Business representation in the UK since 1979: The case of trade associations

Political Studies

Volumn 46, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 260-275

  May, Timothy C ^a   McHugh, John ^a   Taylor, Tom ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040531884     PISSN: 00323217     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9248.00139     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. A. Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., Macmillan, 1994); D. Marsh and R. A. W. Rhodes, Implementing Thatcherite Policies (Buckingham, Open University Press, 1992), D. Kavanagh and A. Seldom (eds) The Thatcher Effect (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989) focus on policies while S. Jenkins, Accountable to None: the Tory Nationalization of Britain (London, Hamish Hamilton, 1995), P. Hennessy, The Hidden Wiring: Unearthing the British Constitution (London, Victor Gollancz, 1995) and A. Marr, Ruling Britannia: the Failure and Future of British Democracy (London, Michael Joseph, 1995) are all concerned with the impact on institutions.
2. A. Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., Macmillan, 1994); D. Marsh and R. A. W. Rhodes, Implementing Thatcherite Policies (Buckingham, Open University Press, 1992), D. Kavanagh and A. Seldom (eds) The Thatcher Effect (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989) focus on policies while S. Jenkins, Accountable to None: the Tory Nationalization of Britain (London, Hamish Hamilton, 1995), P. Hennessy, The Hidden Wiring: Unearthing the British Constitution (London, Victor Gollancz, 1995) and A. Marr, Ruling Britannia: the Failure and Future of British Democracy (London, Michael Joseph, 1995) are all concerned with the impact on institutions.
3. A. Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., Macmillan, 1994); D. Marsh and R. A. W. Rhodes, Implementing Thatcherite Policies (Buckingham, Open University Press, 1992), D. Kavanagh and A. Seldom (eds) The Thatcher Effect (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989) focus on policies while S. Jenkins, Accountable to None: the Tory Nationalization of Britain (London, Hamish Hamilton, 1995), P. Hennessy, The Hidden Wiring: Unearthing the British Constitution (London, Victor Gollancz, 1995) and A. Marr, Ruling Britannia: the Failure and Future of British Democracy (London, Michael Joseph, 1995) are all concerned with the impact on institutions.
4. A. Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., Macmillan, 1994); D. Marsh and R. A. W. Rhodes, Implementing Thatcherite Policies (Buckingham, Open University Press, 1992), D. Kavanagh and A. Seldom (eds) The Thatcher Effect (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989) focus on policies while S. Jenkins, Accountable to None: the Tory Nationalization of Britain (London, Hamish Hamilton, 1995), P. Hennessy, The Hidden Wiring: Unearthing the British Constitution (London, Victor Gollancz, 1995) and A. Marr, Ruling Britannia: the Failure and Future of British Democracy (London, Michael Joseph, 1995) are all concerned with the impact on institutions.
5. A. Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., Macmillan, 1994); D. Marsh and R. A. W. Rhodes, Implementing Thatcherite Policies (Buckingham, Open University Press, 1992), D. Kavanagh and A. Seldom (eds) The Thatcher Effect (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989) focus on policies while S. Jenkins, Accountable to None: the Tory Nationalization of Britain (London, Hamish Hamilton, 1995), P. Hennessy, The Hidden Wiring: Unearthing the British Constitution (London, Victor Gollancz, 1995) and A. Marr, Ruling Britannia: the Failure and Future of British Democracy (London, Michael Joseph, 1995) are all concerned with the impact on institutions.
6. A. Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., Macmillan, 1994); D. Marsh and R. A. W. Rhodes, Implementing Thatcherite Policies (Buckingham, Open University Press, 1992), D. Kavanagh and A. Seldom (eds) The Thatcher Effect (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989) focus on policies while S. Jenkins, Accountable to None: the Tory Nationalization of Britain (London, Hamish Hamilton, 1995), P. Hennessy, The Hidden Wiring: Unearthing the British Constitution (London, Victor Gollancz, 1995) and A. Marr, Ruling Britannia: the Failure and Future of British Democracy (London, Michael Joseph, 1995) are all concerned with the impact on institutions.
