Ankara's baku-centered transcaucasia policy: Has it failed?

Middle East Journal

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 78-93

  Bolukbasi, Suha ^a  

^a MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0040360889     PISSN: 00263141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. See Graham E. Fuller, Ian O. Lesser, and Paul B. Henze, Turkey's New Geopolitics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993); A ndrew Mango, Turkey: The Challenge of A New Role (London: Praeger, 1994); Graham E. Fuller, Turkey Faces East: New Orientations Toward the Middle East and the Old Soviet Union (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1992).
2. See Graham E. Fuller, Ian O. Lesser, and Paul B. Henze, Turkey's New Geopolitics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993); A ndrew Mango, Turkey: The Challenge of A New Role (London: Praeger, 1994); Graham E. Fuller, Turkey Faces East: New Orientations Toward the Middle East and the Old Soviet Union (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1992).
3. See Graham E. Fuller, Ian O. Lesser, and Paul B. Henze, Turkey's New Geopolitics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993); A ndrew Mango, Turkey: The Challenge of A New Role (London: Praeger, 1994); Graham E. Fuller, Turkey Faces East: New Orientations Toward the Middle East and the Old Soviet Union (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1992).
4. Hugh Pope, Independent, 1 June 1992, cited in Philip Robins, "Between Sentiment and Self-interest: Turkey's Policy Toward Azerbaijan and the Central Asian States," in The Middle East Journal 47, no. 4 (Autumn 1993), p. 595.
5. Hugh Pope, Independent, 1 June 1992, cited in Philip Robins, "Between Sentiment and Self-interest: Turkey's Policy Toward Azerbaijan and the Central Asian States," in The Middle East Journal 47, no. 4 (Autumn 1993), p. 595.
6. This does not mean that there are no significant difficulties standing in the way of these modest goals. Armenia, and more importantly, Russia consider the new Turkish factor in the Transcaucasus a security problem. Hence the Turks have to take into consideration the Russian and the Armenian fears and suspicions, while coping with Iran's rivalry for influence within the same region.
7. For a discussion of some of these goals, see Elizabeth Fuller, "The Tussle for Influence in Central Asia and the Transcaucasus," in Transition 2, no. 12 (14 June 1996), pp 11-15.
8. See the then Turkish foreign minister Hikmet Çetin's views in Turkish Probe (Ankara), 24 August 1993, p. 14. Also see TRT TV, Ankara, 1 February 1995. in British Broadcasting Corporation, Summary of World Broadcasts (hereafter: BBC, SWB) SUW/0307, 10 February 1995, p. WD/8.
9. See the then Turkish foreign minister Hikmet Çetin's views in Turkish Probe (Ankara), 24 August 1993, p. 14. Also see TRT TV, Ankara, 1 February 1995. in British Broadcasting Corporation, Summary of World Broadcasts (hereafter: BBC, SWB) SUW/0307, 10 February 1995, p. WD/8.
10. Middle East Economic Survey (hereafter: MEES), 16 October 1995, p. A4. For Russian foreign minister Andrei Kozyrev's statement, see ITAR-TASS World Service, Moscow, 22 September 1994, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service Daily Reports, Central Eurasia (hereafter: FBIS-CEU), 22 September 1994, p. 10.
11. Middle East Economic Survey (hereafter: MEES), 16 October 1995, p. A4. For Russian foreign minister Andrei Kozyrev's statement, see ITAR-TASS World Service, Moscow, 22 September 1994, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service Daily Reports, Central Eurasia (hereafter: FBIS-CEU), 22 September 1994, p. 10.
12. Elizabeth Fuller, "Stopping the Shooting Is Only Half the Battle," Transition, 12 January 1996, p. 24.
13. Ibid.
14. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Weekly Review (hereafter: RFE/RL), 9 October 1992, p. 66; Moscow Radio Rossii Network, 3 October 1992, in FBlS-CEU, 5 October 1992, p. 64.
15. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Weekly Review (hereafter: RFE/RL), 9 October 1992, p. 66; Moscow Radio Rossii Network, 3 October 1992, in FBlS-CEU, 5 October 1992, p. 64.
