Labor and Social Welfare: The CIO's Community Services Program, 1941-1956

Social Service Review

Volumn 70, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 613-634

  Fones Wolf, Elizabeth ^a  

^a WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040444951     PISSN: 00377961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/604217     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Congress of Industrial Organizations, Proceedings (Washington, D.C.: CIO, 1941), pp. 206-7; Congress of Industrial Organizations, Proceedings (Washington, D.C.: CIO, 1946), p. 88; Ellie Gutman, "Labor Participation in Planning Social Services" (master's thesis, New York School of Social Work, August 1945), pp. 17-22.
2. Congress of Industrial Organizations, Proceedings (Washington, D.C.: CIO, 1941), pp. 206-7; Congress of Industrial Organizations, Proceedings (Washington, D.C.: CIO, 1946), p. 88; Ellie Gutman, "Labor Participation in Planning Social Services" (master's thesis, New York School of Social Work, August 1945), pp. 17-22.
3. Congress of Industrial Organizations, Proceedings (Washington, D.C.: CIO, 1941), pp. 206-7; Congress of Industrial Organizations, Proceedings (Washington, D.C.: CIO, 1946), p. 88; Ellie Gutman, "Labor Participation in Planning Social Services" (master's thesis, New York School of Social Work, August 1945), pp. 17-22.
4. "Cooperation of Labor Unions and War Chests," report, August 17, 1942, box 149, David J. McDonald Papers, Historical Collections and Labor Archives, Pennsylvania State University, University Park (hereafter HCLA); Allen T. Burns to D. J. McDonald, January 9, 1942, Community Chests and Councils, board of directors minutes, July 2, 1942, January 9, 1943, reel 6, Secretary Treasurer's office - McDonald Papers, United Steelworkers of America Archives (hereafter USWA), HCLA; "Tentative Draft of Statement on Relations of Community War Chests and Councils with Organized Labor," April 19, 1945, box 31, McDonald Papers, HCLA; Harold J. Seymour, Design for Giving: The Story of the National War Fund, Inc., 1943-1947 (New York: Harper & Bros., 1947), pp. 1-7, 89-90.
5. "Cooperation of Labor Unions and War Chests," report, August 17, 1942, box 149, David J. McDonald Papers, Historical Collections and Labor Archives, Pennsylvania State University, University Park (hereafter HCLA); Allen T. Burns to D. J. McDonald, January 9, 1942, Community Chests and Councils, board of directors minutes, July 2, 1942, January 9, 1943, reel 6, Secretary Treasurer's office - McDonald Papers, United Steelworkers of America Archives (hereafter USWA), HCLA; "Tentative Draft of Statement on Relations of Community War Chests and Councils with Organized Labor," April 19, 1945, box 31, McDonald Papers, HCLA; Harold J. Seymour, Design for Giving: The Story of the National War Fund, Inc., 1943-1947 (New York: Harper & Bros., 1947), pp. 1-7, 89-90.
6. "Cooperation of Labor Unions and War Chests," report, August 17, 1942, box 149, David J. McDonald Papers, Historical Collections and Labor Archives, Pennsylvania State University, University Park (hereafter HCLA); Allen T. Burns to D. J. McDonald, January 9, 1942, Community Chests and Councils, board of directors minutes, July 2, 1942, January 9, 1943, reel 6, Secretary Treasurer's office - McDonald Papers, United Steelworkers of America Archives (hereafter USWA), HCLA; "Tentative Draft of Statement on Relations of Community War Chests and Councils with Organized Labor," April 19, 1945, box 31, McDonald Papers, HCLA; Harold J. Seymour, Design for Giving: The Story of the National War Fund, Inc., 1943-1947 (New York: Harper & Bros., 1947), pp. 1-7, 89-90.
7. James T. Patterson, America's Struggle against Poverty, 1900-1986 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986), pp. 3-22, 29-32; Josephine Chapin Brown, Public Relief, 1929-1939 (New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston, 1940), pp. 221-26; William R. Brock, Welfare, Democracy, and the New Deal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 50-83.
8. James T. Patterson, America's Struggle against Poverty, 1900-1986 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986), pp. 3-22, 29-32; Josephine Chapin Brown, Public Relief, 1929-1939 (New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston, 1940), pp. 221-26; William R. Brock, Welfare, Democracy, and the New Deal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 50-83.