7. J. W. Grove, Government and Industry in Britain (London, Longmans, 1962), pp. 23-4.
8. Hiroaki Yamazaki and Matao Miyahoto, (eds). Trade Associations in Business History (Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 1988) provide an interesting historical treatment of trade associations. A number of UK sector specific associations were studied in the early 1980s: W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Chemical Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Construction Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Food Processing Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Machine Tool Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); J. Sargeant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Pharmaceutical Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); a further, more recent study, is: G. Jordan and W. A. Maloney, The British Retail Consortium: Policy Making in Specialist Arenas, British Interests Group Working Paper Series, No. 8 (Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen, 1994).
9. Hiroaki Yamazaki and Matao Miyahoto, (eds). Trade Associations in Business History (Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 1988) provide an interesting historical treatment of trade associations. A number of UK sector specific associations were studied in the early 1980s: W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Chemical Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Construction Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Food Processing Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Machine Tool Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); J. Sargeant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Pharmaceutical Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); a further, more recent study, is: G. Jordan and W. A. Maloney, The British Retail Consortium: Policy Making in Specialist Arenas, British Interests Group Working Paper Series, No. 8 (Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen, 1994).
10. Hiroaki Yamazaki and Matao Miyahoto, (eds). Trade Associations in Business History (Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 1988) provide an interesting historical treatment of trade associations. A number of UK sector specific associations were studied in the early 1980s: W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Chemical Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Construction Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Food Processing Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Machine Tool Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); J. Sargeant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Pharmaceutical Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); a further, more recent study, is: G. Jordan and W. A. Maloney, The British Retail Consortium: Policy Making in Specialist Arenas, British Interests Group Working Paper Series, No. 8 (Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen, 1994).
11. Hiroaki Yamazaki and Matao Miyahoto, (eds). Trade Associations in Business History (Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 1988) provide an interesting historical treatment of trade associations. A number of UK sector specific associations were studied in the early 1980s: W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Chemical Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Construction Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Food Processing Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Machine Tool Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); J. Sargeant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Pharmaceutical Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); a further, more recent study, is: G. Jordan and W. A. Maloney, The British Retail Consortium: Policy Making in Specialist Arenas, British Interests Group Working Paper Series, No. 8 (Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen, 1994).
12. Hiroaki Yamazaki and Matao Miyahoto, (eds). Trade Associations in Business History (Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 1988) provide an interesting historical treatment of trade associations. A number of UK sector specific associations were studied in the early 1980s: W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Chemical Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Construction Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Food Processing Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Machine Tool Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); J. Sargeant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Pharmaceutical Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); a further, more recent study, is: G. Jordan and W. A. Maloney, The British Retail Consortium: Policy Making in Specialist Arenas, British Interests Group Working Paper Series, No. 8 (Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen, 1994).
13. Hiroaki Yamazaki and Matao Miyahoto, (eds). Trade Associations in Business History (Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 1988) provide an interesting historical treatment of trade associations. A number of UK sector specific associations were studied in the early 1980s: W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Chemical Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Construction Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Food Processing Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Machine Tool Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); J. Sargeant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Pharmaceutical Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); a further, more recent study, is: G. Jordan and W. A. Maloney, The British Retail Consortium: Policy Making in Specialist Arenas, British Interests Group Working Paper Series, No. 8 (Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen, 1994).
14. Hiroaki Yamazaki and Matao Miyahoto, (eds). Trade Associations in Business History (Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 1988) provide an interesting historical treatment of trade associations. A number of UK sector specific associations were studied in the early 1980s: W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Chemical Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Construction Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Food Processing Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper 1983); W. Grant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Machine Tool Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); J. Sargeant, The Organisation of Business Interests in the UK Pharmaceutical Industry (Berlin, International Institute of Management Labour Market Policy Discussion Paper, 1983); a further, more recent study, is: G. Jordan and W. A. Maloney, The British Retail Consortium: Policy Making in Specialist Arenas, British Interests Group Working Paper Series, No. 8 (Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen, 1994).
