Seizing the future: The south, sustainable development and international trade

International Affairs

Volumn 77, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 49-68

  Najam, Adil ^a   Robins, Nick ^b  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040485175     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-2346.00177     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. See UNEP, Global Environment Outlook 2000, (London: Earthscan, 2000); UNDP, Human Development Report 2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
2. See UNEP, Global Environment Outlook 2000, (London: Earthscan, 2000); UNDP, Human Development Report 2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
3. See 'CSD reveals unchanged positions on agriculture, trade and sustainable development', Bridges 4: 4 (Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, May 2000).
4. For a useful summary of the issues, see Is there really a North-South split on trade and environment? (Gland: WWF International, Nov. 1999).
5. See Adil Najam, 'An environmental negotiation strategy for the South', International Environmental Affairs 7: 3, 1995, pp. 249-87.
6. Trade and Development Report 1999 (Geneva: UNCTAD, 1999).
7. The report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) released in 1987 is generally referred to by the name of its chair, Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Prime Minister of Norway: Our common future: report of the World Commission on environment and development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
8. Lavanya Rajamani, Developing country resistance to linking trade and environment: the perceptions of inequity and the politics of autonomy, Global and Environment Trade Study: North-South Series, no. 1, Aug. 2000, www.gets.org/gets/library.
9. See Caroline Thomas, In search of security: the Third World in international relations (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1987); Adil Najam, The case for a South secretariat in international environmental negotiation, Program on Negotiation, working paper 94-8 (Cambridge, MA: Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, 1994).
10. See Caroline Thomas, In search of security: the Third World in international relations (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1987); Adil Najam, The case for a South secretariat in international environmental negotiation, Program on Negotiation, working paper 94-8 (Cambridge, MA: Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, 1994).
11. For one of the first attempts to outline a compelling perspective on trade and sustainable development, see the International Institute on Sustainable Development's Statement on Trade and Sustainable Development, 2000, at http://iisd.ca/trade/.
12. See Adil Najam, 'Trade and environment after Seattle: a negotiating strategy for the South', Journal of Environment and Development 9: 4, 2000, pp. 405-25.
13. See Kamal Nath, 'Trade, environment and sustainable development', in V. Jha, G. Hewison and M. Underhill, eds, Trade, environment and sustainable development: a South Asian perspective (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp. 15-20; M. Shahin, 'Developing country perspective', in D. Brack, ed., Trade and environment: conflict or compatibility? (London: Earthscan/Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1998), pp. 150-63; South Centre, The WTO multilateral trade agenda and the South (Geneva: South Centre, 1998); H. Youssef, Special and differential treatment for developing countries in the WTO, trade working paper no. 2, (Geneva: South Centre, 1998).
14. See Kamal Nath, 'Trade, environment and sustainable development', in V. Jha, G. Hewison and M. Underhill, eds, Trade, environment and sustainable development: a South Asian perspective (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp. 15-20; M. Shahin, 'Developing country perspective', in D. Brack, ed., Trade and environment: conflict or compatibility? (London: Earthscan/Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1998), pp. 150-63; South Centre, The WTO multilateral trade agenda and the South (Geneva: South Centre, 1998); H. Youssef, Special and differential treatment for developing countries in the WTO, trade working paper no. 2, (Geneva: South Centre, 1998).
15. See Kamal Nath, 'Trade, environment and sustainable development', in V. Jha, G. Hewison and M. Underhill, eds, Trade, environment and sustainable development: a South Asian perspective (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp. 15-20; M. Shahin, 'Developing country perspective', in D. Brack, ed., Trade and environment: conflict or compatibility? (London: Earthscan/Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1998), pp. 150-63; South Centre, The WTO multilateral trade agenda and the South (Geneva: South Centre, 1998); H. Youssef, Special and differential treatment for developing countries in the WTO, trade working paper no. 2, (Geneva: South Centre, 1998).
16. See Kamal Nath, 'Trade, environment and sustainable development', in V. Jha, G. Hewison and M. Underhill, eds, Trade, environment and sustainable development: a South Asian perspective (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp. 15-20; M. Shahin, 'Developing country perspective', in D. Brack, ed., Trade and environment: conflict or compatibility? (London: Earthscan/Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1998), pp. 150-63; South Centre, The WTO multilateral trade agenda and the South (Geneva: South Centre, 1998); H. Youssef, Special and differential treatment for developing countries in the WTO, trade working paper no. 2, (Geneva: South Centre, 1998).