9. James T. Patterson, America's Struggle against Poverty, 1900-1986 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986), pp. 3-22, 29-32; Josephine Chapin Brown, Public Relief, 1929-1939 (New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston, 1940), pp. 221-26; William R. Brock, Welfare, Democracy, and the New Deal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 50-83.
10. Jacob Fisher, The Response of Social Work to the Depression (Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1980), pp. 19-21, 31-33; Walter I. Trattner, From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America (New York: Free Press, 1989), pp. 231-41; Patterson (n. 3 above), pp. 26-28, 31-32; Albert Deutsch, "American Labor and Social Work," Science and Society 8 (1944): 290.
11. Jacob Fisher, The Response of Social Work to the Depression (Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1980), pp. 19-21, 31-33; Walter I. Trattner, From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America (New York: Free Press, 1989), pp. 231-41; Patterson (n. 3 above), pp. 26-28, 31-32; Albert Deutsch, "American Labor and Social Work," Science and Society 8 (1944): 290.
12. Jacob Fisher, The Response of Social Work to the Depression (Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1980), pp. 19-21, 31-33; Walter I. Trattner, From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America (New York: Free Press, 1989), pp. 231-41; Patterson (n. 3 above), pp. 26-28, 31-32; Albert Deutsch, "American Labor and Social Work," Science and Society 8 (1944): 290.
13. Deutsch (n. 4 above), p. 295; James Green, The World of the Worker: Labor in the Twentieth-Century America (New York: Hill & Wang, 1980), pp. 32-49, 100-132; Gutman (n. 1 above), pp. 13-15.
14. Trattner (n. 4 above), pp. 250-72; John H. Ehrenreich, The Altruistic Imagination: A History of Social Work and Social Policy in the United States (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), pp. 87-120; Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions, 1920-1985 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 14-19; Elizabeth Faue, Community of Suffering and Struggle: Women, Men and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis, 1915-1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), pp. 110-22; Jo Ann E. Argersinger, Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: People and Government in the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), pp. 21-56, 113-40.
15. Trattner (n. 4 above), pp. 250-72; John H. Ehrenreich, The Altruistic Imagination: A History of Social Work and Social Policy in the United States (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), pp. 87-120; Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions, 1920-1985 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 14-19; Elizabeth Faue, Community of Suffering and Struggle: Women, Men and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis, 1915-1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), pp. 110-22; Jo Ann E. Argersinger, Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: People and Government in the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), pp. 21-56, 113-40.
16. Trattner (n. 4 above), pp. 250-72; John H. Ehrenreich, The Altruistic Imagination: A History of Social Work and Social Policy in the United States (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), pp. 87-120; Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions, 1920-1985 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 14-19; Elizabeth Faue, Community of Suffering and Struggle: Women, Men and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis, 1915-1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), pp. 110-22; Jo Ann E. Argersinger, Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: People and Government in the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), pp. 21-56, 113-40.
17. Trattner (n. 4 above), pp. 250-72; John H. Ehrenreich, The Altruistic Imagination: A History of Social Work and Social Policy in the United States (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), pp. 87-120; Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions, 1920-1985 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 14-19; Elizabeth Faue, Community of Suffering and Struggle: Women, Men and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis, 1915-1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), pp. 110-22; Jo Ann E. Argersinger, Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: People and Government in the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), pp. 21-56, 113-40.
18. Patterson (n. 3 above), pp. 57-60; Brown (n. 3 above), pp. 244-53.
19. Patterson (n. 3 above), pp. 60-62; Knudson quoted in Brock (n. 3 above), p. 264; Argersinger (n. 6 above), pp. 22-49.
20. Social work underwent a process of transformation during the 1930s. Professionally trained social workers began emphasizing social action and reform rather than casework. The emergence of the rank-and-file movement among these social workers heightened their identification with labor. But, in many local communities, the staffs of social service agencies rarely included professionally trained social workers. Trattner notes that in the 1940s and 1950s, "most social workers again became concerned with casework and technique rather than with the further expansion of public social services and the improvement of living conditions." Trattner (n. 4 above), p. 278; Brown (n. 3 above), pp. 228-29.