15. Association of British Chambers of Commerce/Confederation of British Industry: Report on the Commission of Inquiry into Industrial and Commercial Representation (Devlin Report) London, 1972.
16. Speech on Trade Associations at the CBI (17 June 1993), press release, Department of Trade and Industry, p. 2.
17. D. Storey, Understanding Small Business (London, Routledge, 1994), p. 267.
18. Speech on Trade Associations at the CBI (17 June 1993), press release, Department of Trade and Industry, p. 4.
19. Speech on Trade Associations at the CBI (17 June 1993), press release, Department of Trade and Industry, p. 9.
20. It is important to emphasize that since no agreed list of all trade associations exists it is impossible to select a representative sample. We decided therefore to try and survey as many associations as we could discover. The best source for such information are the directories of organisations of which P. Millard, Trade Associations and Professional Bodies of the United Kingdom (London, Gale Research, 1993) was the most comprehensive. We extracted from this directory every organization which appeared to be a trade association - 1300 in all. Each was sent a questionnaire in February 1994 (following a pilot survey in December 1993). 494 responses were received - a response rate of 38%. The Devlin inquiry of 1972 had a response rate of 45%. The detail in Millard did not allow any calculation to be made of how representative our respondents were of the 1300 associations listed there. The most likely source of any distortion would seem to be with the smallest trade bodies, some of which may not have found their way into the directory and, even where they did, failed to complete our questionnaire. But both Devlin and our own enquiry received a considerable number of responses from the very smallest associations. Following circulation of the research findings to all survey respondents we interviewed leading officials in seventeen associations covering a wide sectoral range e.g. manufacturing, retail, insurance, food and drink, hospitality, printing and construction. Large and medium sized groups predominated and as a corrective to this we also interviewed officials of the Association of Society Executives which draws its members disproportionately from small trade associations.
21. Most of the leading texts on UK politics argue some version of the first hypothesis e.g. B. Jones (ed.), Politics UK (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994). p. 232; B. Coxall and L. Robins, Contemporary British Politics (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994), p. 283; I. Budge and D. McKay (eds), The Developing British Political System: the 1990s (Harlow, Longman, 3rd ed., 1993), p. 48; J. Dearlove and P. Saunders: Introduction to British Politics 4 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1993), p. 312. For the second hypothesis see particularly Wyn Grant, Business and Politics in Britain (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1993), pp. 84 ff, 201-4 and The Politics of Economic Policy (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993), p. 112. See also a recent study of the electronics sector: A. Cawson, K. Morgan, D. Webber, P. Holmes and A. Stevens, Hostile Brothers: Completion and Closure in the European Electronics Sector (Oxford, Clarendon, 1990), pp. 60 and 357. On the third hypothesis R. A. W. Rhodes, 'The hollowing out of the state the changing nature of the public service in Britain', Political Quarterly, (1994), 138-51 sets out the general argument about the transfer of state functions. See also Grant, Business and Politics in Britain, p. 120. The work of R. J. Bennett for the British Chambers of Commerce is also relevant. See Robert J. Bennett, Britain's Chambers of Commerce: a National Network Development Study (London, LSE, Department of Geography Research Papers, 1993).
22. Most of the leading texts on UK politics argue some version of the first hypothesis e.g. B. Jones (ed.), Politics UK (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994). p. 232; B. Coxall and L. Robins, Contemporary British Politics (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994), p. 283; I. Budge and D. McKay (eds), The Developing British Political System: the 1990s (Harlow, Longman, 3rd ed., 1993), p. 48; J. Dearlove and P. Saunders: Introduction to British Politics 4 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1993), p. 312. For the second hypothesis see particularly Wyn Grant, Business and Politics in Britain (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1993), pp. 84 ff, 201-4 and The Politics of Economic Policy (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993), p. 112. See also a recent study of the electronics sector: A. Cawson, K. Morgan, D. Webber, P. Holmes and A. Stevens, Hostile Brothers: Completion and Closure in the European Electronics Sector (Oxford, Clarendon, 1990), pp. 60 and 357. On the third hypothesis R. A. W. Rhodes, 'The hollowing out of the state the changing nature of the public service in Britain', Political Quarterly, (1994), 138-51 sets out the general argument about the transfer of state functions. See also Grant, Business and Politics in Britain, p. 120. The work of R. J. Bennett for the British Chambers of Commerce is also relevant. See Robert J. Bennett, Britain's Chambers of Commerce: a National Network Development Study (London, LSE, Department of Geography Research Papers, 1993).