16. TRT Television Network, 9 November 1991, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service-Western Europe (hereafter: FBIS-WE), 12 November 1991, p. 42.
17. Hurriyet (Istanbul), 29 November 1991.
18. See Elizabeth Fuller, "The Ongoing Power Struggle in Azerbaijan," RFE/RL, 1 May 1992, pp. 11-13.
19. Hurriyet, 15 May 1992; Milliyet (Istanbul), 21 May 1992; Bakinsky Rabochii (Baku), 15 and 17 May 1992.
20. Hurriyet, 15 May 1992; Milliyet (Istanbul), 21 May 1992; Bakinsky Rabochii (Baku), 15 and 17 May 1992.
21. Hurriyet, 15 May 1992; Milliyet (Istanbul), 21 May 1992; Bakinsky Rabochii (Baku), 15 and 17 May 1992.
22. Elizabeth Fuller, "Azerbaijan After the Presidential Elections," RFE/RL, 26 June 1992, pp. 1-17; Milliyet, 8 June 1992.
23. Elizabeth Fuller, "Azerbaijan After the Presidential Elections," RFE/RL, 26 June 1992, pp. 1-17; Milliyet, 8 June 1992.
24. Milliyet, 2 November 1992; Milliyet, 8 June 1992.
25. Milliyet, 2 November 1992; Milliyet, 8 June 1992.
26. Milliyet, 29 February 1992; Hurriyet, 3 March 1992.
27. Milliyet, 29 February 1992; Hurriyet, 3 March 1992.
28. Hurriyet, 7 June 1992; Cumhuriyet (Istanbul), 11 March 1992.
29. Hurriyet, 7 June 1992; Cumhuriyet (Istanbul), 11 March 1992.
30. Cumhuriyet, 6 June 1992. See also Hurriyet, 26 September 1992.
31. Cumhuriyet, 6 June 1992. See also Hurriyet, 26 September 1992.
32. Elizabeth Fuller, "Ruling Party Strengthens Its Hold on Power," Transition, 20 October 1995, p. 56; Ostankino, Channel 1, 24 June 1994, in BBC, SWB, SU/1417, 26 June 1992, p. C4/2.
33. Elizabeth Fuller, "Ruling Party Strengthens Its Hold on Power," Transition, 20 October 1995, p. 56; Ostankino, Channel 1, 24 June 1994, in BBC, SWB, SU/1417, 26 June 1992, p. C4/2.
34. Hurriyet, 12 October 1992.
35. Hurriyet, 27 November 1992.
36. Ibid.;
37. Hurriyet, 12 December 1992.
38. Interfax (Moscow), in English, 12 April 1993, in FBIS-CEU, 12 April 1993, p. 67.
39. Turkish Probe, 6 April 1993.
40. See Mark Saroyan, "The Karabakh Syndrome," Problems of Communism. (September-October 1990), p. 14.
41. See Azadlyg (Baku), 8 September 1990; Audrey L. Altstadt, "Baku, 1991: One Year After Black January," American Association for the Advancement of Central Asian Research, AACAR Bulletin 4, no. 1 (Spring 1991), p. 8.
42. See Azadlyg (Baku), 8 September 1990; Audrey L. Altstadt, "Baku, 1991: One Year After Black January," American Association for the Advancement of Central Asian Research, AACAR Bulletin 4, no. 1 (Spring 1991), p. 8.
43. Turkey Confidential (London), no. 27 (March 1992), p. 13; Elizabeth Fuller, "The Ongoing Power Struggle in Azerbaijan," pp. 11-13.
44. Turkey Confidential (London), no. 27 (March 1992), p. 13; Elizabeth Fuller, "The Ongoing Power Struggle in Azerbaijan," pp. 11-13.