21. Zieger (n. 6 above), pp. 26-61; Argersinger (n. 6 above), p. 137; Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 320.
22. Foster Rhea Dulles, The American Red Cross (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1950), pp. 303-4.
23. Robert L. Kinney, "Should Unions Organize Their Own Social Services?" Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work (New York: Columbia University Press, 1945), p. 236; Orville C. Jones, "Organized Labor's Concern for Community Welfare," Religious Education 43 (1948): 291.
24. Robert L. Kinney, "Should Unions Organize Their Own Social Services?" Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work (New York: Columbia University Press, 1945), p. 236; Orville C. Jones, "Organized Labor's Concern for Community Welfare," Religious Education 43 (1948): 291.
25. Leo Perlis, "Citizenship in Action," AFL-CIO Federationist (September 1957): 6.
26. James Leiby, A History of Social Welfare and Social Work in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), p. 242;
27. Harold Wilensky and Charles N. Lebeaux, Industrial Society and Social Welfare (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1958), pp. 164-65;
28. Eleanor L. Brilliant, The United Way: Dilemmas of Organized Charity (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), pp. 24-27.
29. Gutman (n. 1 above), pp. 23-32, 47-58; Community Chests and Councils, "Labor Participation in Organized Health and Welfare Activities Other than Fund Raising," December 1943, reel 6, Secretary-Treasurer's office - McDonald Papers, USWA, HCLA; Citizen CIO, December 1945, p. 6, Box 36, American Union Files, Labor Management Documentation Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. (hereafter LMDC); Congress of Industrial Organizations, Proceedings (Washington D.C.: CIO, 1944), p. 95.
30. Bent Taylor, "Labor Becomes a Big Giver," Survey Graphic (February 1943): 46-49, 61-62; Emery Bacon et al. to Robert P. Lane, February 12, 1953, reel 27-A, President's Office-McDonald Papers, USWA, HCLA.
31. Congress of Industrial Organizations, Proceedings (Washington, D.C.: CIO, 1942), p. 116.
32. Gutman (n. 1 above), pp. 23-25; Leo Perlis to Joseph A. Beirne, "CIO-CSC Today - a Report with Recommendations," April 21, 1955, box 55, CIO Washington Office Files, CIO Records, Archives of Labor History and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University, Detroit (hereafter ALHUA); Community Services News Letter, March-April 1945, box 7, Greater Buffalo Industrial Union Council Records, LMDC.
33. Gutman (n. 1 above), pp. 23-25; Leo Perlis to Joseph A. Beirne, "CIO-CSC Today - a Report with Recommendations," April 21, 1955, box 55, CIO Washington Office Files, CIO Records, Archives of Labor History and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University, Detroit (hereafter ALHUA); Community Services News Letter, March-April 1945, box 7, Greater Buffalo Industrial Union Council Records, LMDC.
34. The UOSS became a member agency of the Camden County Community Chest and Council with a board that included CIO and AFL representatives as well as representatives of various community agencies, including the Department of Public Welfare and Catholic Charities. Besides the services for children, it operated a referral center where social workers assisted both union and nonunion members with out-of-plant problems. It continued in the postwar period as an independent agency. Community Services News Letter (National CIO War Relief Committee), November 1944, box 49, American Union File, LMDC; Kinney (n. 12 above), pp. 238-39; National Newsletter, CIO Edition (Labor-Employee Participation Department, Community Chests and Councils, Inc.), November 1947, box 49, American Union Files, LMDC.
35. The UOSS became a member agency of the Camden County Community Chest and Council with a board that included CIO and AFL representatives as well as representatives of various community agencies, including the Department of Public Welfare and Catholic Charities. Besides the services for children, it operated a referral center where social workers assisted both union and nonunion members with out-of-plant problems. It continued in the postwar period as an independent agency. Community Services News Letter (National CIO War Relief Committee), November 1944, box 49, American Union File, LMDC; Kinney (n. 12 above), pp. 238-39; National Newsletter, CIO Edition (Labor-Employee Participation Department, Community Chests and Councils, Inc.), November 1947, box 49, American Union Files, LMDC.
