Reconceiving private property

Journal of Law and Society

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 465-485

  Robertson, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0040650087     PISSN: 0263323X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-6478.00056     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. D. Miller, Market, State and Community. Theoretical Foundations of Market Socialism (1989) ch. 12; A. Nove, 'The Role of Central Planning under Capitalism and Market Socialism' in Alternatives to Capitalism, eds. J. Elster and K. Moene (1989) 98; A. Nove, The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited (2nd ed., 1991) part 5.
2. D. Miller, Market, State and Community. Theoretical Foundations of Market Socialism (1989) ch. 12; A. Nove, 'The Role of Central Planning under Capitalism and Market Socialism' in Alternatives to Capitalism, eds. J. Elster and K. Moene (1989) 98; A. Nove, The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited (2nd ed., 1991) part 5.
3. D. Miller, Market, State and Community. Theoretical Foundations of Market Socialism (1989) ch. 12; A. Nove, 'The Role of Central Planning under Capitalism and Market Socialism' in Alternatives to Capitalism, eds. J. Elster and K. Moene (1989) 98; A. Nove, The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited (2nd ed., 1991) part 5.
4. R. Unger, 'The Critical Legal Studies Movement' (1983) 96 Harvard Law Rev. 561.
5. P. Brest, 'State Action and Liberal Theory' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1296, at 1296-7.
6. R. Hale, 'Coercion and Distribution in a Supposedly Non-Coercive State' (1923) 38 Pol. Sci. Q. 470; R. Hale, 'Bargaining, Duress, and Economic Liberty' (1943) 43 Columbia Law Rev. 603; M. Cohen, 'Property and Sovereignty' (1927) 13 Cornell Law Q. 8; J. Singer, 'Legal Realism Now' (1988) 76 California Law Rev. 465, at 475-95; N. Duxbury, 'Robert Hale and the Economy of Legal Force' (1990) 53 Modern Law Rev. 421; W. Fisher et al. (eds.), American Legal Realism (1993) ch. 4.
7. R. Hale, 'Coercion and Distribution in a Supposedly Non-Coercive State' (1923) 38 Pol. Sci. Q. 470; R. Hale, 'Bargaining, Duress, and Economic Liberty' (1943) 43 Columbia Law Rev. 603; M. Cohen, 'Property and Sovereignty' (1927) 13 Cornell Law Q. 8; J. Singer, 'Legal Realism Now' (1988) 76 California Law Rev. 465, at 475-95; N. Duxbury, 'Robert Hale and the Economy of Legal Force' (1990) 53 Modern Law Rev. 421; W. Fisher et al. (eds.), American Legal Realism (1993) ch. 4.
8. R. Hale, 'Coercion and Distribution in a Supposedly Non-Coercive State' (1923) 38 Pol. Sci. Q. 470; R. Hale, 'Bargaining, Duress, and Economic Liberty' (1943) 43 Columbia Law Rev. 603; M. Cohen, 'Property and Sovereignty' (1927) 13 Cornell Law Q. 8; J. Singer, 'Legal Realism Now' (1988) 76 California Law Rev. 465, at 475-95; N. Duxbury, 'Robert Hale and the Economy of Legal Force' (1990) 53 Modern Law Rev. 421; W. Fisher et al. (eds.), American Legal Realism (1993) ch. 4.
9. R. Hale, 'Coercion and Distribution in a Supposedly Non-Coercive State' (1923) 38 Pol. Sci. Q. 470; R. Hale, 'Bargaining, Duress, and Economic Liberty' (1943) 43 Columbia Law Rev. 603; M. Cohen, 'Property and Sovereignty' (1927) 13 Cornell Law Q. 8; J. Singer, 'Legal Realism Now' (1988) 76 California Law Rev. 465, at 475-95; N. Duxbury, 'Robert Hale and the Economy of Legal Force' (1990) 53 Modern Law Rev. 421; W. Fisher et al. (eds.), American Legal Realism (1993) ch. 4.