45. RFE/RL, 12 June 1992, p. 61; RFE/RL, 19 June 1992, p. 75; RFE/RL, 25 September 1992, p. 74.
46. RFE/RL, 12 June 1992, p. 61; RFE/RL, 19 June 1992, p. 75; RFE/RL, 25 September 1992, p. 74.
47. RFE/RL, 12 June 1992, p. 61; RFE/RL, 19 June 1992, p. 75; RFE/RL, 25 September 1992, p. 74.
48. For Azerbaijani territorial losses see Moscow, ITAR-TASS, in English, 27 August 1993, in FBIS-CEU, 27 August 1993, p. 40; Radio Baku Network, Baku, in Azeri, 2 September 1993, in FBIS-CEU, 2 September 1993, p. 62; Rossiyskaya Gazeta, in Russian, 18 September 1993, p. 6, in FBIS-CEU, 23 September 1993. p. 34; for Baku's rejection of the Russian plan see Nevasimiya Gazeta (Moscow), 14 January 1994, p. 3.
49. For Azerbaijani territorial losses see Moscow, ITAR-TASS, in English, 27 August 1993, in FBIS-CEU, 27 August 1993, p. 40; Radio Baku Network, Baku, in Azeri, 2 September 1993, in FBIS-CEU, 2 September 1993, p. 62; Rossiyskaya Gazeta, in Russian, 18 September 1993, p. 6, in FBIS-CEU, 23 September 1993. p. 34; for Baku's rejection of the Russian plan see Nevasimiya Gazeta (Moscow), 14 January 1994, p. 3.
50. For Azerbaijani territorial losses see Moscow, ITAR-TASS, in English, 27 August 1993, in FBIS-CEU, 27 August 1993, p. 40; Radio Baku Network, Baku, in Azeri, 2 September 1993, in FBIS-CEU, 2 September 1993, p. 62; Rossiyskaya Gazeta, in Russian, 18 September 1993, p. 6, in FBIS-CEU, 23 September 1993. p. 34; for Baku's rejection of the Russian plan see Nevasimiya Gazeta (Moscow), 14 January 1994, p. 3.
51. For Azerbaijani territorial losses see Moscow, ITAR-TASS, in English, 27 August 1993, in FBIS-CEU, 27 August 1993, p. 40; Radio Baku Network, Baku, in Azeri, 2 September 1993, in FBIS-CEU, 2 September 1993, p. 62; Rossiyskaya Gazeta, in Russian, 18 September 1993, p. 6, in FBIS-CEU, 23 September 1993. p. 34; for Baku's rejection of the Russian plan see Nevasimiya Gazeta (Moscow), 14 January 1994, p. 3.
52. For Azerbaijani territorial losses see Moscow, ITAR-TASS, in English, 27 August 1993, in FBIS-CEU, 27 August 1993, p. 40; Radio Baku Network, Baku, in Azeri, 2 September 1993, in FBIS-CEU, 2 September 1993, p. 62; Rossiyskaya Gazeta, in Russian, 18 September 1993, p. 6, in FBIS-CEU, 23 September 1993. p. 34; for Baku's rejection of the Russian plan see Nevasimiya Gazeta (Moscow), 14 January 1994, p. 3.
53. ITAR-TASS, in English, 12 May 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 12 May 1994, p. 60; Turan (Baku), 28 July 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 29 July 1994, p. 38.
54. ITAR-TASS, in English, 12 May 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 12 May 1994, p. 60; Turan (Baku), 28 July 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 29 July 1994, p. 38.
55. Turan, 6 December 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 7 December 1994, p. 55.
56. Cumhuriyet, 27 October 1994; Turkish Daily News (Ankara), 21 October 1994.
57. Cumhuriyet, 27 October 1994; Turkish Daily News (Ankara), 21 October 1994.
58. For the text of Yeltsin's speech see "Russia" TV Channel, 28 February 1993, in BBC, SWB, SU/1626, pp. B/1-3. See also RFE/RL, 15 July 1994, pp. 37-38.
59. For the text of Yeltsin's speech see "Russia" TV Channel, 28 February 1993, in BBC, SWB, SU/1626, pp. B/1-3. See also RFE/RL, 15 July 1994, pp. 37-38.