17. Achim Koerber, 'The green protectionism hypothesis: why everybody loves Flipper', in Peider Koenz, ed., Trade, environment and sustainable development: views from sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America (Tokyo/ Geneva: UNU/ICTSD, 2000).
18. Anil Agarwal, Sunita Narain and Anju Sharma, eds., Green politics (New Delhi: Centre for Science and Environment, 1999), p. 258.
19. Barry Coates, 'Friends fall out, ' Guardian (Society), 8 Dec. 1999, p. 4.
20. J. Whalley, 'Trade and environment, the WTO, and the developing countries', in R. Z. Lawrence, D. Robrik and J. Whalley, eds, Emerging agenda for global trade: high stakes for developing sountries, policy essay no. 20 (Washington DC: Overseas Development Council, 1996), pp. 81-98; P. Uimonen, 'The environmental dilemmas of the World Trade Organization', in J. J. Schott, ed., Launching new global trade talks: an action agenda, special report no. 12 (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics, 1999), pp. 111-32; K. Von Moltke, 'Trade and the environment: the linkages and the politics', paper presented at Roundtable on Trade and Environment, Canberra, 25 Aug. 1999.
21. J. Whalley, 'Trade and environment, the WTO, and the developing countries', in R. Z. Lawrence, D. Robrik and J. Whalley, eds, Emerging agenda for global trade: high stakes for developing sountries, policy essay no. 20 (Washington DC: Overseas Development Council, 1996), pp. 81-98; P. Uimonen, 'The environmental dilemmas of the World Trade Organization', in J. J. Schott, ed., Launching new global trade talks: an action agenda, special report no. 12 (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics, 1999), pp. 111-32; K. Von Moltke, 'Trade and the environment: the linkages and the politics', paper presented at Roundtable on Trade and Environment, Canberra, 25 Aug. 1999.
22. J. Whalley, 'Trade and environment, the WTO, and the developing countries', in R. Z. Lawrence, D. Robrik and J. Whalley, eds, Emerging agenda for global trade: high stakes for developing sountries, policy essay no. 20 (Washington DC: Overseas Development Council, 1996), pp. 81-98; P. Uimonen, 'The environmental dilemmas of the World Trade Organization', in J. J. Schott, ed., Launching new global trade talks: an action agenda, special report no. 12 (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics, 1999), pp. 111-32; K. Von Moltke, 'Trade and the environment: the linkages and the politics', paper presented at Roundtable on Trade and Environment, Canberra, 25 Aug. 1999.
23. C. Leigh Anderson and David A. Hennes, 'Why WTO? The progress report', Seattle Times, 28 Nov. 1999, p. B13.
24. Molly Ivins, 'Clashing heads at WTO talks', Baltimore Sun, 30 Nov. 1999, p. 19A.
25. Sec 'LDCs call for market access, debt promises fulfilled', Bridges Weekly Trade News Digest (Geneva: ICTSD) 3: 19, 25 May 1999, available at http://www.ictsd.org/html/newsdigest.htm.
26. See e.g. Whalley, 'Trade and environment'; G. P. Uimonen, 'The environmental dilemmas of the World Trade Organization', pages 111-32 in J. Schott, ed., Launching new global trade talks: an action agenda, Special Report 12, (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics); K. Von Moltke, 'Trade and the environment: the linkages and the politics', presented at Roundtable on Trade and Environment, Canberra, 25 August 1999; G. Sampson, Trade, the environment, and the WTO: a policy agenda, ODC policy paper (Washington DC: Overseas Development Council, 1999); Brack, ed., Trade and environment.
27. See e.g. Whalley, 'Trade and environment'; G. P. Uimonen, 'The environmental dilemmas of the World Trade Organization', pages 111-32 in J. Schott, ed., Launching new global trade talks: an action agenda, Special Report 12, (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics); K. Von Moltke, 'Trade and the environment: the linkages and the politics', presented at Roundtable on Trade and Environment, Canberra, 25 August 1999; G. Sampson, Trade, the environment, and the WTO: a policy agenda, ODC policy paper (Washington DC: Overseas Development Council, 1999); Brack, ed., Trade and environment.
28. See e.g. Whalley, 'Trade and environment'; G. P. Uimonen, 'The environmental dilemmas of the World Trade Organization', pages 111-32 in J. Schott, ed., Launching new global trade talks: an action agenda, Special Report 12, (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics); K. Von Moltke, 'Trade and the environment: the linkages and the politics', presented at Roundtable on Trade and Environment, Canberra, 25 August 1999; G. Sampson, Trade, the environment, and the WTO: a policy agenda, ODC policy paper (Washington DC: Overseas Development Council, 1999); Brack, ed., Trade and environment.