10. R. Hale, 'Coercion and Distribution in a Supposedly Non-Coercive State' (1923) 38 Pol. Sci. Q. 470; R. Hale, 'Bargaining, Duress, and Economic Liberty' (1943) 43 Columbia Law Rev. 603; M. Cohen, 'Property and Sovereignty' (1927) 13 Cornell Law Q. 8; J. Singer, 'Legal Realism Now' (1988) 76 California Law Rev. 465, at 475-95; N. Duxbury, 'Robert Hale and the Economy of Legal Force' (1990) 53 Modern Law Rev. 421; W. Fisher et al. (eds.), American Legal Realism (1993) ch. 4.
11. R. Hale, 'Coercion and Distribution in a Supposedly Non-Coercive State' (1923) 38 Pol. Sci. Q. 470; R. Hale, 'Bargaining, Duress, and Economic Liberty' (1943) 43 Columbia Law Rev. 603; M. Cohen, 'Property and Sovereignty' (1927) 13 Cornell Law Q. 8; J. Singer, 'Legal Realism Now' (1988) 76 California Law Rev. 465, at 475-95; N. Duxbury, 'Robert Hale and the Economy of Legal Force' (1990) 53 Modern Law Rev. 421; W. Fisher et al. (eds.), American Legal Realism (1993) ch. 4.
12. K. Klare, 'The Public/Private Distinction in Labour Law' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1358; K. Klare, 'Workplace Democracy and Market Reconstruction: An Agenda for Legal Reform' (1988) 38 Catholic University Law Rev. 1; K. Klare, 'Legal Theory and Democratic Reconstruction: Reflections on 1989' (1991) 25 University of British Columbia Law Rev. 69; D. Kennedy, 'The Stages of the Decline of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1349; D. Kennedy, 'The Stakes of Law, or Hale and Foucault!' in Sexy Dressing etc. (1993) 83; W. Simon, 'Social-Republican Property' (1991) 38 UCLA Law Rev. 1335; Unger, op. cit., n. 2; R. Unger, Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task (1987) at 117-60; M. Horwitz, 'The History of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1423.
13. K. Klare, 'The Public/Private Distinction in Labour Law' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1358; K. Klare, 'Workplace Democracy and Market Reconstruction: An Agenda for Legal Reform' (1988) 38 Catholic University Law Rev. 1; K. Klare, 'Legal Theory and Democratic Reconstruction: Reflections on 1989' (1991) 25 University of British Columbia Law Rev. 69; D. Kennedy, 'The Stages of the Decline of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1349; D. Kennedy, 'The Stakes of Law, or Hale and Foucault!' in Sexy Dressing etc. (1993) 83; W. Simon, 'Social-Republican Property' (1991) 38 UCLA Law Rev. 1335; Unger, op. cit., n. 2; R. Unger, Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task (1987) at 117-60; M. Horwitz, 'The History of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1423.
14. K. Klare, 'The Public/Private Distinction in Labour Law' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1358; K. Klare, 'Workplace Democracy and Market Reconstruction: An Agenda for Legal Reform' (1988) 38 Catholic University Law Rev. 1; K. Klare, 'Legal Theory and Democratic Reconstruction: Reflections on 1989' (1991) 25 University of British Columbia Law Rev. 69; D. Kennedy, 'The Stages of the Decline of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1349; D. Kennedy, 'The Stakes of Law, or Hale and Foucault!' in Sexy Dressing etc. (1993) 83; W. Simon, 'Social-Republican Property' (1991) 38 UCLA Law Rev. 1335; Unger, op. cit., n. 2; R. Unger, Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task (1987) at 117-60; M. Horwitz, 'The History of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1423.
15. K. Klare, 'The Public/Private Distinction in Labour Law' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1358; K. Klare, 'Workplace Democracy and Market Reconstruction: An Agenda for Legal Reform' (1988) 38 Catholic University Law Rev. 1; K. Klare, 'Legal Theory and Democratic Reconstruction: Reflections on 1989' (1991) 25 University of British Columbia Law Rev. 69; D. Kennedy, 'The Stages of the Decline of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1349; D. Kennedy, 'The Stakes of Law, or Hale and Foucault!' in Sexy Dressing etc. (1993) 83; W. Simon, 'Social-Republican Property' (1991) 38 UCLA Law Rev. 1335; Unger, op. cit., n. 2; R. Unger, Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task (1987) at 117-60; M. Horwitz, 'The History of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1423.