23. Most of the leading texts on UK politics argue some version of the first hypothesis e.g. B. Jones (ed.), Politics UK (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994). p. 232; B. Coxall and L. Robins, Contemporary British Politics (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994), p. 283; I. Budge and D. McKay (eds), The Developing British Political System: the 1990s (Harlow, Longman, 3rd ed., 1993), p. 48; J. Dearlove and P. Saunders: Introduction to British Politics 4 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1993), p. 312. For the second hypothesis see particularly Wyn Grant, Business and Politics in Britain (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1993), pp. 84 ff, 201-4 and The Politics of Economic Policy (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993), p. 112. See also a recent study of the electronics sector: A. Cawson, K. Morgan, D. Webber, P. Holmes and A. Stevens, Hostile Brothers: Completion and Closure in the European Electronics Sector (Oxford, Clarendon, 1990), pp. 60 and 357. On the third hypothesis R. A. W. Rhodes, 'The hollowing out of the state the changing nature of the public service in Britain', Political Quarterly, (1994), 138-51 sets out the general argument about the transfer of state functions. See also Grant, Business and Politics in Britain, p. 120. The work of R. J. Bennett for the British Chambers of Commerce is also relevant. See Robert J. Bennett, Britain's Chambers of Commerce: a National Network Development Study (London, LSE, Department of Geography Research Papers, 1993).
24. Most of the leading texts on UK politics argue some version of the first hypothesis e.g. B. Jones (ed.), Politics UK (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994). p. 232; B. Coxall and L. Robins, Contemporary British Politics (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994), p. 283; I. Budge and D. McKay (eds), The Developing British Political System: the 1990s (Harlow, Longman, 3rd ed., 1993), p. 48; J. Dearlove and P. Saunders: Introduction to British Politics 4 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1993), p. 312. For the second hypothesis see particularly Wyn Grant, Business and Politics in Britain (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1993), pp. 84 ff, 201-4 and The Politics of Economic Policy (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993), p. 112. See also a recent study of the electronics sector: A. Cawson, K. Morgan, D. Webber, P. Holmes and A. Stevens, Hostile Brothers: Completion and Closure in the European Electronics Sector (Oxford, Clarendon, 1990), pp. 60 and 357. On the third hypothesis R. A. W. Rhodes, 'The hollowing out of the state the changing nature of the public service in Britain', Political Quarterly, (1994), 138-51 sets out the general argument about the transfer of state functions. See also Grant, Business and Politics in Britain, p. 120. The work of R. J. Bennett for the British Chambers of Commerce is also relevant. See Robert J. Bennett, Britain's Chambers of Commerce: a National Network Development Study (London, LSE, Department of Geography Research Papers, 1993).