36. Experiments in providing union-sponsored referral services began as early as 1942. But in these early programs, the counselors were professional social workers who operated off the work site. Ben Rubenstein, "Organized Social Work at a New Frontier," Compass (November 1943): 11-15; Congress of Industrial Organizations, Union Counselling: A New CIO Service for Industrial Workers, pamphlet, ca. 1945, box 39, McDonald Papers, HCLA.
37. Experiments in providing union-sponsored referral services began as early as 1942. But in these early programs, the counselors were professional social workers who operated off the work site. Ben Rubenstein, "Organized Social Work at a New Frontier," Compass (November 1943): 11-15; Congress of Industrial Organizations, Union Counselling: A New CIO Service for Industrial Workers, pamphlet, ca. 1945, box 39, McDonald Papers, HCLA.
38. "Good Advice for Bad Times," Ammunition (May 1948): 20-21; National CIO Community Services Committee, Action for a Better Community (n.p., ca. 1951); "People at Work," Christian Science Monitor (September 21, 1957); "Union Counselling," Ammunition (February 1946): 15.
39. "Good Advice for Bad Times," Ammunition (May 1948): 20-21; National CIO Community Services Committee, Action for a Better Community (n.p., ca. 1951); "People at Work," Christian Science Monitor (September 21, 1957); "Union Counselling," Ammunition (February 1946): 15.
40. "Good Advice for Bad Times," Ammunition (May 1948): 20-21; National CIO Community Services Committee, Action for a Better Community (n.p., ca. 1951); "People at Work," Christian Science Monitor (September 21, 1957); "Union Counselling," Ammunition (February 1946): 15.
41. "Good Advice for Bad Times," Ammunition (May 1948): 20-21; National CIO Community Services Committee, Action for a Better Community (n.p., ca. 1951); "People at Work," Christian Science Monitor (September 21, 1957); "Union Counselling," Ammunition (February 1946): 15.
42. Gutman (n. 1 above), p. 24; Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, "Industrial Recreation, the Second World War, and the Revival of Welfare Capitalism, 1934-1960," Business History Review 60 (Summer 1986): 242-45.
43. "Minutes of the First Counsellor Training Session," June 21, 1944, Philadelphia, box 49, American Union Files, LMDC.
44. Leo Perlis to Irving Abramson (Quarterly Report of the National CIO War Relief Committee), April 28, 1945, box 32, McDonald Papers, HCLA; Leo Perlis to Irving Abramson, April 25, 1946, box 32, McDonald Papers, HCLA.
45. "Report of the Committee on the Future Relationships of Chests and Councils With Organized Labor," September 14, 1945, and "Remarks by H. L. R. Emmet," September 15, 1945, box 31, McDonald Papers, HCLA.
46. Leo Perlis to Irving Abramson, April 25, 1946, box 32, McDonald Papers, HCLA.
47. Community Chests and Councils, Inc., "Committee on Future Relations With Organized Labor, Informal Report," April 22, 1946, box 32, McDonald Papers, HCLA; also see correspondence on Kent articles in boxes 32, 39, McDonald Papers, HCLA; box 10, United Steelworkers of American Department of Education Records, USWA, HCLA; and box 79, Yellow Dot Records, United Electrical Workers Archives, Archives of Industrial Society, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; transcript, annual meeting of Community Chests and Councils, Inc., Chicago, February 21-23, 1946, box 31, McDonald Papers, HCLA.
48. Perlis to E. A. Roberts, July 11, 1946, and address by Leo Perlis at the Pacific Conference of Community Chests and Councils, Coronado, Calif., April, 25, 1946, both in box 36, McDonald Papers, HCLA; Gutman (n. 1 above), pp. 63, 138-39.
49. "Program of the Labor-Employee Participation Department," August 1, 1947, box 10, United Steelworkers of America Department of Education Records, USWA, HCLA; minutes, National CIO Community Services Committee, September 19, 1946, box 36, McDonald Papers, HCLA; Social Work Year Book (New York: American Association of Social Work, 1954), p. 307.
50. Nat Klein to Industrial Union Councils et al., October 15, 1946, box 37, Buffalo Industrial Union Council Records, LMDC; minutes, National CIO Community Services Committee, April 21, 1955, box 55, Washington CIO Office Records, ALHUA.
51. Leo Perlis to Irving Abramson, April 30, 1946, box 10, USA Department of Education Records, HCLA; Perlis to Beire, "CIO-CSC Today - a Report with Recommendations," April 21, 1955 (n. 18 above).
