In search of oppositions: South East Asia in focus

Government and Opposition

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 578-597

  Hedman, Eva Lotta E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040514518     PISSN: 0017257X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00447.x     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. A recent literature inventory revealed not merely marked discrepancies in the countries included within the Asia-Pacific by different scholars, but also turned up more than 50 competing regional designations - the Far East, the Pacific Rim, the Pacific Asia etc. See 'The Concept of Eastern Asia', in Colin Mackerras (ed.), East and Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Survey, Boulder, Colo., Lynne Rienner, 1993.
2. For two such recent additions, see Richard Robison and David S. G. Goodman, (eds), The New Rich in Asia: Mobile Phones, McDonalds and Middle-Class Revolution, London, Routledge, 1996; and Garry Rodan (ed.), Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia, London, Routledge, 1996.
3. For two such recent additions, see Richard Robison and David S. G. Goodman, (eds), The New Rich in Asia: Mobile Phones, McDonalds and Middle-Class Revolution, London, Routledge, 1996; and Garry Rodan (ed.), Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia, London, Routledge, 1996.
4. For a related discussion about the 'conditions under which opposition is likely to emerge, grow and decline, see further Jean Blondel, 'Political Opposition in the Contemporary World', this collection, pp. 462-86.
5. On the question of imperialism and Thailand, see Benedict Anderson, 'Studies of the Thai State: The State of Thai Studies', in Eliezer B. Ayal (ed.), The Study of Thailand, Athens, Ohio University, Center for International Studies, 1978.
6. However, in the case of Malaysia, minority parties regularly provide a loyal -and losing - opposition to the United Malays National Organization (UMNO)-dominated government within a heavily restricted electoral regime. In Indonesia, moreover, the only two parties allowed to compete against the government Golkar machine are likewise restricted in their activities and, to a significant extent, controlled by Suharto and his military.
7. See, for example, Theda Skocpol and Jeff Goodwin, 'Explaining Revolutions in the Contemporary Third World', Politics and Society, Vol. 17, No. 4, December 1989, pp. 489-509. For a discussion (elaborated in Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South American, and Post-Communist Europe, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, about the significance of particular regime types, see Stepan's essay, 'Democratic Opposition and Democratization Theory', in this volume pp. 657-73.
8. See, for example, Theda Skocpol and Jeff Goodwin, 'Explaining Revolutions in the Contemporary Third World', Politics and Society, Vol. 17, No. 4, December 1989, pp. 489-509. For a discussion (elaborated in Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South American, and Post-Communist Europe, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, about the significance of particular regime types, see Stepan's essay, 'Democratic Opposition and Democratization Theory', in this volume pp. 657-73.
9. See, for example, Theda Skocpol and Jeff Goodwin, 'Explaining Revolutions in the Contemporary Third World', Politics and Society, Vol. 17, No. 4, December 1989, pp. 489-509. For a discussion (elaborated in Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South American, and Post-Communist Europe, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, about the significance of particular regime types, see Stepan's essay, 'Democratic Opposition and Democratization Theory', in this volume pp. 657-73.
10. On these points, see Fred Riggs, Thailand: The Modernization of a Bureaucratic Polity, Honolulu, East-West Center Press, 1966; and Thak Chaloemtiarana, Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternalism, Bangkok, Social Science Association of Thailand and Thai Khadi Institute, Thammasat University, 1979, respectively.
11. On these points, see Fred Riggs, Thailand: The Modernization of a Bureaucratic Polity, Honolulu, East-West Center Press, 1966; and Thak Chaloemtiarana, Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternalism, Bangkok, Social Science Association of Thailand and Thai Khadi Institute, Thammasat University, 1979, respectively.
12. See, especially, Chai-Anan Samudavanija, The Thai Young Turks, Singapore, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1982.
13. See, especially, Mark R. Thompson, The Anti-Marcos Struggle: Personalistic Rule and Democratic Transition in the Philippines, New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1995.
