The internet revolution in China

International Journal

Volumn 56, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 420-439

  Bi, Jianhai ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040376295     PISSN: 00207020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/002070200105600303     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Acording to government figures, Another source puts the number of users at 29 million. See Agence France Presse, 'China to protect intellectual property on the internet,' Inside China, 22 December 2000.
2. Wang Chuandong, 'Computer sector sees decrease in sales,' China Daily, 10 March 1999.
3. Agence France Presse, 'Sales of computers leap in China,' Inside China, 27 February 2000.
4. Craig S. Smith, 'China's high-tech industry approaches critical mass,' International Herald Tribune, 29 May 2001.
5. 'China has 16.9 million internet users,' People's Daily, 27 July 2000.
6. Agence France Presse, 'China takes key step in combating computer piracy,' Inside China, 9 April 1999; Craig S. Smith, 'China's high-tech industry approaches critical mass,' International Herald Tribune, 29 May 2001.
7. Agence France Presse, 'China takes key step in combating computer piracy,' Inside China, 9 April 1999; Craig S. Smith, 'China's high-tech industry approaches critical mass,' International Herald Tribune, 29 May 2001.
8. Huan Xin, 'Web surfers profiled in survey,' China Daily, 18 January 1999; Zhu Qiwen, 'Laws must help internet economy,' ibid, 22 November 1999; Sun Shangwu, 'Young, smart, single and surfing,' ibid, 19 January 2000.
9. Huan Xin, 'Web surfers profiled in survey,' China Daily, 18 January 1999; Zhu Qiwen, 'Laws must help internet economy,' ibid, 22 November 1999; Sun Shangwu, 'Young, smart, single and surfing,' ibid, 19 January 2000.
10. Huan Xin, 'Web surfers profiled in survey,' China Daily, 18 January 1999; Zhu Qiwen, 'Laws must help internet economy,' ibid, 22 November 1999; Sun Shangwu, 'Young, smart, single and surfing,' ibid, 19 January 2000.
11. Quoted in Charles Snyder, 'Internet crackdown leaves Beijing with egg on its face,' Hong Kong Imail, 8 December 2000.
12. 'Motorola and Cisco cooperate to tap China's wireless internet market,' People's Daily, 10 May 2001; Kai-Alexander Schlevogt, 'Policy needed to make web a power for life,' China Daily, 22 September 1999.
13. 'Motorola and Cisco cooperate to tap China's wireless internet market,' People's Daily, 10 May 2001; Kai-Alexander Schlevogt, 'Policy needed to make web a power for life,' China Daily, 22 September 1999.
14. Shangwu, 'Young, smart, single and surfing.'
15. Guo Aibing, 'China chooses nation's top cyber stars,' China Daily, 17 January 2000.
16. By January 2000, Sohu.Com averaged 6 million page views a day and had more than 880,000 registered e-mail users; 'Sohu.Com, internet portal in China, files us IPO,' Inside China, 5 February 2000.
17. By January 2000, Sohu.Com averaged 6 million page views a day and had more than 880,000 registered e-mail users; 'Sohu.Com, internet portal in China, files us IPO,' Inside China, 5 February 2000.
18. Jiang Chen, 'Nation wired for business,' China Daily, 10 February 2000; 'The number of customers of China's telecommunication data reaches ten million,' Wenhui Daily, 15 October 2000.
19. Jiang Chen, 'Nation wired for business,' China Daily, 10 February 2000; 'The number of customers of China's telecommunication data reaches ten million,' Wenhui Daily, 15 October 2000.
20. The slump in NASDAQ shares in the United States market seems unlikely to have much medium or long-term significance for China. See 'Gathering of business leaders in Hong Kong aims at creating riches in China,' International Chinese Weekly, 20 May 2001; 'World business leaders eye Chinese information market,' People's Daily, 9 May 2001.
21. The slump in NASDAQ shares in the United States market seems unlikely to have much medium or long-term significance for China. See 'Gathering of business leaders in Hong Kong aims at creating riches in China,' International Chinese Weekly, 20 May 2001; 'World business leaders eye Chinese information market,' People's Daily, 9 May 2001.