16. K. Klare, 'The Public/Private Distinction in Labour Law' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1358; K. Klare, 'Workplace Democracy and Market Reconstruction: An Agenda for Legal Reform' (1988) 38 Catholic University Law Rev. 1; K. Klare, 'Legal Theory and Democratic Reconstruction: Reflections on 1989' (1991) 25 University of British Columbia Law Rev. 69; D. Kennedy, 'The Stages of the Decline of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1349; D. Kennedy, 'The Stakes of Law, or Hale and Foucault!' in Sexy Dressing etc. (1993) 83; W. Simon, 'Social-Republican Property' (1991) 38 UCLA Law Rev. 1335; Unger, op. cit., n. 2; R. Unger, Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task (1987) at 117-60; M. Horwitz, 'The History of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1423.
17. K. Klare, 'The Public/Private Distinction in Labour Law' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1358; K. Klare, 'Workplace Democracy and Market Reconstruction: An Agenda for Legal Reform' (1988) 38 Catholic University Law Rev. 1; K. Klare, 'Legal Theory and Democratic Reconstruction: Reflections on 1989' (1991) 25 University of British Columbia Law Rev. 69; D. Kennedy, 'The Stages of the Decline of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1349; D. Kennedy, 'The Stakes of Law, or Hale and Foucault!' in Sexy Dressing etc. (1993) 83; W. Simon, 'Social-Republican Property' (1991) 38 UCLA Law Rev. 1335; Unger, op. cit., n. 2; R. Unger, Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task (1987) at 117-60; M. Horwitz, 'The History of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1423.
18. K. Klare, 'The Public/Private Distinction in Labour Law' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1358; K. Klare, 'Workplace Democracy and Market Reconstruction: An Agenda for Legal Reform' (1988) 38 Catholic University Law Rev. 1; K. Klare, 'Legal Theory and Democratic Reconstruction: Reflections on 1989' (1991) 25 University of British Columbia Law Rev. 69; D. Kennedy, 'The Stages of the Decline of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1349; D. Kennedy, 'The Stakes of Law, or Hale and Foucault!' in Sexy Dressing etc. (1993) 83; W. Simon, 'Social-Republican Property' (1991) 38 UCLA Law Rev. 1335; Unger, op. cit., n. 2; R. Unger, Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task (1987) at 117-60; M. Horwitz, 'The History of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1423.
19. K. Klare, 'The Public/Private Distinction in Labour Law' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1358; K. Klare, 'Workplace Democracy and Market Reconstruction: An Agenda for Legal Reform' (1988) 38 Catholic University Law Rev. 1; K. Klare, 'Legal Theory and Democratic Reconstruction: Reflections on 1989' (1991) 25 University of British Columbia Law Rev. 69; D. Kennedy, 'The Stages of the Decline of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1349; D. Kennedy, 'The Stakes of Law, or Hale and Foucault!' in Sexy Dressing etc. (1993) 83; W. Simon, 'Social-Republican Property' (1991) 38 UCLA Law Rev. 1335; Unger, op. cit., n. 2; R. Unger, Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task (1987) at 117-60; M. Horwitz, 'The History of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1423.
20. K. Klare, 'The Public/Private Distinction in Labour Law' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1358; K. Klare, 'Workplace Democracy and Market Reconstruction: An Agenda for Legal Reform' (1988) 38 Catholic University Law Rev. 1; K. Klare, 'Legal Theory and Democratic Reconstruction: Reflections on 1989' (1991) 25 University of British Columbia Law Rev. 69; D. Kennedy, 'The Stages of the Decline of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1349; D. Kennedy, 'The Stakes of Law, or Hale and Foucault!' in Sexy Dressing etc. (1993) 83; W. Simon, 'Social-Republican Property' (1991) 38 UCLA Law Rev. 1335; Unger, op. cit., n. 2; R. Unger, Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task (1987) at 117-60; M. Horwitz, 'The History of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 1423.
21. Unger, id. (1987), n. 5, p. 160.
22. T. Honoré, 'Ownership' in Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence, ed. A.G. Guest (1961) 107.
23. This socialist position may be vulnerable to the feminist criticism that the home too can be a site of male power and oppression.
