The U.S. military must find its voice

Orbis

Volumn 42, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 423-437

  Sarkesian, Sam C ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0040350270     PISSN: 00304387     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0030-4387(98)90030-8     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. See, for example, C. Robert Kemble, The Image of the Army Officer in America Background for Current Views (Westport, Conn.; Greenwood Press, 1973); Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense A Military History of the United States of America, rev. and enl. (New York: Free Press 1994); and Peter D. Feaver, "The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control," Armed Forces and Society, Winter 1996, p. 157.
2. See, for example, C. Robert Kemble, The Image of the Army Officer in America Background for Current Views (Westport, Conn.; Greenwood Press, 1973); Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense A Military History of the United States of America, rev. and enl. (New York: Free Press 1994); and Peter D. Feaver, "The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control," Armed Forces and Society, Winter 1996, p. 157.
3. See, for example, C. Robert Kemble, The Image of the Army Officer in America Background for Current Views (Westport, Conn.; Greenwood Press, 1973); Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense A Military History of the United States of America, rev. and enl. (New York: Free Press 1994); and Peter D. Feaver, "The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control," Armed Forces and Society, Winter 1996, p. 157.
4. The study of the military profession and civil-military relations addressed here takes its cue from graduate education and military professionalism as reported in Sam C. Sarkesian, John Allen Williams, and Fred B. Bryant, Soldiers, Society, and National Security (Boulder, Colo , Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995).
5. See, for example, Sam C. Sarkesian, Beyond the Battlefield The New Military Professionalism (New York: Pergamon Press, 1981)
6. There are any number of books on the impact of the Vietnam War on the military, in general, and the ground forces, in particular. An excellent starting point is Lt. Gen. Harold G. Moore (Ret ) and Joseph L. Galloway, We Were Soldiers Once . And Young: Ia Drang The Battle That Changed the War in Vietnam (New York: Random House, 1992).
7. H R McMaster, Dereliction of Duty Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam (New York: Harper Collins, 1997), p. 322. See also Robert S. McNamara with Brian Van DeMark, In Retrospect. The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (New York: Random House, 1995).
8. H R McMaster, Dereliction of Duty Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam (New York: Harper Collins, 1997), p. 322. See also Robert S. McNamara with Brian Van DeMark, In Retrospect. The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (New York: Random House, 1995).
9. Adm David Lamar McDonald, The Reminiscences of Admiral David Lamar McDonald, U.S Navy (Retired), (Annapolis, Md : U.S. Naval Institute, 1976), pp 390, 393, as quoted in McMaster, Dereliction of Duty, p 262.
10. Adm David Lamar McDonald, The Reminiscences of Admiral David Lamar McDonald, U.S Navy (Retired), (Annapolis, Md : U.S. Naval Institute, 1976), pp 390, 393, as quoted in McMaster, Dereliction of Duty, p 262.
11. Gen Matthew B. Ridgway (Ret.), Soldier The Memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway (New York. Harper and Brothers, 1956), p 271.
12. Ibid., p 269.
13. Gen Fred C Weyand from "Vietnam Myths and American Realities," CDRS CALL, July/Aug. 1976, as quoted in Harry G. Summers, On Strategy. The Vietnam War in Context (Carlisle Barracks, Pa . Strategic Studies Institute, U.S Army War College, 1981), p. 7.
14. Gen Fred C Weyand from "Vietnam Myths and American Realities," CDRS CALL, July/Aug. 1976, as quoted in Harry G. Summers, On Strategy. The Vietnam War in Context (Carlisle Barracks, Pa . Strategic Studies Institute, U.S Army War College, 1981), p. 7.
15. Weyand, "Vietnam Myths," pp. 3, 4, italics in original, as quoted in Summers, On Strategy, p. 25
16. Bob Woodward, The Commanders (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), p. 155.
17. Ibid. See also Colin Powell, John Lehman, William Odom, Samuel Huntington, and Richard H. Kohn, "Exchange on Civil-Military Relations," National Interest. Summer 1994, pp. 23-31
18. Ibid. See also Colin Powell, John Lehman, William Odom, Samuel Huntington, and Richard H. Kohn, "Exchange on Civil-Military Relations," National Interest. Summer 1994, pp. 23-31
19. See Sarkesian, Williams, and Bryant, Soldiers, Society, and National Security.
20. Josiah Bunting, "The Humanities in the Education of the Military Professional," in The System for Educating Military Officers in the U.S, ed. Lawrence J. Korb (Pittsburgh, Pa.: International Studies Association, 1976), p. 158.
21. Sarkesian, Williams, and Bryant, Soldiers, Society, and National Security. See also Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier A Social and Political Portrait (New York: Free Press, 1971). p. 426.