14. David A. Rosenberg (ed.), Marcos and Martial Law in the Philippines, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1979.
15. See, for example, Eva-Lotta E. Hedman, 'In the Name of Civil Society: Participatory Crises, Critical Elections and Transformist Mobilizations in the Post-Colonial Philippines', PhD Dissertation, Cornell University, 1997.
16. See, for example, Simon Barraclough, 'The Dynamics of Coercion in the Malaysian Political Process', Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 19, October 1985.
17. Harold Crouch, 'Malaysia: Neither Authoritarian nor Democratic', in Kevin Hewison, Richard Robison and Garry Rodan (eds), Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism, Sydney, Allen & Unwin, 1993.
18. In addition to its dominant member, the United Malays National Organization (UMNO), the ruling coalition also includes prominently the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) and the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), as well as a number of other parties.
19. For a recent discussion of Suharto's New Order, see Adam Schwarz, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia, Sydney, Allen & Unwin, 1994.
20. See, for example, John Pemberton, 'Notes on the 1982 General Election in Solo', Indonesia, Vol. 41, 1986, pp. 1-22.
21. See, for example, E. Espinall, 'Students and the Military: Regime Friction and Civilian Dissent in the Late Suharto Period', Indonesia, No. 59, April 1995, pp. 21-44.
22. See, for example, Alfred Stepan, 'State Power and the Strength of Civil Society in the Southern Cone of Latin America', in Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol (eds), Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp. 317-47;
23. Maurice Zeitlin and Richard Earl Ratcliff, Landlords and Capitalists: The Dominant Class of Chile, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1988;
24. and Hagen Koo, 'Middle Classes, Democratization, and Class Formation', Theory and Society, Vol. 20, No. 4, August 1991, pp. 485-509.
25. John T. Sidel, 'Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Chinese Immigrant and Colonial State in the Making of Modern South East Asia', paper presented at the Association for South East Asia Studies, SOAS, London, May 1996.
26. William G. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical History, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1957; and Ben Anderson, 'Withdrawal Symptoms: Social and Cultural Aspects of the October 6 Coup,' Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1977, pp. 13-30.
27. William G. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical History, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1957; and Ben Anderson, 'Withdrawal Symptoms: Social and Cultural Aspects of the October 6 Coup,' Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1977, pp. 13-30.
28. See, for example, Kevin Hewison, Bankers and Bureaucrats: Capital and the Role of the State in Thailand, New Haven, Conn., Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 1989; and Anek Laothamas, Business Associations and the New Political Economy of Thailand: From Bureaucratic Polity to Liberal Corporatism, Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1992.
29. See, for example, Kevin Hewison, Bankers and Bureaucrats: Capital and the Role of the State in Thailand, New Haven, Conn., Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 1989; and Anek Laothamas, Business Associations and the New Political Economy of Thailand: From Bureaucratic Polity to Liberal Corporatism, Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1992.
30. See, especially, Edgar Wickberg, The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History', Journal of Southeast Asian History, Vol. 5, No. 1, March 1964, pp. 62-100.
31. See, especially, Reynaldo Clemeña Ileto, Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910, Quezon City, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1979; David R. Sturtevant, Popular Uprisings in the Philippines, 1840-1940, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1979; and Melinda Tria Kerkvliet, Manila Workers' Unions, 1900-1950, Quezon City, New Day Publishers, 1992.
32. See, especially, Reynaldo Clemeña Ileto, Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910, Quezon City, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1979; David R. Sturtevant, Popular Uprisings in the Philippines, 1840-1940, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1979; and Melinda Tria Kerkvliet, Manila Workers' Unions, 1900-1950, Quezon City, New Day Publishers, 1992.
33. See, especially, Reynaldo Clemeña Ileto, Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910, Quezon City, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1979; David R. Sturtevant, Popular Uprisings in the Philippines, 1840-1940, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1979; and Melinda Tria Kerkvliet, Manila Workers' Unions, 1900-1950, Quezon City, New Day Publishers, 1992.