24. Singer, op. cit., n. 4, pp. 482-7; H. Collins, The Law of Contract (2nd ed., 1993) chs. 1 and 2.
25. Singer, op. cit., n. 4, pp. 482-7; H. Collins, The Law of Contract (2nd ed., 1993) chs. 1 and 2.
26. Hale, op. cit., n. 4.
27. R. Schlatter, Private Property: The History of an Idea (1951); C.B. Macpherson, 'Capitalism and the Changing Concept of Property' in Feudalism, Capitalism and Beyond, eds. E. Kamenka and R. Neale (1975) 104.
28. R. Schlatter, Private Property: The History of an Idea (1951); C.B. Macpherson, 'Capitalism and the Changing Concept of Property' in Feudalism, Capitalism and Beyond, eds. E. Kamenka and R. Neale (1975) 104.
29. Hale, op. cit. (1943), n. 4, p. 628. See, too, Fisher, op. cit., n. 4, pp. 99-100.
30. Klare, op. cit. (1991), n. 5, p. 81.
31. Cohen, op. cit., n. 4; Klare, op. cit. (1982), n. 5, pp. 1415-21; M. Robertson, 'Property and Ideology' (1995) 8 Cdn. J. of Law and Jurisprudence 275.
32. Cohen, op. cit., n. 4; Klare, op. cit. (1982), n. 5, pp. 1415-21; M. Robertson, 'Property and Ideology' (1995) 8 Cdn. J. of Law and Jurisprudence 275.
33. If it later tries to change that result through taxing and redistributing, this only shows that the state has conflicting values and commitments, just as many individuals do.
34. R. Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974).
35. Hale, op. cit., n. 4.
36. Kennedy, op. cit. (1993), n. 5, pp. 83, 84-5, 85-6, 88. For a similar CLS analysis see Klare, op. cit. (1988), n. 5, pp. 17, 21.
37. Robertson, op. cit., n. 14.
38. Honoré, op. cit., n. 7, p. 118.
39. S. Anderson, 'OSHA Under Seige' (1995) 59 The Progressive 26.
40. A. Chandler, The Visible Hand. The Managerial Revolution in American Business (1977); L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (2nd ed. 1983).
41. A. Chandler, The Visible Hand. The Managerial Revolution in American Business (1977); L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (2nd ed. 1983).
42. J.W. Hurst, The Legitimacy of the Business Corporation in the Law of the United States 1780-1970 (1970) 44-5.
43. Simon, op. cit., n. 5, p. 1346.
44. Fisher, op. cit., n. 4, p. 134.
45. Unger, op. cit., n. 2, pp. 593-7; Unger, op. cit. (1987), n.5, pp. 117-60; Kennedy, op. cit. (1993), n. 5, p. 107; Simon, op. cit., n. 5; Klare, op, cit. (1991), n. 5.
46. J. Le Grand and S. Estrin (eds.), Market Socialism (1989); P. Bardhan and J. Roemer (eds.), Market Socialism: The Current Debate (1993); Nove, op. cit. (1991), n. 1. A. Nove and I. Thatcher (eds.), Markets and Socialism (1994); Miller, op. cit., n. 1; J. Roemer, A Future for Socialism (1994).
47. J. Le Grand and S. Estrin (eds.), Market Socialism (1989); P. Bardhan and J. Roemer (eds.), Market Socialism: The Current Debate (1993); Nove, op. cit. (1991), n. 1. A. Nove and I. Thatcher (eds.), Markets and Socialism (1994); Miller, op. cit., n. 1; J. Roemer, A Future for Socialism (1994).
48. J. Le Grand and S. Estrin (eds.), Market Socialism (1989); P. Bardhan and J. Roemer (eds.), Market Socialism: The Current Debate (1993); Nove, op. cit. (1991), n. 1. A. Nove and I. Thatcher (eds.), Markets and Socialism (1994); Miller, op. cit., n. 1; J. Roemer, A Future for Socialism (1994).
49. J. Le Grand and S. Estrin (eds.), Market Socialism (1989); P. Bardhan and J. Roemer (eds.), Market Socialism: The Current Debate (1993); Nove, op. cit. (1991), n. 1. A. Nove and I. Thatcher (eds.), Markets and Socialism (1994); Miller, op. cit., n. 1; J. Roemer, A Future for Socialism (1994).