22. Sarkesian, Williams, and Bryant, Soldiers, Society, and National Security. See also Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier A Social and Political Portrait (New York: Free Press, 1971). p. 426.
23. Harold Lasswell, Politics Who Gets What, When, How (New York. McGraw Hill, 1936).
24. Robert L. Lineberry, George C. Edwards III, and Martin P. Wattenberg, Government in America, People, Politics, and Policy, 6th ed. (New York: Harper Collins, 1994), p. 6.
25. Madilee Wnek, "Team Power," The Retired Officer, Nov. 1996, p. 30.
26. For a complete listing of organizations see ibid , pp. 33-34.
27. N Fotion and G. Elfstrom, Military Ethics Guidelines for Peace and War (Boston, Mass . Routledge Kegan Paul, 1986), p. 87.
28. Paul Christopher, "Unjust War and Moral Obligation: What Should Officers Do?" Parameters, U.S. Army War College Quarterly, Autumn 1995, p. 8.
29. Walter Millis, "Puzzle of the Military Mind," New York Times, Nov 18, 1972, p. 144.
30. Colin L. Powell with Joseph E. Persico, My American Journey (New York: Random House, 1995), p. 611 For excellent analyses of the military and social cohesion see Morris Janowitz and Roger W. Little, Sociology and the Military Establishment, rev. ed. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1965); and Wm. Darryl Henderson, Cohesion The Human Element in Combat (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1985).
31. Colin L. Powell with Joseph E. Persico, My American Journey (New York: Random House, 1995), p. 611 For excellent analyses of the military and social cohesion see Morris Janowitz and Roger W. Little, Sociology and the Military Establishment, rev. ed. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1965); and Wm. Darryl Henderson, Cohesion The Human Element in Combat (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1985).
32. Colin L. Powell with Joseph E. Persico, My American Journey (New York: Random House, 1995), p. 611 For excellent analyses of the military and social cohesion see Morris Janowitz and Roger W. Little, Sociology and the Military Establishment, rev. ed. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1965); and Wm. Darryl Henderson, Cohesion The Human Element in Combat (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1985).
33. Sam C. Sarkesian, "Military Professionalism and Civil-Military Relations in the West," International Political Science Review 2, 3 (1981), p 285 An excellent assessment of civil-military relations is Don M Snider and Miranda A. Carlton-Carew, eds., U S Civil-Military Relations in Crisis or Transition (Washington, D C The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1995)
34. Sam C. Sarkesian, "Military Professionalism and Civil-Military Relations in the West," International Political Science Review 2, 3 (1981), p 285 An excellent assessment of civil-military relations is Don M Snider and Miranda A. Carlton-Carew, eds., U S Civil-Military Relations in Crisis or Transition (Washington, D C The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1995)
35. See Sam C. Sarkesian, "Civil-Military Relations in a Liberal Society: The United States in a New Security Era" (unpublished paper presented at the Ohio State Mershon Center conference on civil-military relations. Dec. 4-6, 1992). See also Don M. Snider and Miranda A. Carlton-Carew, "The Current State of U.S. Civil-Military Relations. An Introduction," in U S Civil-Military Relations in Crisis orTransition ed. Snider and Carlton-Carew (Washington, D C. The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1995), pp 5-8
36. See Sam C. Sarkesian, "Civil-Military Relations in a Liberal Society: The United States in a New Security Era" (unpublished paper presented at the Ohio State Mershon Center conference on civil-military relations. Dec. 4-6, 1992). See also Don M. Snider and Miranda A. Carlton-Carew, "The Current State of U.S. Civil-Military Relations. An Introduction," in U S Civil-Military Relations in Crisis orTransition ed. Snider and Carlton-Carew (Washington, D C. The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1995), pp 5-8
37. A number of scholars have addressed the issue of civil-military relations including Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (New York Vintage Books, 1964); Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, Franklin D Margiotta, ed , The Changing World of the American Military (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1978): Charles Moskos, "Armed Forces and American Society: Convergence or Divergence?" in Public Opinion and Military, ed. Charles Moskos (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1971), pp. 271-94, and John Allen Williams, "The New Military Professionals," U S. Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1996, pp. 42-48
38. A number of scholars have addressed the issue of civil-military relations including Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (New York Vintage Books, 1964); Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, Franklin D Margiotta, ed , The Changing World of the American Military (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1978): Charles Moskos, "Armed Forces and American Society: Convergence or Divergence?" in Public Opinion and Military, ed. Charles Moskos (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1971), pp. 271-94, and John Allen Williams, "The New Military Professionals," U S. Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1996, pp. 42-48
