Commerce, politics, and business associations in Benin and Togo

Comparative Politics

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 473-492

  Heilbrunn, John R ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040523558     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422015     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Naomi Chazan, "Africa's Democratic Challenge," World Policy Journal. 9 (1992), 279-307; F. Eboussi Boulaga, Les conférences nationales en Afrique noire: Une affaire à suivre (Paris: Éditions Karthala, 1993).
2. Naomi Chazan, "Africa's Democratic Challenge," World Policy Journal. 9 (1992), 279-307; F. Eboussi Boulaga, Les conférences nationales en Afrique noire: Une affaire à suivre (Paris: Éditions Karthala, 1993).
3. Bjorn Beckman, "The Liberation of Civil Society: Neo-Liberal Ideology and Political Theory," Review of African Political Economy. 58 (1993), 20-33; Kathryn Nwajiaku, "National Conferences in Benin and Togo Reconsidered," The Journal of Modern African Studies, 32 (1994), 429-47.
4. Bjorn Beckman, "The Liberation of Civil Society: Neo-Liberal Ideology and Political Theory," Review of African Political Economy. 58 (1993), 20-33; Kathryn Nwajiaku, "National Conferences in Benin and Togo Reconsidered," The Journal of Modern African Studies, 32 (1994), 429-47.
5. Aili Mari Tripp, "Gender, Political Participation and the Transformation of Associational Life in Uganda and Tanzania," African Studies Review, 37 (1994), 125. This excellent article highlights problems inherent in applying the term "civil society" to analyze political change in Africa.
6. Michel Lelart, ed., La tontine: Pratique informelle d'épargne et de crédit dans les pays en voie de développement (Montrouge: Éditions John Libby Eurotext, 1990).
7. David Parkin, Neighbors and Nationals in an African City Ward (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969).
8. Adrian J. Peace, Choice, Class and Conflict: A Study of Southern Nigerian Factory Workers (Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1979).
9. John R. Heilbrunn, "Social Origins of National Conferences in Benin and Togo," The Journal of Modern African Studies. 31 (1993), 277-99.
10. On the history of West Africa's "Brazilians," see the magisterial work by Pierre Verger, Trade Relations between the Bight of Benin and Bahia 17th-19th Century (Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1976).
11. See Jean-François Bayart, "Introduction: L'historicité des sociétés africaines," in L'État en Afrique: La politique de ventre (Paris: Fayard 1989), pp. 9-61.
12. Douglass C. North, Structure and Change in Economic History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981).
13. Albert O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970).
14. Claude E. Welch, Jr., Dreams of Unity: Pan-Africanism and Political Unification in West Africa (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1966), pp. 37-147.
15. Dov Ronen, "People's Republic of Benin: The Military, Marxist Ideology, and the Politics of Ethnicity," in John Harbeson, ed., The Military in African Politics (New York: Praeger, 1987), pp. 93-122.
16. Robert Dossou, "Le Bénin: Du monolithisme à la démocratie pluraliste, un témoignage," in Gérard Conac, ed., L'Afrique en transition vers le pluralisme politique (Paris: Éditions Économica, 1993), pp. 179-97.
17. John R. Heilbrunn and Comi M. Toulabor, "Une si petite démocratisation pour le Togo . . ., " Politique Africaine, 58 (1995), 85-100.
18. For a discussion of corporatism, see Philippe C. Schmitter, "Still the Century of Corporatism?," in Philippe C. Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds., Trends toward Corporatist Intermediation (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979), pp. 7-52.
19. Melville J. Herskovitts, Dahomey: A West African Kingdom, vol. 1 (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1967), pp. 60-61.
20. Jacques Lombard, Structure de type "feodal" en Afrique Noire: Étude des dynamismes internes et des relations sociales chez les Bariba du Dahomey (Paris: Mouton, 1965), pp. 156-57; Marjorie H. Stewart, Borgu and Its Kingdoms: A Reconstruction of a Western Sudanese Polity (Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press), pp. 56-59.
21. Jacques Lombard, Structure de type "feodal" en Afrique Noire: Étude des dynamismes internes et des relations sociales chez les Bariba du Dahomey (Paris: Mouton, 1965), pp. 156-57; Marjorie H. Stewart, Borgu and Its Kingdoms: A Reconstruction of a Western Sudanese Polity (Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press), pp. 56-59.