25. Most of the leading texts on UK politics argue some version of the first hypothesis e.g. B. Jones (ed.), Politics UK (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994). p. 232; B. Coxall and L. Robins, Contemporary British Politics (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994), p. 283; I. Budge and D. McKay (eds), The Developing British Political System: the 1990s (Harlow, Longman, 3rd ed., 1993), p. 48; J. Dearlove and P. Saunders: Introduction to British Politics 4 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1993), p. 312. For the second hypothesis see particularly Wyn Grant, Business and Politics in Britain (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1993), pp. 84 ff, 201-4 and The Politics of Economic Policy (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993), p. 112. See also a recent study of the electronics sector: A. Cawson, K. Morgan, D. Webber, P. Holmes and A. Stevens, Hostile Brothers: Completion and Closure in the European Electronics Sector (Oxford, Clarendon, 1990), pp. 60 and 357. On the third hypothesis R. A. W. Rhodes, 'The hollowing out of the state the changing nature of the public service in Britain', Political Quarterly, (1994), 138-51 sets out the general argument about the transfer of state functions. See also Grant, Business and Politics in Britain, p. 120. The work of R. J. Bennett for the British Chambers of Commerce is also relevant. See Robert J. Bennett, Britain's Chambers of Commerce: a National Network Development Study (London, LSE, Department of Geography Research Papers, 1993).
26. Most of the leading texts on UK politics argue some version of the first hypothesis e.g. B. Jones (ed.), Politics UK (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994). p. 232; B. Coxall and L. Robins, Contemporary British Politics (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994), p. 283; I. Budge and D. McKay (eds), The Developing British Political System: the 1990s (Harlow, Longman, 3rd ed., 1993), p. 48; J. Dearlove and P. Saunders: Introduction to British Politics 4 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1993), p. 312. For the second hypothesis see particularly Wyn Grant, Business and Politics in Britain (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1993), pp. 84 ff, 201-4 and The Politics of Economic Policy (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993), p. 112. See also a recent study of the electronics sector: A. Cawson, K. Morgan, D. Webber, P. Holmes and A. Stevens, Hostile Brothers: Completion and Closure in the European Electronics Sector (Oxford, Clarendon, 1990), pp. 60 and 357. On the third hypothesis R. A. W. Rhodes, 'The hollowing out of the state the changing nature of the public service in Britain', Political Quarterly, (1994), 138-51 sets out the general argument about the transfer of state functions. See also Grant, Business and Politics in Britain, p. 120. The work of R. J. Bennett for the British Chambers of Commerce is also relevant. See Robert J. Bennett, Britain's Chambers of Commerce: a National Network Development Study (London, LSE, Department of Geography Research Papers, 1993).
27. Most of the leading texts on UK politics argue some version of the first hypothesis e.g. B. Jones (ed.), Politics UK (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994). p. 232; B. Coxall and L. Robins, Contemporary British Politics (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994), p. 283; I. Budge and D. McKay (eds), The Developing British Political System: the 1990s (Harlow, Longman, 3rd ed., 1993), p. 48; J. Dearlove and P. Saunders: Introduction to British Politics 4 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1993), p. 312. For the second hypothesis see particularly Wyn Grant, Business and Politics in Britain (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1993), pp. 84 ff, 201-4 and The Politics of Economic Policy (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993), p. 112. See also a recent study of the electronics sector: A. Cawson, K. Morgan, D. Webber, P. Holmes and A. Stevens, Hostile Brothers: Completion and Closure in the European Electronics Sector (Oxford, Clarendon, 1990), pp. 60 and 357. On the third hypothesis R. A. W. Rhodes, 'The hollowing out of the state the changing nature of the public service in Britain', Political Quarterly, (1994), 138-51 sets out the general argument about the transfer of state functions. See also Grant, Business and Politics in Britain, p. 120. The work of R. J. Bennett for the British Chambers of Commerce is also relevant. See Robert J. Bennett, Britain's Chambers of Commerce: a National Network Development Study (London, LSE, Department of Geography Research Papers, 1993).
