust to Kill: A Feminist Investigation of Sexual Murder (New York, 1987), 152-55. On the mixed-sex readership of nineteenth-century crime literature, see D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 35-36; also see Cameron and Frazer, Lust to Kill, 44-52.
236. See [Silas Estabrook?], The Life and Death of Mrs. Maria Bickford, A Beautiful Female, Who was Inhumanly Murdered, 4th ed. (Boston, 1846), front cover; [Estabrook?], Eccentricities & Anecdotes of Albert John Tirrell, The Paramour and Reputed Murderer of the Beautiful Maria Bickford (Boston, 1846), front cover; The Trial of Albert J. Tirrell, Charged With the Murder of Mrs. Maria A. Bickford (Boston, [1846]) [37-page edition], 25, quoted. On the centrality of the voyeuristic gaze in both the practice and representation of modern sexual murder, see Jane Caputi, The Age of Sex Crime (Bowling Green, OH, 1987), 160-76 and passim; Deborah Cameron and Elizabeth Frazer, The Lust to Kill: A Feminist Investigation of Sexual Murder (New York, 1987), 152-55. On the mixed-sex readership of nineteenth-century crime literature, see D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 35-36; also see Cameron and Frazer, Lust to Kill, 44-52.
237. See [Silas Estabrook?], The Life and Death of Mrs. Maria Bickford, A Beautiful Female, Who was Inhumanly Murdered, 4th ed. (Boston, 1846), front cover; [Estabrook?], Eccentricities & Anecdotes of Albert John Tirrell, The Paramour and Reputed Murderer of the Beautiful Maria Bickford (Boston, 1846), front cover; The Trial of Albert J. Tirrell, Charged With the Murder of Mrs. Maria A. Bickford (Boston, [1846]) [37-page edition], 25, quoted. On the centrality of the voyeuristic gaze in both the practice and representation of modern sexual murder, see Jane Caputi, The Age of Sex Crime (Bowling Green, OH, 1987), 160-76 and passim; Deborah Cameron and Elizabeth Frazer, The Lust to Kill: A Feminist Investigation of Sexual Murder (New York, 1987), 152-55. On the mixed-sex readership of nineteenth-century crime literature, see D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 35-36; also see Cameron and Frazer, Lust to Kill, 44-52.
238. See [Silas Estabrook?], The Life and Death of Mrs. Maria Bickford, A Beautiful Female, Who was Inhumanly Murdered, 4th ed. (Boston, 1846), front cover; [Estabrook?], Eccentricities & Anecdotes of Albert John Tirrell, The Paramour and Reputed Murderer of the Beautiful Maria Bickford (Boston, 1846), front cover; The Trial of Albert J. Tirrell, Charged With the Murder of Mrs. Maria A. Bickford (Boston, [1846]) [37-page edition], 25, quoted. On the centrality of the voyeuristic gaze in both the practice and representation of modern sexual murder, see Jane Caputi, The Age of Sex Crime (Bowling Green, OH, 1987), 160-76 and passim; Deborah Cameron and Elizabeth Frazer, The Lust to Kill: A Feminist Investigation of Sexual Murder (New York, 1987), 152-55. On the mixed-sex readership of nineteenth-century crime literature, see D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 35-36; also see Cameron and Frazer, Lust to Kill, 44-52.
239. See The Authentic Life of Mrs. Mary Ann Bickford (Boston, 1846), front cover, quoted; D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 238 and sources cited in corresponding notes.
240. See The Authentic Life of Mrs. Mary Ann Bickford (Boston, 1846), front cover, quoted; D. A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 238 and sources cited in corresponding notes.
241. One famous antebellum female murder victim who was pregnant at the time of her death was Sarah Maria Cornell; for two excellent scholarly accounts of her case, see David Richard Kasserman, Fall River Outrage: Life, Murder, and Justice in Early Industrial New England (Philadelphia, 1986); William G. McLoughlin, "Untangling the Tiverton Tragedy: The Social Meaning of the Terrible Haystack Murder of 1833," Journal of American Culture 7 (Winter 1984): 75-84. Mary Rogers, another famous antebellum murder victim, was probably killed while undergoing an abortion; on her case, see Srebnick, Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers.
242. One famous antebellum female murder victim who was pregnant at the time of her death was Sarah Maria Cornell; for two excellent scholarly accounts of her case, see David Richard Kasserman, Fall River Outrage: Life, Murder, and Justice in Early Industrial New England (Philadelphia, 1986); William G. McLoughlin, "Untangling the Tiverton Tragedy: The Social Meaning of the Terrible Haystack Murder of 1833," Journal of American Culture 7 (Winter 1984): 75-84. Mary Rogers, another famous antebellum murder victim, was probably killed while undergoing an abortion; on her case, see Srebnick, Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers.
243. One famous antebellum female murder victim who was pregnant at the time of her death was Sarah Maria Cornell; for two excellent scholarly accounts of her case, see David Richard Kasserman, Fall River Outrage: Life, Murder, and Justice in Early Industrial New England (Philadelphia, 1986); William G. McLoughlin, "Untangling the Tiverton Tragedy: The Social Meaning of the Terrible Haystack Murder of 1833," Journal of American Culture 7 (Winter 1984): 75-84. Mary Rogers, another famous antebellum murder victim, was probably killed while undergoing an abortion; on her case, see Srebnick, Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers.