34. Jomo Kwame Sundaran, A Question of Class: Capital, the State, and Uneven Development in Malaya, New York, Monthly Review Press, 1988.
35. Heng Pek Koon, Chinese Politics in Malaysia: A History of the Malaysian Chinese Association, Singapore, Oxford University Press, 1988.
36. See, for example, the essays in The Role of the Indonesian Chinese in Shaping Modern Indonesian Life, Ithaca, NY, Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 1991.
37. Clifford Geertz, Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1963; and Ann Laura Stoler, Capitalism and Confrontation in Sumatra's Plantation Belt, 1870-1979, New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1985.
38. Clifford Geertz, Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1963; and Ann Laura Stoler, Capitalism and Confrontation in Sumatra's Plantation Belt, 1870-1979, New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1985.
39. See, for example, 'Wave of Riots against Chinese and Christians sets Indonesia on Edge', New York Times, 8 April 1997.
40. See, for example, Robert F. Zimmerman, 'Insurgency in Thailand', Problems of Communism, May-June 1976.
41. See, however, Craig J. Reynolds, Thai Radical Discourse: The Real Face of Thai Feudalism Today, Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, 1994.
42. Benedict Anderson, 'Radicalism after Communism in Thailand and Indonesia', New Left Review, No. 202, November-December 1993, pp. 3-14.
43. See, especially, Benedict J. Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion: A Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1977.
44. Benedict Kerkvliet, 'Patterns of Philippine Resistance and Rebellion, 1970-1986', Pilipinas, No. 6, Spring 1986, pp. 35-49.
45. See, especially, Cheah Boon Kheng, Red Star Over Malaya: Resistance and Social Conflict during and after the Japanese Occupation, Singapore, Singapore University Press, 1983; and Richard Stubbs, Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency 1948-1960, Singapore, Oxford University Press, 1989.
46. See, especially, Cheah Boon Kheng, Red Star Over Malaya: Resistance and Social Conflict during and after the Japanese Occupation, Singapore, Singapore University Press, 1983; and Richard Stubbs, Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency 1948-1960, Singapore, Oxford University Press, 1989.
47. Heng Pek Koon, Chinese Politics in Malaysia, op. cit.
48. See, for example, Rex Mortimer, Indonesian Communism under Sukarno, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1972; and Geoffrey Robinson, The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1995.
49. See, for example, Rex Mortimer, Indonesian Communism under Sukarno, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1972; and Geoffrey Robinson, The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1995.
50. Ben Anderson, 'Last Days of Indonesia's Suharto?', Southeast Asia Chronicle, No. 63, July-August 1978, pp. 2-17.
51. François Raillon, Les Etudiants Indonesiens et l'Ordre Nouveau, Paris, Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1984.
52. See, for example, Robert Cribb (ed.), The Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966: Studies from Java and Bali, Monash, Center of Southeast Asian Studies, 1990; and R.A.F. Paul Webb, 'The Sickle and the Cross: Christians and Communists in Bali, Flores, Sumba, and Timor, 1965-67', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1, March 1986, pp. 94-112.
53. See, for example, Robert Cribb (ed.), The Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966: Studies from Java and Bali, Monash, Center of Southeast Asian Studies, 1990; and R.A.F. Paul Webb, 'The Sickle and the Cross: Christians and Communists in Bali, Flores, Sumba, and Timor, 1965-67', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1, March 1986, pp. 94-112.
54. See, especially, John Pemberton, On the Subject of Java, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1994.
55. The provocative concept of 'civil religion' was coined by Robert N. Bellah in his 'Civil Religion in America', first published in Daedalus, Vol. 96, No. 1, Winter 1967, pp. 1-21, and further explicated in his 'Religion and the Legitimation of the American Republic', first published in Society, Vol. 15, No. 4, 1978, pp. 16-23.