22. 'E-commerce turnover surges,' China Daily, 11 January 2000.
23. 'China's online shopping to amount to US$190 million,' People's Daily, 10 April 2001.
24. Agence France Presse, 'China's on-line advertising market seeing explosive growth,' Inside China, 21 October 1999.
25. Some scholars claim that for over a decade there has been a large private media, including, for instance, the Nanfang newspapers. In fact, China has no private media. All media are owned by the CCP organs. Nanfang Daily, a principal member of the Nanfang group, is the mouthpiece of the provincial party organ. Although the weekend edition and the Nanfang City News have touched on relatively sensitive issues and published somewhat bold opinions, both remain under the Propaganda Department of the CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee and are unlikely to speak with an independent voice. See Luo Bing, 'The CCP Shenzhen Municipal Committee unreasonably directs banning the issue of the Nanfang City News causing great disturbance - a public fierce strife between the CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee and the CCP Shenzhen Municipal Committee,' Trend, May 2001, 6-8.
26. Zhang Min, 'China news digest weekly and its voluntary group,' China Monthly, no. 68(April 1999).
27. 'Statistics of this website and more,' China News Digest Weekly website, 29 January 2000.
28. Sherman Wu, 'Mainland Chinese air views on internet,' Central News Agency, Taipei, 1 July 1999.
29. 'Beijing's website unfolds a vigorous campaign for reminiscence of Zhao Ziyang,' Sing Too Daily [New Zealand edition], 16 October 1999.
30. Willy Wo-Lap Lam, 'Liberal publications face more pressure,' South China Morning Post, 27 January 2000.
31. See Susan V. Lawrence, 'China: a city ruled by crime,' Far Eastern Economic Review, 30 November 2000.
32. Jasper Becker, 'Party angered by net news of probe,' South China Morning Post, 28 January 2000.
33. An explosion in Fanglin Village Primary School in Jiangxi province killed 41 people, mostly children, on 6 March 2001. The underlying cause was government cutbacks to education funding, which meant that children were forced to assemble firecrackers to make money to keep the school open.
34. Wei Lutian, 'Zhu Rongji's reputation is damaged by himself,' Trend, March 2001, 3.
35. 'News conference is hosted by the fourth plenary session of the Ninth National People's Congress - Premier Zhu Rongji answers the questions of foreign and domestic correspondents,' People's Daily, 16 March 2001.
36. Lu Fei, 'Nationalist sentiment on Chinese websites,' Cheng Ming Monthly, May 2001, 24-5.
37. The Chinese government acknowledges that some 34 million rural residents live below the poverty line it set itself. See Information Office of the State Council of the PRC, 'China's population and development in the 21st century,' Beijing Review, 25 December 2000, 11. Some 90 million people in rural areas survive on less than one American dollar per day. See James Kynge, 'China's new cultural revolution,' Financial Times (London), 2 January 2001.
38. The Chinese government acknowledges that some 34 million rural residents live below the poverty line it set itself. See Information Office of the State Council of the PRC, 'China's population and development in the 21st century,' Beijing Review, 25 December 2000, 11. Some 90 million people in rural areas survive on less than one American dollar per day. See James Kynge, 'China's new cultural revolution,' Financial Times (London), 2 January 2001.
39. China's urbanization rate is 31 per cent; its goal is 60 per cent in 20 years. See Li Heng, 'China's Urbanisation Rate to Reach 60% in 20 Years,' People's Daily, 17 May 2001.
40. Ninety per cent off China's internet users are concentrated in 34 large cities. See Andy Ho, 'Net cafe crackdown can't stop the "Cyber Opium,"' South China Morning Post, 22 May 2001.
41. Editorial, 'Cyber sensitivities - accommodating them doesn't mean denying the internet,' Asiaweek, 2 February 1995.
42. Officially, Regulations on the Management of Secrecy on the Computer Information Systems by State Bureau of Secrecy. See People's Daily, 26 January 2000.
43. Special Report, 'American businessmen object to Beijing's tight control of websites,' Sing Tao Daily [New Zealand edition], 29 January 2000; Reuters, 'Few comply as China enacts encryption rules,' Inside China, 1 February 2000.