29. See e.g. Whalley, 'Trade and environment'; G. P. Uimonen, 'The environmental dilemmas of the World Trade Organization', pages 111-32 in J. Schott, ed., Launching new global trade talks: an action agenda, Special Report 12, (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics); K. Von Moltke, 'Trade and the environment: the linkages and the politics', presented at Roundtable on Trade and Environment, Canberra, 25 August 1999; G. Sampson, Trade, the environment, and the WTO: a policy agenda, ODC policy paper (Washington DC: Overseas Development Council, 1999); Brack, ed., Trade and environment.
30. See e.g. Whalley, 'Trade and environment'; G. P. Uimonen, 'The environmental dilemmas of the World Trade Organization', pages 111-32 in J. Schott, ed., Launching new global trade talks: an action agenda, Special Report 12, (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics); K. Von Moltke, 'Trade and the environment: the linkages and the politics', presented at Roundtable on Trade and Environment, Canberra, 25 August 1999; G. Sampson, Trade, the environment, and the WTO: a policy agenda, ODC policy paper (Washington DC: Overseas Development Council, 1999); Brack, ed., Trade and environment.
31. See Andrew Griffith, 'Market access and environmental protection: a negotiator's point of view', Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada, 1997: quoted in Agarwal et al., eds, Green politics; South Centre, The WTO multilateral trade agenda and the South, p. 275.
32. See Andrew Griffith, 'Market access and environmental protection: a negotiator's point of view', Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada, 1997: quoted in Agarwal et al., eds, Green politics; South Centre, The WTO multilateral trade agenda and the South, p. 275.
33. See Andrew Griffith, 'Market access and environmental protection: a negotiator's point of view', Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada, 1997: quoted in Agarwal et al., eds, Green politics; South Centre, The WTO multilateral trade agenda and the South, p. 275.
34. UNCTAD, Trade and Development Report 1999, p. v.
35. See Aaron Cosbey and Stas Burgiel, The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: an analysis of results, IISD briefing note (Winnipeg: IISD, Feb. 2000).
36. B. Bhattacharyya and L. D. Mago, Trade and environment issues in the WTO: Indian experience (New Delhi: Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, 1998).
37. See Sarah Roberts and Nick Robins, The reality of sustainable trade (London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 2000).
38. See Nick Robins, Sarah Roberts and Jo Abbot, Who benefits? (London: IIED, 1999).
39. Quoted in World Bank, Environment matters: annual review (Washington DC: 2000).
40. Tom Fox, Sustainable cocoa: the demand side perspective (London: IIED, 2000).
41. See American Cocoa Research Institute, www.acri-cocoa.org/acri.
42. Wolfgang H. Reinicke and Francis Deng, Critical choices (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2000).
43. Nick Robins and Sarah Roberts, Unlocking trade opportunities (London: IIED, 1997).
44. Quoted in Nick Robins, 'Victims or victors?', Tomorrow 3: 10. May/June 2000 (Stockholm, Tomorrow Publishing, 2000).
45. Organic food and beverages: world supply and major European markets (Geneva: UNCTAD/WTO International Trade Centre, 1909).
46. Konrad Von Moltke, Onno Kuik, Nicolien van der Grijp, Chito Salazar, Tariq Banuri, Christopher Mupimpila, Crist Inman, Nathalia Mesa, Reyna Oleas, Juan José de los Santos, Global product chains: Northern consumers, Southern producers and sustainability (Geneva: UNEP, 1998).
47. Supermarkets: a report on the supply of groceries from multiple stores in the United Kingdom, vol. 1: Summary and conclusions (London: Competition Commission, Oct. 2000).
48. Being a better trading neighbour (London: B&Q, 1999).
49. See report of the 'Finding New Synergies' workshop hosted by the Bangladesh Textile Mills Association and the Commonwealth Science Council, Jan. 2000, on http://www.commonwealthknowledge.net. Jem Bendell, 'Civil regulation: a new form of democratic governance for the global economy', in Jem Bendell, ed., Terms of endearment: business, NGOs and sustainable development (Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing, 2000).