56. The provocative concept of 'civil religion' was coined by Robert N. Bellah in his 'Civil Religion in America', first published in Daedalus, Vol. 96, No. 1, Winter 1967, pp. 1-21, and further explicated in his 'Religion and the Legitimation of the American Republic', first published in Society, Vol. 15, No. 4, 1978, pp. 16-23.
57. See, for example, Daniel H. Levine and Scott Mainwaring, 'Religion and Popular Protest in Latin America: Contrasting Experiences', in Susan Eckstein (ed.), Power and Popular Protest: Latin American Social Movements, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1989, pp. 203-40; and H. E. Chehabi, Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran under the Shah and Khomeini, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1990.
58. See, for example, Daniel H. Levine and Scott Mainwaring, 'Religion and Popular Protest in Latin America: Contrasting Experiences', in Susan Eckstein (ed.), Power and Popular Protest: Latin American Social Movements, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1989, pp. 203-40; and H. E. Chehabi, Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran under the Shah and Khomeini, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1990.
59. Peter A. Jackson, Buddhism, Legitimation, and Conflict: The Political Functions of Urban Thai Buddhism, Singapore, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1989.
60. Anderson, 'Withdrawal Symptoms' (n. 20 above).
61. See, for example, Eric O. Hanson, The Catholic Church in World Politics, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1987.
62. See, especially, Robert L. Youngblood, Marcos against the Church: Economic Development and Political Repression in the Philippines, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1990; and Coeli M. Barry, 'Transformations of Politics and Religious Culture inside the Philippine Catholic Church (1965-90)', PhD Dissertation, Cornell University, 1996.
63. See, especially, Robert L. Youngblood, Marcos against the Church: Economic Development and Political Repression in the Philippines, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1990; and Coeli M. Barry, 'Transformations of Politics and Religious Culture inside the Philippine Catholic Church (1965-90)', PhD Dissertation, Cornell University, 1996.
64. Moshe Yegar, Islam and Islamic Institutions in British Malaya: Policies and Implementation, Jerusalem, Maguey Press, 1979; and William R. Roff, The Origins of Malay Nationalism, New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1967.
65. Moshe Yegar, Islam and Islamic Institutions in British Malaya: Policies and Implementation, Jerusalem, Maguey Press, 1979; and William R. Roff, The Origins of Malay Nationalism, New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1967.
66. See, especially, Michael G. Peletz, 'Sacred Texts and Dangerous Words: The Politics of Law and Cultural Rationalization in Malaysia', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 1993, pp. 66-109. For an analysis of an explicitly Islamic opposition party's capture of the state of Kelantan, however, see C. S. Kessler, 'Islam, Society and Political Behaviour: Some Comparative Implications of the Malay Case', British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 23, No. 1, March 1972, pp. 33-50.
67. See, especially, Michael G. Peletz, 'Sacred Texts and Dangerous Words: The Politics of Law and Cultural Rationalization in Malaysia', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 1993, pp. 66-109. For an analysis of an explicitly Islamic opposition party's capture of the state of Kelantan, however, see C. S. Kessler, 'Islam, Society and Political Behaviour: Some Comparative Implications of the Malay Case', British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 23, No. 1, March 1972, pp. 33-50.
68. See, for example, K. S. Jomo and S. C. Ahmad, 'Malaysia's Islamic Movements', in Joel S. Kahn and Francis Loh Kok Wah (eds), Fragmented Vision: Culture and Politics in Contemporary Malaysia, Sydney, Asian Studies Association of Australia/Allen & Unwin, 1992.
69. James V. Jesudason, 'Statist Democracy and the Limits of Civil Society in Malaysia', National University of Singapore, Department of Sociology, Working Paper No. 119, 1993, p. 17.
70. Harry Benda, The Crescent and the Rising Sun: Indonesian Islam under the Japanese Occupation 1942-1945, The Hague, W. Van Hoeve, 1958.