39. A number of scholars have addressed the issue of civil-military relations including Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (New York Vintage Books, 1964); Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, Franklin D Margiotta, ed , The Changing World of the American Military (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1978): Charles Moskos, "Armed Forces and American Society: Convergence or Divergence?" in Public Opinion and Military, ed. Charles Moskos (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1971), pp. 271-94, and John Allen Williams, "The New Military Professionals," U S. Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1996, pp. 42-48
40. A number of scholars have addressed the issue of civil-military relations including Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (New York Vintage Books, 1964); Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, Franklin D Margiotta, ed , The Changing World of the American Military (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1978): Charles Moskos, "Armed Forces and American Society: Convergence or Divergence?" in Public Opinion and Military, ed. Charles Moskos (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1971), pp. 271-94, and John Allen Williams, "The New Military Professionals," U S. Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1996, pp. 42-48
41. A number of scholars have addressed the issue of civil-military relations including Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (New York Vintage Books, 1964); Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, Franklin D Margiotta, ed , The Changing World of the American Military (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1978): Charles Moskos, "Armed Forces and American Society: Convergence or Divergence?" in Public Opinion and Military, ed. Charles Moskos (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1971), pp. 271-94, and John Allen Williams, "The New Military Professionals," U S. Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1996, pp. 42-48
42. In addition to sources cited earlier, there is a great deal of material in the print media on sexual abuses and gender relations within the military. See for example, AJ Bacevich, "The De-Moralization of the Military; Why the Kelly Flinn Story Matters," The Weekly Standard, June 9, 1997, pp. 24-25; Stephanie Gutmann, "Sex and the Soldier," New Republic, Feb. 24, 1997, pp. 18-22; "The Military and the Women," Wall Street Journal, Feb 21, 1997; Walter A McDougall, "Sex, Lies, and Infantry," Commentary. Sept 1997, pp 43-47; Charles Moskos, "Smart Rules For Soldiers And Sex," Washington Post, June 8, 1997; and Richard J. Newman, "Army Sex Ed. 101," U S. News & World Report, Aug. 11, 1997, pp. 50-52.
43. In addition to sources cited earlier, there is a great deal of material in the print media on sexual abuses and gender relations within the military. See for example, AJ Bacevich, "The De-Moralization of the Military; Why the Kelly Flinn Story Matters," The Weekly Standard, June 9, 1997, pp. 24-25; Stephanie Gutmann, "Sex and the Soldier," New Republic, Feb. 24, 1997, pp. 18-22; "The Military and the Women," Wall Street Journal, Feb 21, 1997; Walter A McDougall, "Sex, Lies, and Infantry," Commentary. Sept 1997, pp 43-47; Charles Moskos, "Smart Rules For Soldiers And Sex," Washington Post, June 8, 1997; and Richard J. Newman, "Army Sex Ed. 101," U S. News & World Report, Aug. 11, 1997, pp. 50-52.
44. In addition to sources cited earlier, there is a great deal of material in the print media on sexual abuses and gender relations within the military. See for example, AJ Bacevich, "The De-Moralization of the Military; Why the Kelly Flinn Story Matters," The Weekly Standard, June 9, 1997, pp. 24-25; Stephanie Gutmann, "Sex and the Soldier," New Republic, Feb. 24, 1997, pp. 18-22; "The Military and the Women," Wall Street Journal, Feb 21, 1997; Walter A McDougall, "Sex, Lies, and Infantry," Commentary. Sept 1997, pp 43-47; Charles Moskos, "Smart Rules For Soldiers And Sex," Washington Post, June 8, 1997; and Richard J. Newman, "Army Sex Ed. 101," U S. News & World Report, Aug. 11, 1997, pp. 50-52.
45. In addition to sources cited earlier, there is a great deal of material in the print media on sexual abuses and gender relations within the military. See for example, AJ Bacevich, "The De-Moralization of the Military; Why the Kelly Flinn Story Matters," The Weekly Standard, June 9, 1997, pp. 24-25; Stephanie Gutmann, "Sex and the Soldier," New Republic, Feb. 24, 1997, pp. 18-22; "The Military and the Women," Wall Street Journal, Feb 21, 1997; Walter A McDougall, "Sex, Lies, and Infantry," Commentary. Sept 1997, pp 43-47; Charles Moskos, "Smart Rules For Soldiers And Sex," Washington Post, June 8, 1997; and Richard J. Newman, "Army Sex Ed. 101," U S. News & World Report, Aug. 11, 1997, pp. 50-52.