50. See report of the 'Finding New Synergies' workshop hosted by the Bangladesh Textile Mills Association and the Commonwealth Science Council, Jan. 2000, on http://www.commonwealthknowledge.net. Jem Bendell, 'Civil regulation: a new form of democratic governance for the global economy', in Jem Bendell, ed., Terms of endearment: business, NGOs and sustainable development (Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing, 2000).
51. Quoted in Rights of exchange: social, health, environmental and trade objectives on the global stage (London: Cabinet Office, Performance and Innovation Unit, 2000), p. 33.
52. See Adil Najam, 'World Business Council on Sustainable Development: the greening of big business or a greenwash?' Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development, 1999/2000 (London: Earthscan, 1999), pp. 65-75.
53. The Performance Group and Consortium Partners (Deutsche Bank, Electrolux, Gerling, ICI, Monsanto, Unilever and Volvo), Sustainable strategies for value creation: reflections from a learning journey (Oslo, 1999).
54. See e.g. WBCSD, Exploring sustainable development: WBCSD global scenarios 2000-2050, available at http:www.wbcsd; also Allen Hammond, Which world? Scenarios for the twenty-first century (Washington DC: Island Press), 1998.
55. See e.g. WBCSD, Exploring sustainable development: WBCSD global scenarios 2000-2050, available at http:www.wbcsd; also Allen Hammond, Which world? Scenarios for the twenty-first century (Washington DC: Island Press), 1998.
56. See General Consultative Forum, Vision 2020: scenarios for a sustainable Europe, European Commission, Nov. 1996. Some governments in the North, such as the British, are starting to use scenarios to underpin longer-term perspectives on trade; see Performance and Innovation Unit, Rights of exchange.
57. See General Consultative Forum, Vision 2020: scenarios for a sustainable Europe, European Commission, Nov. 1996. Some governments in the North, such as the British, are starting to use scenarios to underpin longer-term perspectives on trade; see Performance and Innovation Unit, Rights of exchange.
58. These three scenarios, and the paths they encompass, reflect the predominant worlds of the prince, the merchant and the citizen. See Adil Najam, 'Understanding the third sector: revisiting the prince, the merchant, and the citizen', Nonprofit Management and Leadership 7: 2, 1996, pp. 203-19; Marc Nerfin, 'Neither prince nor merchant: citizen - an introduction to the third system', in K. Ahooja-Patel, A. G. Drabek and M. Nerfin, eds, World economy in transition (Oxford: Pergamon, 1986), pp. 47-59.
59. These three scenarios, and the paths they encompass, reflect the predominant worlds of the prince, the merchant and the citizen. See Adil Najam, 'Understanding the third sector: revisiting the prince, the merchant, and the citizen', Nonprofit Management and Leadership 7: 2, 1996, pp. 203-19; Marc Nerfin, 'Neither prince nor merchant: citizen - an introduction to the third system', in K. Ahooja-Patel, A. G. Drabek and M. Nerfin, eds, World economy in transition (Oxford: Pergamon, 1986), pp. 47-59.
60. The term 'trading up' is borrowed from David Vogel, Trading up: consumer and environmental regulation in a global economy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995).
61. This notion of 'ad hoc alliances' is at the heart of the WBCSD's Jazz Scenario for sustainable development, in WBCSD, Exploring Sustainable Development.
62. For an overview of one specific mechanism proposed to internalize environmental costs into international trade, see Henk Kox, 'International commodity related environmental agreements: a way to promote sustainable production of primary commodities', Bridges 2: 7 (Geneva: ICTSD, October 1998).
63. The 'new protectionism' term is taken from Tim Lang and Colin Hines, The new protectionism (London: Earthscan, 1993). See also Colin Hines, Localization (London: Earthscan, 2000).
64. The 'new protectionism' term is taken from Tim Lang and Colin Hines, The new protectionism (London: Earthscan, 1993). See also Colin Hines, Localization (London: Earthscan, 2000).
65. See Vandana Shiva, Afsar H. Jafri and Gitanjali Bedi, Ecological cost of globalization: the Indian experience (New Delhi: Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology, 1997).
66. See Najam, The case for a South secretariat in international environmental negotiation.
67. We are very grateful to Dr Tariq Banuri for this insight (personal communication).
68. Mark Halle, Seattle and sustainable development, IISD WTO Series (Winnipeg, Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development), available at http://www.iisd.ca/pdf/seattleandsd.pdf.
69. See Najam, 'An environmental negotiation Strategy for the South'; 'Trade and environment after Seattle'.
70. See Najam, 'An environmental negotiation Strategy tor the South'; 'Trade and environment after Seattle'.