44. Special Report, 'American businessmen object to Beijing's tight control of websites,' Sing Tao Daily [New Zealand edition], 29 January 2000; Reuters, 'Few comply as China enacts encryption rules,' Inside China, 1 February 2000.
45. Nan Van, 'Communist China intensifies the control over the internet,' Cheng Ming Monthly, April 2001, 23-5.
46. Ibid, 46.
47. See, for example, Erik Eckholm, 'China detains leftist's son for helping to put criticism online,' International Herald Tribune, 24 May 2001.
48. An official of the State Bureau of Secrecy acknowledged Cyberspace did not lend itself to easy monitoring. See Jasper Becker, 'Mainland clamps down on net,' South China Morning Post, 27 January 2000. Wang Qingcun, a senior official in the Information Office of the State Council, also admitted that it was hard for the government to supervise online information. See Mark O'Neill, 'Battle of new and old media,' ibid, 19 February 2000.
49. An official of the State Bureau of Secrecy acknowledged Cyberspace did not lend itself to easy monitoring. See Jasper Becker, 'Mainland clamps down on net,' South China Morning Post, 27 January 2000. Wang Qingcun, a senior official in the Information Office of the State Council, also admitted that it was hard for the government to supervise online information. See Mark O'Neill, 'Battle of new and old media,' ibid, 19 February 2000.
50. Agence France Presse, 'Petition breaks web barricades,' ibid, 5 June 1999.
51. Wei Ren, 'Communist China builds electronic mouthpieces,' Trend, December 1998, 35-6.
52. Mark O'Neill, 'Battle of new and old media.'
53. Gren Manuel, 'Straw to break panda's back,' South China Morning Post, 28 January 2000.
54. Zhu Bangzao, the Chinese foreign ministry spokesman, acknowledged that ecommerce would be affected somewhat by the regulations but added that they would not affect the pace of foreign companies entering China. See Jasper Becker and Reuters, 'Beijing tries to calm fear of net rules,' South China Morning Post, 28 January 2000.
55. Zhu Bangzao, the Chinese foreign ministry spokesman, acknowledged that ecommerce would be affected somewhat by the regulations but added that they would not affect the pace of foreign companies entering China. See Jasper Becker and Reuters, 'Beijing tries to calm fear of net rules,' South China Morning Post, 28 January 2000.
56. Dian Tai, 'High-tech industries stressed,' China Daily, 25 January 2000; Willy WoLap Lam, 'Hi-tech Confucian future,'South China Morning Post, 13 October 1999. The government has also listed the internet industry as an important part of its strategy for developing the national economy. Zhu Rongji announced that, over the next five years, China would speed up development of the information technology industry, especially broadband information networks, and would promote the use of information technology in every segment of the economy. See Premier Zhu Rongji, 'Report on the outline of the tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (2001-2005) to the fourth session of the Ninth National People's Congress, 5 March 2001,' People's Daily, 17 March 2001.
57. Dian Tai, 'High-tech industries stressed,' China Daily, 25 January 2000; Willy WoLap Lam, 'Hi-tech Confucian future,'South China Morning Post, 13 October 1999. The government has also listed the internet industry as an important part of its strategy for developing the national economy. Zhu Rongji announced that, over the next five years, China would speed up development of the information technology industry, especially broadband information networks, and would promote the use of information technology in every segment of the economy. See Premier Zhu Rongji, 'Report on the outline of the tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (2001-2005) to the fourth session of the Ninth National People's Congress, 5 March 2001,' People's Daily, 17 March 2001.
58. Dian Tai, 'High-tech industries stressed,' China Daily, 25 January 2000; Willy WoLap Lam, 'Hi-tech Confucian future,'South China Morning Post, 13 October 1999. The government has also listed the internet industry as an important part of its strategy for developing the national economy. Zhu Rongji announced that, over the next five years, China would speed up development of the information technology industry, especially broadband information networks, and would promote the use of information technology in every segment of the economy. See Premier Zhu Rongji, 'Report on the outline of the tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (2001-2005) to the fourth session of the Ninth National People's Congress, 5 March 2001,' People's Daily, 17 March 2001.