50. J. Le Grand and S. Estrin (eds.), Market Socialism (1989); P. Bardhan and J. Roemer (eds.), Market Socialism: The Current Debate (1993); Nove, op. cit. (1991), n. 1. A. Nove and I. Thatcher (eds.), Markets and Socialism (1994); Miller, op. cit., n. 1; J. Roemer, A Future for Socialism (1994).
51. J. Le Grand and S. Estrin (eds.), Market Socialism (1989); P. Bardhan and J. Roemer (eds.), Market Socialism: The Current Debate (1993); Nove, op. cit. (1991), n. 1. A. Nove and I. Thatcher (eds.), Markets and Socialism (1994); Miller, op. cit., n. 1; J. Roemer, A Future for Socialism (1994).
52. P. Bardhan, 'On Tackling the Soft Budget Constraint in Market Socialism' in Bardhan and Roemer, id., p. 145.
53. J. Roemer, 'Can There Be Socialism After Communism?', id., p. 89.
54. S. Estrin, 'Workers' Cooperatives: Their Merits And Their Limitations' in Le Grand and Estrin, op. cit., n. 27, p. 165; Miller, op. cit., n. 1.
55. S. Estrin, 'Workers' Cooperatives: Their Merits And Their Limitations' in Le Grand and Estrin, op. cit., n. 27, p. 165; Miller, op. cit., n. 1.
56. D. Ellerman and P. Pitegoff, 'The Democratic Corporation: The New Worker Cooperative Statute in Massachusetts' [1982-3] New York University Rev. of Law and Social Change 441.
57. Michael Walzer also makes the more radical argument effectively with his story of J-Town in Radical Principles (1980) ch. 17.
58. Ellerman and Pitegoff, op. cit., n. 31.
59. M. Fleurbaey 'Economic Democracy and Equality. A Proposal' in Bardhan and Roemer, op. cit., n. 27, at p. 266. For another work where the goal of combining socialism with a revised notion of private property is very explicit, see A. Gamble and G. Kelly, 'The New Politics of Ownership' (1996) 220 New Left Rev. 62. My thanks to one of the anonymous Journal of Law and Society referees for directing my attention to this article.
60. M. Fleurbaey 'Economic Democracy and Equality. A Proposal' in Bardhan and Roemer, op. cit., n. 27, at p. 266. For another work where the goal of combining socialism with a revised notion of private property is very explicit, see A. Gamble and G. Kelly, 'The New Politics of Ownership' (1996) 220 New Left Rev. 62. My thanks to one of the anonymous Journal of Law and Society referees for directing my attention to this article.
61. T. Weisskopf, 'A Democratic Enterprise-Based Market Socialism' in Bardhan and Roemer, op. cit., n. 27, p. 120, at p. 121.
62. id., p. 126.
63. id. For a more detailed description of the possible range of market actors in market socialism, see Nove, op. cit., n. 1 (1991).
64. Weisskopf, id., pp. 126-7.
65. id., p. 128.
66. The competition and inequality remaining in market socialism is one reason why some important socialist theorists have rejected it. See G. A. Cohen, Self-Ownership, Freedom and Equality (1995) 255-65.
67. Weisskopf, op. cit., n. 35, pp. 121.
68. id., p. 122.
69. id., p. 125.
70. J. Elster and K. Moene, 'Introduction' in Elster and Moene, op. cit., n, 1, pp. 1-35; S. Bowles and H. Gintis, 'A Political and Economic Case for the Democratic Enterprise' in The Idea of Democracy, eds. D. Copp et al. (1993) 375, at 392 ff.; Miller, op. cit., n. 1. pp. 92-7.
71. J. Elster and K. Moene, 'Introduction' in Elster and Moene, op. cit., n, 1, pp. 1-35; S. Bowles and H. Gintis, 'A Political and Economic Case for the Democratic Enterprise' in The Idea of Democracy, eds. D. Copp et al. (1993) 375, at 392 ff.; Miller, op. cit., n. 1. pp. 92-7.
72. J. Elster and K. Moene, 'Introduction' in Elster and Moene, op. cit., n, 1, pp. 1-35; S. Bowles and H. Gintis, 'A Political and Economic Case for the Democratic Enterprise' in The Idea of Democracy, eds. D. Copp et al. (1993) 375, at 392 ff.; Miller, op. cit., n. 1. pp. 92-7.