52. "Proceedings," Twelfth Annual CIO Community Services Institute, May 17-23, 1953, box 55, CIO Washington Office Records, ALHUA.
53. "National Development of the Community Services Program," first session, Community Services Section, National Staff Conference, Hudson Shore, 1945, box 79, Yellow Dot, United Electrical Workers Archives.
54. National CIO Community Services Committee, "Suggested Course Outline," ca. 1947, reel 19, Secretary-Treasurer's Office Records, USWA, HCLA.
55. "Course Outline, CIO Community Services Program for CIO Summer School Schools and Institutes," n.d., reel 20, Secretary-Treasurer's Office Records, USWA, HCLA; Faue (n. 6 above), p. 116.
56. Howell John Harris, The Right to Manage: Industrial Relations Policies of American Business in the 1940s (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982); and Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-60 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994).
57. Howell John Harris, The Right to Manage: Industrial Relations Policies of American Business in the 1940s (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982); and Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-60 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994).
58. Ohio CIO Council, CIO Community Services Committee in Action (Columbus: Ohio CIO Council, 1950), p. 2.
59. Myrna S. Bordelon, "Everyman Has the Power" (pamphlet), March 1948, box 58, American Union Files, LMDC; Illinois State Industrial Union Council CIO Community Services Committee, annual activities report, 1952, box 46, series 1, Michigan AFL-CIO Records, ALHUA.
60. Milton Derber, Labor in Illinois: The Affluent Years, 1945-80 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), p. 339.
61. Illinois State Industrial Union Council CIO Community Services Committee, annual activities report, 1952, box 46, series 1, Michigan AFL-CIO Records, ALHUA; Derber (n. 39 above), p. 14; The CIO News (December 6, 1954); proceedings, Institute on Community Services, June 4-9, 1950, box 80, CIO Office of the Secretary-Treasurer Papers, ALHUA.
62. Organized labor was a major supporter of federated fund-raising in the 1950s and 1960s. Brilliant (n. 14 above), pp. 30-31; "People at Work," proceedings, Twelfth Annual CIO Community Services Institute, May 17-23, Ottawa, 111., box 55, CIO Washington Office Records, ALHUA.
63. Gutman (n. 1 above), p. 63; National CIO Community Services Committee, minutes, September 9, 1953, box 116, Amalgamated Clothing Workers Papers, LMDC; Citizen CIO, December 1945, p. 7, box 36, American Union Files, LMDC.
64. James B. Carey, "The Opportunity of Labor in Social Welfare" (speech before the National Conference of Social Work, Atlantic City, N.J., May 12, 1954), box 55, CIO Washington Office Files, ALHUA; Matthew Woll, "A.F. of L.'s National Community Relations Committee," flyer, ca. 1953, box 10, United Steelworkers of America Department of Education Records, USWA, HCLA.
65. James B. Carey, "The Opportunity of Labor in Social Welfare" (speech before the National Conference of Social Work, Atlantic City, N.J., May 12, 1954), box 55, CIO Washington Office Files, ALHUA; Matthew Woll, "A.F. of L.'s National Community Relations Committee," flyer, ca. 1953, box 10, United Steelworkers of America Department of Education Records, USWA, HCLA.
66. National Newsletter, CIO ed. (Labor Participation Department, Community Chests and Councils), December 1947, box 59, American Union Files, LMDC; proceedings, Institute on Community Services, June 4-9, 1950 (n. 40 above).
67. Ohio CIO Council, CIO Community Services Committee in Action (Columbus: Ohio CIO Council, 1950), p. 5, box 36, American Union Files, LMDC.
68. Congress of Industrial Organizations, Proceedings (Washington, D.C.: CIO, 1949), p. 200.
69. Minutes, National CIO Community Services Committee, October 30, 1949, box 37, McDonald Papers, HCLA.
70. National CIO Community Services Committee, "Case Histories of the Strike Assistance Program, 1952 Steel Strike," box 36, American Union Files, LMDC.