28. Most of the leading texts on UK politics argue some version of the first hypothesis e.g. B. Jones (ed.), Politics UK (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994). p. 232; B. Coxall and L. Robins, Contemporary British Politics (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994), p. 283; I. Budge and D. McKay (eds), The Developing British Political System: the 1990s (Harlow, Longman, 3rd ed., 1993), p. 48; J. Dearlove and P. Saunders: Introduction to British Politics 4 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1993), p. 312. For the second hypothesis see particularly Wyn Grant, Business and Politics in Britain (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1993), pp. 84 ff, 201-4 and The Politics of Economic Policy (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993), p. 112. See also a recent study of the electronics sector: A. Cawson, K. Morgan, D. Webber, P. Holmes and A. Stevens, Hostile Brothers: Completion and Closure in the European Electronics Sector (Oxford, Clarendon, 1990), pp. 60 and 357. On the third hypothesis R. A. W. Rhodes, 'The hollowing out of the state the changing nature of the public service in Britain', Political Quarterly, (1994), 138-51 sets out the general argument about the transfer of state functions. See also Grant, Business and Politics in Britain, p. 120. The work of R. J. Bennett for the British Chambers of Commerce is also relevant. See Robert J. Bennett, Britain's Chambers of Commerce: a National Network Development Study (London, LSE, Department of Geography Research Papers, 1993).
29. Most of the leading texts on UK politics argue some version of the first hypothesis e.g. B. Jones (ed.), Politics UK (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994). p. 232; B. Coxall and L. Robins, Contemporary British Politics (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994), p. 283; I. Budge and D. McKay (eds), The Developing British Political System: the 1990s (Harlow, Longman, 3rd ed., 1993), p. 48; J. Dearlove and P. Saunders: Introduction to British Politics 4 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1993), p. 312. For the second hypothesis see particularly Wyn Grant, Business and Politics in Britain (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1993), pp. 84 ff, 201-4 and The Politics of Economic Policy (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993), p. 112. See also a recent study of the electronics sector: A. Cawson, K. Morgan, D. Webber, P. Holmes and A. Stevens, Hostile Brothers: Completion and Closure in the European Electronics Sector (Oxford, Clarendon, 1990), pp. 60 and 357. On the third hypothesis R. A. W. Rhodes, 'The hollowing out of the state the changing nature of the public service in Britain', Political Quarterly, (1994), 138-51 sets out the general argument about the transfer of state functions. See also Grant, Business and Politics in Britain, p. 120. The work of R. J. Bennett for the British Chambers of Commerce is also relevant. See Robert J. Bennett, Britain's Chambers of Commerce: a National Network Development Study (London, LSE, Department of Geography Research Papers, 1993).
30. Most of the leading texts on UK politics argue some version of the first hypothesis e.g. B. Jones (ed.), Politics UK (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994). p. 232; B. Coxall and L. Robins, Contemporary British Politics (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1994), p. 283; I. Budge and D. McKay (eds), The Developing British Political System: the 1990s (Harlow, Longman, 3rd ed., 1993), p. 48; J. Dearlove and P. Saunders: Introduction to British Politics 4 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1993), p. 312. For the second hypothesis see particularly Wyn Grant, Business and Politics in Britain (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1993), pp. 84 ff, 201-4 and The Politics of Economic Policy (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993), p. 112. See also a recent study of the electronics sector: A. Cawson, K. Morgan, D. Webber, P. Holmes and A. Stevens, Hostile Brothers: Completion and Closure in the European Electronics Sector (Oxford, Clarendon, 1990), pp. 60 and 357. On the third hypothesis R. A. W. Rhodes, 'The hollowing out of the state the changing nature of the public service in Britain', Political Quarterly, (1994), 138-51 sets out the general argument about the transfer of state functions. See also Grant, Business and Politics in Britain, p. 120. The work of R. J. Bennett for the British Chambers of Commerce is also relevant. See Robert J. Bennett, Britain's Chambers of Commerce: a National Network Development Study (London, LSE, Department of Geography Research Papers, 1993).
31. Department of Trade and Industry, Benchmarking - the Challenge (London, HMSO, 1995).
32. D. Marsh and R. A. W. Rhodes, Implementing Thalcherite Policies and 'Evaluating Thatcherism: over the moon or sick as a parrot', Politics, 15 (1995), 49-54. J. Moon, 'Evaluating Thatcher: sceptical versus synthetic approaches', Politics, 14 (1994), 43-9.