60. ITAR-TASS, 15 April 1995, in BBC, SWB, SU/2280, p. S1/1: Turkish Probe, 21 April 1995.
61. ITAR-TASS, 15 April 1995, in BBC, SWB, SU/2280, p. S1/1: Turkish Probe, 21 April 1995.
62. Turkish Probe, 17 May 1996.
63. Assa-Irade (Baku), 29 June 1993, in FBIS-CEU, 30 June 1993, p. 70; Turkish Probe, 3 August 1993.
64. Assa-Irade (Baku), 29 June 1993, in FBIS-CEU, 30 June 1993, p. 70; Turkish Probe, 3 August 1993.
65. Turan, 22 February 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 24 March 1994, pp. 46-47; Azerbaycan Radio Televiziyasi, Baku, 20 September 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 21 September 1994, pp. 82-83.
66. Turan, 22 February 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 24 March 1994, pp. 46-47; Azerbaycan Radio Televiziyasi, Baku, 20 September 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 21 September 1994, pp. 82-83.
67. The Russian foreign ministry stated that the 1920 and 1941 Soviet-Iranian treaties barred any foreign firms from exploiting the mineral resources of the Caspian Sea. See Izvestiya (Moscow), 7 June 1994, p. 3; Interfax, 20 September 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 21 September 1994, p. 12; Azerbaycan Radio Televiziyasi, 20 September 1994, in ibid., pp. 82-84. ITAR-TASS, 22 September 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 22 September 1994, p. 10.
68. The Russian foreign ministry stated that the 1920 and 1941 Soviet-Iranian treaties barred any foreign firms from exploiting the mineral resources of the Caspian Sea. See Izvestiya (Moscow), 7 June 1994, p. 3; Interfax, 20 September 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 21 September 1994, p. 12; Azerbaycan Radio Televiziyasi, 20 September 1994, in ibid., pp. 82-84. ITAR-TASS, 22 September 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 22 September 1994, p. 10.
69. The Russian foreign ministry stated that the 1920 and 1941 Soviet-Iranian treaties barred any foreign firms from exploiting the mineral resources of the Caspian Sea. See Izvestiya (Moscow), 7 June 1994, p. 3; Interfax, 20 September 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 21 September 1994, p. 12; Azerbaycan Radio Televiziyasi, 20 September 1994, in ibid., pp. 82-84. ITAR-TASS, 22 September 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 22 September 1994, p. 10.
70. The Russian foreign ministry stated that the 1920 and 1941 Soviet-Iranian treaties barred any foreign firms from exploiting the mineral resources of the Caspian Sea. See Izvestiya (Moscow), 7 June 1994, p. 3; Interfax, 20 September 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 21 September 1994, p. 12; Azerbaycan Radio Televiziyasi, 20 September 1994, in ibid., pp. 82-84. ITAR-TASS, 22 September 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 22 September 1994, p. 10.
71. Interfax, 9 June 1995, in FBIS-CEU, 12 June 1995, pp. 95-96.
72. Although Russia declared the agreements illegal in 1994, from time to time it gives the impression that it could live with the agreements if Azerbaijan accorded priority to Russian oil companies.
73. Turkish Probe, 8 July 1994.
74. See Sevin Toluner, "The Regulation of Passage Through the Turkish Straits and the Montreaux Convention," in Annales de la Faculté de Droit d'Istanbul (Annals of the Faculty of Law of Istanbul) no. 44 (1981), pp. 79-95. See also League of Nations, Treaty Series 173, p. 213.
75. See Sevin Toluner, "The Regulation of Passage Through the Turkish Straits and the Montreaux Convention," in Annales de la Faculté de Droit d'Istanbul (Annals of the Faculty of Law of Istanbul) no. 44 (1981), pp. 79-95. See also League of Nations, Treaty Series 173, p. 213.