71. J. C. Pierce to Leo Perlis, October 6, November 7, 1949, and Robert L. Kinney to Leo Perlis, December 6, 1949, all in box 37, McDonald Papers, HCLA; "Summary of Typical Field Reports from CIO-CSC Area Directors Concerning Strike Relief Assistance to United Steelworkers of America," enclosed in Robert A. Levin to Leo Perlis, March 11, 1946, box 32, McDonald Papers, HCLA; " Case Histories of the Strike Assistance Program, 1952 Steel Strike," 1952, box 36, American Union Files, LMDC.
72. J. C. Pierce to Leo Perlis, October 6, November 7, 1949, and Robert L. Kinney to Leo Perlis, December 6, 1949, all in box 37, McDonald Papers, HCLA; "Summary of Typical Field Reports from CIO-CSC Area Directors Concerning Strike Relief Assistance to United Steelworkers of America," enclosed in Robert A. Levin to Leo Perlis, March 11, 1946, box 32, McDonald Papers, HCLA; " Case Histories of the Strike Assistance Program, 1952 Steel Strike," 1952, box 36, American Union Files, LMDC.
73. Robert L. Kinney to Leo Perlis, December 6, 1949, box 37, McDonald Papers, HCLA; minutes, National CIO Community Services Committee, October 30, 1949, box 36, McDonald Papers, HCLA; "Summary of Typical Field Reports," March 11, 1946, box 32, McDonald Papers, HCLA.
74. Report of the CIO Field Staff for the Fifth Anniversary Meeting Labor Participation Department Advisory Committee, January 15, 1952, box 10, United Steelworkers of America Department of Education Records, USWA, HCLA.
75. Myrna S. Bordelon, "A Demonstration of Worker Participation in Community Organization," Journal of Educational Sociology 23 (November 1949); 158-62.
76. Community Services Committee, Chicago Industrial Union Council, news release, March 26, 1948, reel 19, Secretary-Treasurer's Office Records, USWA, HCLA.
77. Minutes, Michigan CIO Community Services Committee, March 4, 1955, box 2058, Record Group 1, President's Office Papers, International Union of Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers Records, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J. (hereafter IUE Records).
78. David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 176-77.
79. National Community Services Committee, "When Unemployment Strikes," draft, ca. 1948, reel 19, Secretary-Treasurer's Office, USWA, HCLA.
80. In addition to the CIO's Community Services Committee, the CIO's political arm, the Political Action Committee, played a key role in the liberal campaign for the development of a comprehensive welfare system. Labor pushed for improvements in Social Security, workmen's compensation, education, and health care. Zieger (n. 6 above), pp. 120-21, 183-87; Citizen CIO, National CIO Community Services Committee newsletter (May 18, 1954); Carey (n. 43 above).
81. Derber (n. 39 above), p. 339; Labor-Welfare in Our Community, Chicago Industrial Union Council CSC and the Community Fund and Council of Social Agencies of Chicago newsletter, May-June 1947, July 1947, August-September 1949, box 59, American Union Files, LMDC.
82. Illinois State Industrial Union Council CIO Community Services Committee, annual activities report, 1952, ALHUA (n. 38 above); "Four County Council CIO CSC Report to the State Convention, East Moline, Illinois," December 1953, box 116, Hillman Papers, Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Records, LMDC; "Region Building Power of CIO in Community Action," Local 1027 Broadcaster (Springfield, 111.), March 1953, ALHUA.
83. Illinois State Industrial Union Council CIO Community Services Committee, annual activities report, 1952, ALHUA (n. 38 above); "Four County Council CIO CSC Report to the State Convention, East Moline, Illinois," December 1953, box 116, Hillman Papers, Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Records, LMDC; "Region Building Power of CIO in Community Action," Local 1027 Broadcaster (Springfield, 111.), March 1953, ALHUA.
84. "Statewide CIO CSC Report to the (Illinois) State CIO Convention," December 1953, both in box 116, Hillman Papers, Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Records, LMDC.
85. Proceedings, Second Annual Union Counsellor Banquet, sponsored by the Chicago Industrial Union Council, March 8, 1947, reel 19, Secretary-Treasurer's Office, USWA, HCLA.
86. Minutes, CIO executive board, June 25, 1954, ALHUA.
87. National CIO Community Services Committee, CIO-CSC Guide to Public Assistance (New York, 1950), p. 5, box 37, McDonald Papers, HCLA; "Public Assistance," Pennsylvania State CIO Community Service and Civil Defense Bulletin, April 1955, p. 3, box 2058, Record Group 1, President's Office Papers, IUE Records.