33. D. Marsh and R. A. W. Rhodes, Implementing Thalcherite Policies and 'Evaluating Thatcherism: over the moon or sick as a parrot', Politics, 15 (1995), 49-54. J. Moon, 'Evaluating Thatcher: sceptical versus synthetic approaches', Politics, 14 (1994), 43-9.
34. K. Middlemas, Politics in Industrial Society (London, Deutsch, 1979).
35. W. Grant and D. Marsh, The CBI (London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1977), pp. 25-6.
36. H. Young, One of Us (London, Pan, 1990), p. 360 ff, discusses a number of examples of businessmen congenial to Mrs Thatcher.
37. W. Grant, Business and Politics in Britain (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1993) pp. 116-21.
38. P. Barberis and T. May, Government, Industry and Political Economy (Buckingham, Open University Press, 1993) pp. 190-1, 197-9.
39. D. Young, The Enterprise Years (London, Headline, 1991), pp. 257, 276; Department of Trade and Industry, DTI - the Department for Enterprise (London, HMSO, 1988); N. Ridley, My Style of Government: the Thatcher Years (London, Hutchinson, 1981), pp.55. 212; see also D. Judge, Parliament and Industry (Aldershot, Dartmouth, 1990), pp. 58-63.
40. D. Young, The Enterprise Years (London, Headline, 1991), pp. 257, 276; Department of Trade and Industry, DTI - the Department for Enterprise (London, HMSO, 1988); N. Ridley, My Style of Government: the Thatcher Years (London, Hutchinson, 1981), pp.55. 212; see also D. Judge, Parliament and Industry (Aldershot, Dartmouth, 1990), pp. 58-63.
41. D. Young, The Enterprise Years (London, Headline, 1991), pp. 257, 276; Department of Trade and Industry, DTI - the Department for Enterprise (London, HMSO, 1988); N. Ridley, My Style of Government: the Thatcher Years (London, Hutchinson, 1981), pp.55. 212; see also D. Judge, Parliament and Industry (Aldershot, Dartmouth, 1990), pp. 58-63.
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53. President of the Board of Trade et al., Competitiveness, Helping Business to Win (London, HMSO, 1994) Cm. 2563 and Competitiveness: Forging Ahead (London, HMSO, 1995) Cm. 2867.
54. President of the Board of Trade et al., Competitiveness, Helping Business to Win (London, HMSO, 1994) Cm. 2563 and Competitiveness: Forging Ahead (London, HMSO, 1995) Cm. 2867.
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57. R. Baggot, 'The measurement of change in pressure group politics', Talking Politics 5 (1992), 18-22; Martin J. Smith, Pressure, Power and Policy (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf 1993), pp. 93-4, 112-18; Martin J. Smith, Pressure Politics (Manchester, Baseline, 1995), pp. 57-68 and I. Holliday, 'Pressure Groups after Thatcher' in P. Dunleavy et al., (eds). Developments in British Politics 4 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1993), pp. 307-20.
58. R. Baggot, 'The measurement of change in pressure group politics', Talking Politics 5 (1992), 18-22; Martin J. Smith, Pressure, Power and Policy (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf 1993), pp. 93-4, 112-18; Martin J. Smith, Pressure Politics (Manchester, Baseline, 1995), pp. 57-68 and I. Holliday, 'Pressure Groups after Thatcher' in P. Dunleavy et al., (eds). Developments in British Politics 4 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1993), pp. 307-20.
59. R. Baggot, 'The measurement of change in pressure group politics', Talking Politics 5 (1992), 18-22; Martin J. Smith, Pressure, Power and Policy (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf 1993), pp. 93-4, 112-18; Martin J. Smith, Pressure Politics (Manchester, Baseline, 1995), pp. 57-68 and I. Holliday, 'Pressure Groups after Thatcher' in P. Dunleavy et al., (eds). Developments in British Politics 4 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1993), pp. 307-20.
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