76. Briefing (Ankara), no. 979, 28 February 1994, pp. 13-15; Turkish Probe, 20 May 1994.
77. Briefing (Ankara), no. 979, 28 February 1994, pp. 13-15; Turkish Probe, 20 May 1994.
78. MEES, 26 June 1995, pp. A12-13.
79. 'Early oil' is a term used to describe up to five million tons per year which will begin to be produced in 1997. It is estimated that by the year 2010 the Caspian oil production could reach 140 million tons per year. See Turkish Probe, 17 May 1996.
80. Interfax, 16 May 1995, in BBC, SWB, SUW/0385, 26 May 1995, p. WD/4; Turkish Daily News, 16 July 1995.
81. Interfax, 16 May 1995, in BBC, SWB, SUW/0385, 26 May 1995, p. WD/4; Turkish Daily News, 16 July 1995.
82. Ibid.
83. See various issues of the Turkish Daily News, 24, 25 February 1994, 2 November 1994. See also Cumhuriyet, 23 October 1994 and 3 November 1994.
84. See various issues of the Turkish Daily News, 24, 25 February 1994, 2 November 1994. See also Cumhuriyet, 23 October 1994 and 3 November 1994.
85. Hurriyet, 18 July 1994; Turkish Probe, 22 July 1994.
86. Hurriyet, 18 July 1994; Turkish Probe, 22 July 1994.
87. Cumhuriyet, 21 October 1994; Milliyet, 20 October 1994; Turkish Probe, 28 October 1994.
88. Cumhuriyet, 21 October 1994; Milliyet, 20 October 1994; Turkish Probe, 28 October 1994.
89. Cumhuriyet, 21 October 1994; Milliyet, 20 October 1994; Turkish Probe, 28 October 1994.
90. Cumhuriyet, 23 February 1995; Turkish Probe, 24 February 1995. For more information see Lowell Bezanis, "On New Footing With Turkey," Transition, 23 June 1995, pp. 41-45.
91. Cumhuriyet, 23 February 1995; Turkish Probe, 24 February 1995. For more information see Lowell Bezanis, "On New Footing With Turkey," Transition, 23 June 1995, pp. 41-45.
92. Cumhuriyet, 23 February 1995; Turkish Probe, 24 February 1995. For more information see Lowell Bezanis, "On New Footing With Turkey," Transition, 23 June 1995, pp. 41-45.
93. The trade volume between Turkey and Russia in 1995 was $3.5 billion, or six percent of Turkey's overall trade volume. More importantly, Turkish construction firms have contracts in Russia totalling $10 billion. See Briefing, no. 1110, 30 September 1996, p. 20.
94. Interfax, 30 December 1991, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Soviet Union (hereafter: FBIS/SOV), 31 December 1991, p. 64.
95. Monthly Digest of News from Armenia, Office of Research and Analysis, Armenian Assembly of America, November 1994, p. 11 cited in Elizabeth Fuller, "No Confederation on the Horizon," Transition, 14 July 1995, p. 56; also see ITAR-TASS, 17 July 1993, in FBIS-CEU, 19 July 1993, p. 70.
96. Monthly Digest of News from Armenia, Office of Research and Analysis, Armenian Assembly of America, November 1994, p. 11 cited in Elizabeth Fuller, "No Confederation on the Horizon," Transition, 14 July 1995, p. 56; also see ITAR-TASS, 17 July 1993, in FBIS-CEU, 19 July 1993, p. 70.
97. Monthly Digest of News from Armenia, Office of Research and Analysis, Armenian Assembly of America, November 1994, p. 11 cited in Elizabeth Fuller, "No Confederation on the Horizon," Transition, 14 July 1995, p. 56; also see ITAR-TASS, 17 July 1993, in FBIS-CEU, 19 July 1993, p. 70.
98. Interfax, 30 December 1991, in FBIS/SOV, 31 December 1991, p. 64. For the CIS treaty see Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 May 1992, in BBC, SWB, SU/1389, 25 May 1992, pp. C3/1-2; ITAR-TASS, 21 May 1992, in BBC, SWB, SU/1388, 23 May 1992, p. C1/1.
99. Interfax, 30 December 1991, in FBIS/SOV, 31 December 1991, p. 64. For the CIS treaty see Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 May 1992, in BBC, SWB, SU/1389, 25 May 1992, pp. C3/1-2; ITAR-TASS, 21 May 1992, in BBC, SWB, SU/1388, 23 May 1992, p. C1/1.