88. National CIO Community Services Committee, CIO-CSC Guide to Public Assistance (New York, 1950), p. 5, box 37, McDonald Papers, HCLA; "Public Assistance," Pennsylvania State CIO Community Service and Civil Defense Bulletin, April 1955, p. 3, box 2058, Record Group 1, President's Office Papers, IUE Records.
89. Irving Abramson to Philip Murray, April 22, 1949, box 80, CIO Office of the Secretary-Treasurer Papers, ALHUA; Edwin F. Hallenbeck to George Meany, October 21, 1953, box 56, George Meany Papers, George Meany Memorial Archives (hereafter GMMA), Silver Spring, Md.
90. AFL-CIO, American Federation of Labor: History Encyclopedia, and Reference Book (Washington, D.C.: AFL-CIO, 1960), 3, pt. 1: 439-44.
91. Robert A. Rosekrans to Matthew Woll, October 3, 1955, box 26, George Meany Papers, GMMA.
92. "Need More Community Activity, Reedy Tells Parley," AFL-CIO American Federationist, June 1957, p. 28; American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations, Proceedings (Washington D.C.: AFL-CIO, 1957), pp. 287-89.
93. "Need More Community Activity, Reedy Tells Parley," AFL-CIO American Federationist, June 1957, p. 28; American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations, Proceedings (Washington D.C.: AFL-CIO, 1957), pp. 287-89.
94. Alice H. Cook, "Education of Workers for Public Responsibility in Community and Public Affairs" (paper presented to the Conference on Labor's Public Responsibility, November 17-20, 1959, Madison, Wis.), box 99, McDonald Papers, HCLA.
95. "Look-in on Labor Participation," Community 28 (February 1953): 107.
96. William H. Form, "Organized Labor's Place in the Community Power Structure," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 12 (July 1959): 536-36; Cook, "Education of Workers" (n. 68 above).
97. William H. Form, "Organized Labor's Place in the Community Power Structure," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 12 (July 1959): 536-36; Cook, "Education of Workers" (n. 68 above).
98. James B. McKee, "Status and Power in the Industrial Community: A Comment on Drucker's Thesis," American Journal of Sociology 58 (January 1953): 368-69; Alice Cook, interview, July 12, 1989, Ithaca, N.Y.
99. American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations, Proceedings, First Annual AFL-CIO Community Services Conference, March 4-9, 1956 (Washington D.C.: AFL-CIO Community Services Committee, 1956), p. 18; Wilensky and Lebeaux (n. 14 above), pp. 273-79.
100. Minutes, executive board meeting, Indiana State AFL-CIO, March 18-19, 1959, box 7, United Steelworkers of America District 30 Records, USWA, HCLA.
101. Alice H. Cook to Ralph N. Campbell et al., November 7, 1952, box 11, ser. 3, Inter-University Labor Education Committee Records, LMDC.
102. CIO executive board minutes, June 4, 1953, October 5, 1954, ALHUA.
103. Perlis to Beirne, "CIO-CSC Today," April 21, 1955. (n. 18 above).
104. Alice Cook, interview, July 12, 1989, Ithaca, N.Y.; Cook "Education of Workers" (n. 68 above); Brilliant (n. 14 above), p. 55.
105. New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Third Annual Seminar in Community Relations for Business and Industry, December 1, 1952, box 10, ser. 3, Inter-University Labor Education Committee Records, LMDC. At the 1953 Illinois CIO Community Services Institute, during a discussion on building good relations with agencies and the entire community, CIO Political Action Committee representative Darrell Smith advised the workers not to "forget that passion for respectability sometimes tends to lessen our righting militancy." "Students Voice Satisfaction at Summary Session of Institute," Illinois Labor, August 1954, box 2058, Record Group 1, President's Office Files, IUE Records.
106. "Your Community: Labor's New Frontier," Nation's Business (October 1956): 29-31, 84-85; Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise (n. 36 above), pp. 158-86.
107. "Your Community: Labor's New Frontier," Nation's Business (October 1956): 29-31, 84-85; Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise (n. 36 above), pp. 158-86.