22. N. A. Fadipe, The Sociology of the Yoruba (Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1970), p. 255.
23. Anthony G. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973), p. 57.
24. Colonie du Dahomey, "Activités Syndicales, 1953," Archives Nationales de France, Microfilm 2G-53, 200 MI 2741.
25. Roland Pépin Codjia, "La participation des femmes au commerce import-export en République Populaire du Bénin" (Mémoire de Maîtrise, Université Nationale du Bénin, 1987), p. 49.
26. Victor Arzaya and Naomi Chazan, "Disengagement from the State in Africa: Reflections on the Experience of Guinea and Ghana," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 29 (1987), 106-31.
27. Léon C. Codo, Le Bénin dans les rapports Ouest-Africains: Stratégie d'insertion, bilatéralisme sous-régionale et engagements régionaux (Bordeaux: Centre d'Étude d'Afrique Noire, Université de Bordeaux 1, 1987), p. 28.
28. Francine Godin, Bénin 1972-1982: La logique de l'état africain (Paris: Éditions L'Harmattan, 1986), p. 290.
29. John O. Igue and Bio G. Soule, L'État entrepôt au Bénin: Commerce informel ou la solution à la crise? (Paris: Éditions Karthala, 1992).
30. On network theory and political protests, see Roger V. Gould, "Multiple Networks and Mobilization in the Paris Commune, 1871," American Sociological Review, 56 (December 1991), 716-29.
31. Cedric Mayrargue, "Religions et changement politique au Bénin" (Mémoire de DEA, Centre d'Études d'Afrique Noire, Institut d'Études Politiques de Bordeaux, 1994).
32. CADR, Le livre rouge du pillage des barques (Cotonou: Rapport Integral de la Commission Spéciale, 1990).
33. M. B. K. Darkoh, "Togoland under the Germans: Thirty Years of Economic Development (1884-1914)," Part I, The Nigerian Geographical Journal, 10 (1967), 107-22.
34. Messan Adimado Aduayom and Ayélé Kponton, "Place des revendeuses de tissus dans l'économie togolaise," in Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, ed., Entrepreneurs et entreprises en Afrique 19ème et 20ème siècles, (Paris: Éditions L'Harmattan, 1983), p. 386; Rita Cordonnier, Femmes africaines et commerce: Les revendeuses de tissu de la ville de Lomé (Togo) (Paris: Éditions L'Harmattan, 1987), p. 166.
35. Messan Adimado Aduayom and Ayélé Kponton, "Place des revendeuses de tissus dans l'économie togolaise," in Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, ed., Entrepreneurs et entreprises en Afrique 19ème et 20ème siècles, (Paris: Éditions L'Harmattan, 1983), p. 386; Rita Cordonnier, Femmes africaines et commerce: Les revendeuses de tissu de la ville de Lomé (Togo) (Paris: Éditions L'Harmattan, 1987), p. 166.
36. Yves Marguerat, "Le capitalisme perverti ou cent ans de production de l'espace urbain à Lomé (Togo)," Cahiers ORSTOM, série sciences humaines, 21 (1985), 452.
37. Yves Marguerat, Lomé: Une brève histoire de la capitale du Togo (Paris: Éditions Karthala, 1992), pp. 15-17.
38. Alfred J. Knoll, "Togo under German Administration" (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1964), p. 87.
39. Komlan Lamadji Agbissoh, "Les revendeuses de tissus à Lomé (Togo)" (Mémoire de Maîtrise, Université du Bénin, 1985), p. 23.
40. The following three categories are from Aduayom and Kponton, pp. 390-92.
41. Cordonnier, p. 161.
42. Massan Gbeassor and Yves Marguerat, "Les jeunes porteuses du Grande Marché de Lomé," Cahiers ORSTOM, série sciences humaines, 21 (1985), 340.
43. J. R. Harris and M. P., Todaro, "Migration, Unemployment, and Development: A Two Sector Analysis," American Economic Review, 60 (1970), 126-42.
44. Agbissoh, p. 24.
45. Egboni Ayina, "Pagnes et politique," Politique Africaine, 27 (1987), 47.
46. Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Économie et Société Togolaises: Chiffires, Tendances et Perspectives: Cahier 1991 (Lomé: ORSTOM, 1991), p. 119.
47. Akuélé Délali Akoto, "Le marché des tissus imprimés et la politique des prix" (Mémoire de Maîtrise, Université du Bénin, 1985), p. 8.
48. Colleen Lowe Moura, "Africa's Switzerland," Africa Report (September-October 1990), 36-38; Alana Lee and André Astrow, "Togo: In Search of Friends," Africa Report (March-April 1987), 51-53.
49. Colleen Lowe Moura, "Africa's Switzerland," Africa Report (September-October 1990), 36-38; Alana Lee and André Astrow, "Togo: In Search of Friends," Africa Report (March-April 1987), 51-53.
50. Oliver E. Williamson, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firm, Markets, Relational Contracting (New York: The Free Press, 1985), p. 55.
51. On political learning, see Nancy Bermeo, "Democracy and the Lessons of Dictatorship," Comparative Politics, 24 (1992), 273-91.