100. Interfax, 30 December 1991, in FBIS/SOV, 31 December 1991, p. 64. For the CIS treaty see Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 May 1992, in BBC, SWB, SU/1389, 25 May 1992, pp. C3/1-2; ITAR-TASS, 21 May 1992, in BBC, SWB, SU/1388, 23 May 1992, p. C1/1.
101. "Russia" TV Channel, 25 February 1993, in BBC, SWB, SU/1624, 27 February 1993, p. C2/1.
102. For the 40 billion roubles see ITAR-TASS, 18 July 1993, in BBC, SWB. SU/1745, 20 July 1993, p. C2/3; for the February 1994 agreement see RFE/RL News Briefs, 14-18 February 1994, p. 8; for the Medzamor agreement, see Armenia's Radio First Program Network, Yerevan, 17 March 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 18 March 1994, p. 47; for the July agreement see Snark (Yerevan), 20 July 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 21 July 1994, p. 65.
103. For the 40 billion roubles see ITAR-TASS, 18 July 1993, in BBC, SWB. SU/1745, 20 July 1993, p. C2/3; for the February 1994 agreement see RFE/RL News Briefs, 14-18 February 1994, p. 8; for the Medzamor agreement, see Armenia's Radio First Program Network, Yerevan, 17 March 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 18 March 1994, p. 47; for the July agreement see Snark (Yerevan), 20 July 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 21 July 1994, p. 65.
104. For the 40 billion roubles see ITAR-TASS, 18 July 1993, in BBC, SWB. SU/1745, 20 July 1993, p. C2/3; for the February 1994 agreement see RFE/RL News Briefs, 14-18 February 1994, p. 8; for the Medzamor agreement, see Armenia's Radio First Program Network, Yerevan, 17 March 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 18 March 1994, p. 47; for the July agreement see Snark (Yerevan), 20 July 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 21 July 1994, p. 65.
105. For the 40 billion roubles see ITAR-TASS, 18 July 1993, in BBC, SWB. SU/1745, 20 July 1993, p. C2/3; for the February 1994 agreement see RFE/RL News Briefs, 14-18 February 1994, p. 8; for the Medzamor agreement, see Armenia's Radio First Program Network, Yerevan, 17 March 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 18 March 1994, p. 47; for the July agreement see Snark (Yerevan), 20 July 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 21 July 1994, p. 65.
106. ITAR-TASS, 22 June 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 23 June 1994, p. 54. See also RFE/RL News Briefs, 28-31 April 1994, p. 8.
107. ITAR-TASS, 22 June 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 23 June 1994, p. 54. See also RFE/RL News Briefs, 28-31 April 1994, p. 8.
108. See Turan, 3 April 1995, in FBIS-CEU, 5 April 1995, p. 73.
109. MEES, 13 February 1995, p. A11.
110. Section 907 of the US Freedom Support Act of 1992 prohibited direct US humanitarian aid to Baku in response to the latter's suspension of natural gas exports to Armenia in 1991. See Ian Bremmer and Anthony Richter, "The Perils of Sustainable Empire," Transition, 15 March 1995, p. 14.
111. Izvestiya, 4 October 1994, p. 1; Azerbaycan Radio Televiziyasi, 5 October 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 6 October 1994, p. 46.
112. Izvestiya, 4 October 1994, p. 1; Azerbaycan Radio Televiziyasi, 5 October 1994, in FBIS-CEU, 6 October 1994, p. 46.
113. Azerbaycan Radio Televiziyasi, 15 March 1995, in FBIS-CEU, 16 March 1995; p. 51; Interfax, 17 March 1995, in FBIS-CEU, 20 March 1995, p. 77.
114. Azerbaycan Radio Televiziyasi, 15 March 1995, in FBIS-CEU, 16 March 1995; p. 51; Interfax, 17 March 1995, in FBIS-CEU, 20 March 1995, p. 77.