244. For one such possible case, see the description of the Prescott/Cochran murder of 1833 in Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 278, n. 171. Some such cases may have represented variants of the so-called "Werther effect," noted by modern criminologists, whereby violent deaths increase in the aftermath of highly-publicized suicides or murder-suicides. On the "Werther effect," see David P. Phillips, "Suicide, Motor Vehicle Fatalities, and the Mass Media: Evidence Toward a Theory of Suggestion," American Journal of Sociology 84 (March 1979): 1150-74; Phillips, "Airplane Accident Fatalities Increase Just After Newspaper Stories About Murder and Suicide," Science 201 (Aug. 25, 1978): 748-50; Phillips, "Motor Vehicle Fatalities Increase Just After Publicized Suicide Stories," Science 196 (June 24, 1977): 1464-65; Phillips, "The Influence of Suggestion on Suicide: Substantive and Theoretical Implications of the Werther Effect," American Sociological Review 39 (June 1974): 340-54.
245. For one such possible case, see the description of the Prescott/Cochran murder of 1833 in Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 278, n. 171. Some such cases may have represented variants of the so-called "Werther effect," noted by modern criminologists, whereby violent deaths increase in the aftermath of highly-publicized suicides or murder-suicides. On the "Werther effect," see David P. Phillips, "Suicide, Motor Vehicle Fatalities, and the Mass Media: Evidence Toward a Theory of Suggestion," American Journal of Sociology 84 (March 1979): 1150-74; Phillips, "Airplane Accident Fatalities Increase Just After Newspaper Stories About Murder and Suicide," Science 201 (Aug. 25, 1978): 748-50; Phillips, "Motor Vehicle Fatalities Increase Just After Publicized Suicide Stories," Science 196 (June 24, 1977): 1464-65; Phillips, "The Influence of Suggestion on Suicide: Substantive and Theoretical Implications of the Werther Effect," American Sociological Review 39 (June 1974): 340-54.
246. For one such possible case, see the description of the Prescott/Cochran murder of 1833 in Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 278, n. 171. Some such cases may have represented variants of the so-called "Werther effect," noted by modern criminologists, whereby violent deaths increase in the aftermath of highly-publicized suicides or murder-suicides. On the "Werther effect," see David P. Phillips, "Suicide, Motor Vehicle Fatalities, and the Mass Media: Evidence Toward a Theory of Suggestion," American Journal of Sociology 84 (March 1979): 1150-74; Phillips, "Airplane Accident Fatalities Increase Just After Newspaper Stories About Murder and Suicide," Science 201 (Aug. 25, 1978): 748-50; Phillips, "Motor Vehicle Fatalities Increase Just After Publicized Suicide Stories," Science 196 (June 24, 1977): 1464-65; Phillips, "The Influence of Suggestion on Suicide: Substantive and Theoretical Implications of the Werther Effect," American Sociological Review 39 (June 1974): 340-54.
247. For one such possible case, see the description of the Prescott/Cochran murder of 1833 in Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 278, n. 171. Some such cases may have represented variants of the so-called "Werther effect," noted by modern criminologists, whereby violent deaths increase in the aftermath of highly-publicized suicides or murder-suicides. On the "Werther effect," see David P. Phillips, "Suicide, Motor Vehicle Fatalities, and the Mass Media: Evidence Toward a Theory of Suggestion," American Journal of Sociology 84 (March 1979): 1150-74; Phillips, "Airplane Accident Fatalities Increase Just After Newspaper Stories About Murder and Suicide," Science 201 (Aug. 25, 1978): 748-50; Phillips, "Motor Vehicle Fatalities Increase Just After Publicized Suicide Stories," Science 196 (June 24, 1977): 1464-65; Phillips, "The Influence of Suggestion on Suicide: Substantive and Theoretical Implications of the Werther Effect," American Sociological Review 39 (June 1974): 340-54.
248. For one such possible case, see the description of the Prescott/Cochran murder of 1833 in Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 278, n. 171. Some such cases may have represented variants of the so-called "Werther effect," noted by modern criminologists, whereby violent deaths increase in the aftermath of highly-publicized suicides or murder-suicides. On the "Werther effect," see David P. Phillips, "Suicide, Motor Vehicle Fatalities, and the Mass Media: Evidence Toward a Theory of Suggestion," American Journal of Sociology 84 (March 1979): 1150-74; Phillips, "Airplane Accident Fatalities Increase Just After Newspaper Stories About Murder and Suicide," Science 201 (Aug. 25, 1978): 748-50; Phillips, "Motor Vehicle Fatalities Increase Just After Publicized Suicide Stories," Science 196 (June 24, 1977): 1464-65; Phillips, "The Influence of Suggestion on Suicide: Substantive and Theoretical Implications of the Werther Effect," American Sociological Review 39 (June 1974): 340-54.
249. As Peter N. Stearns has noted, such volatile emotions were sometimes exacerbated in the early republic by "the redefinition and heightened valuation of heterosexual love" in settings where "declining community cohesion made traditional enforcement of sexual fidelity less reliable." Stearns, Jealousy: The Evolution of an Emotion in American History (New York, 1989), 21-65, quoted at 21; also see Carol Zisowitz Stearns and P. N. Stearns, Anger: The Struggle for Emotional Control in America's History (Chicago, 1986), 18-68.
250. As Peter N. Stearns has noted, such volatile emotions were sometimes exacerbated in the early republic by "the redefinition and heightened valuation of heterosexual love" in settings where "declining community cohesion made traditional enforcement of sexual fidelity less reliable." Stearns, Jealousy: The Evolution of an Emotion in American History (New York, 1989), 21-65, quoted at 21; also see Carol Zisowitz Stearns and P. N. Stearns, Anger: The Struggle for Emotional Control in America's History (Chicago, 1986), 18-68.
251. The heightened pursuit of personal control in the early republic had various manifestations, particularly in the sexual sphere. For example, an advertisement for an abortificant that appeared in American newspapers during the 1840s noted: "The desire to control the accidents of life, is undoubtedly a natural and proper one. It was the remark of a French philosopher, that 'Man was the supreme arbiter of his own fate.' " Boston Daily Times, June 20, 1846, 3, quoted.