46. In addition to sources cited earlier, there is a great deal of material in the print media on sexual abuses and gender relations within the military. See for example, AJ Bacevich, "The De-Moralization of the Military; Why the Kelly Flinn Story Matters," The Weekly Standard, June 9, 1997, pp. 24-25; Stephanie Gutmann, "Sex and the Soldier," New Republic, Feb. 24, 1997, pp. 18-22; "The Military and the Women," Wall Street Journal, Feb 21, 1997; Walter A McDougall, "Sex, Lies, and Infantry," Commentary. Sept 1997, pp 43-47; Charles Moskos, "Smart Rules For Soldiers And Sex," Washington Post, June 8, 1997; and Richard J. Newman, "Army Sex Ed. 101," U S. News & World Report, Aug. 11, 1997, pp. 50-52.
47. In addition to sources cited earlier, there is a great deal of material in the print media on sexual abuses and gender relations within the military. See for example, AJ Bacevich, "The De-Moralization of the Military; Why the Kelly Flinn Story Matters," The Weekly Standard, June 9, 1997, pp. 24-25; Stephanie Gutmann, "Sex and the Soldier," New Republic, Feb. 24, 1997, pp. 18-22; "The Military and the Women," Wall Street Journal, Feb 21, 1997; Walter A McDougall, "Sex, Lies, and Infantry," Commentary. Sept 1997, pp 43-47; Charles Moskos, "Smart Rules For Soldiers And Sex," Washington Post, June 8, 1997; and Richard J. Newman, "Army Sex Ed. 101," U S. News & World Report, Aug. 11, 1997, pp. 50-52.
48. John G. Roos, "Fogelman's Departure: He's No Tragic Figure," Armed Forces Journal International, Sept. 1977, p. 2. Also see Richard J. Neuman, "A General Salutes by Quitting," U.S. News & World Report, Aug. 11, 1997, p. 5.
49. John G. Roos, "Fogelman's Departure: He's No Tragic Figure," Armed Forces Journal International, Sept. 1977, p. 2. Also see Richard J. Neuman, "A General Salutes by Quitting," U.S. News & World Report, Aug. 11, 1997, p. 5.
50. F.G. Hoffman, Decisive Force: The New American Way of War (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1996), p 128, in which the author writes, "To some observers, the military is 'out of control' and a scandal exists because the military is vocally reluctant to employ force in pursuit of vague foreign policy objectives. " The author refers to Richard Kohn, "Out of Control: The Crisis in Civil-Military Relations, The National Interest, Spring 1994, pp. 3-17.
51. F.G. Hoffman, Decisive Force: The New American Way of War (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1996), p 128, in which the author writes, "To some observers, the military is 'out of control' and a scandal exists because the military is vocally reluctant to employ force in pursuit of vague foreign policy objectives. " The author refers to Richard Kohn, "Out of Control: The Crisis in Civil-Military Relations, The National Interest, Spring 1994, pp. 3-17.
52. See Eliot Cohen, "Civil-Military Relations," Orbis, Spring 1997, p. 178. See also Thomas Ricks, "The Widening Gap Between The Military And Society," Atlantic Monthly, July 1997.
53. See Eliot Cohen, "Civil-Military Relations," Orbis, Spring 1997, p. 178. See also Thomas Ricks, "The Widening Gap Between The Military And Society," Atlantic Monthly, July 1997.
54. Ricks, "The Widening Gap"; Amy Waldman, " Military-Civilian Schism Widens, Posing Danger," USA Today, Nov. 26, 1996; Clarence Page, "Soldiers vs. Civilians: A Widening Gap," Chicago Tribune, Nov. 16, 1997, p 21; Samuel G Freedman's, "The Few, the Proud," review of Making the Corps, by Thomas E. Ricks, Chicago Tribune, Dec. 14, 1997, pp. 6-7. See also Eliot A. Cohen, "The Civil-Military Balance," in The Demilitarization of the Military, a paper based on a conference chaired by John F. Lehman and Harvey Sicherman (Philadelphia, Pa.: Foreign Policy Research Institute, Mar. 1997), pp. 31-38.
55. Ricks, "The Widening Gap"; Amy Waldman, " Military-Civilian Schism Widens, Posing Danger," USA Today, Nov. 26, 1996; Clarence Page, "Soldiers vs. Civilians: A Widening Gap," Chicago Tribune, Nov. 16, 1997, p 21; Samuel G Freedman's, "The Few, the Proud," review of Making the Corps, by Thomas E. Ricks, Chicago Tribune, Dec. 14, 1997, pp. 6-7. See also Eliot A. Cohen, "The Civil-Military Balance," in The Demilitarization of the Military, a paper based on a conference chaired by John F. Lehman and Harvey Sicherman (Philadelphia, Pa.: Foreign Policy Research Institute, Mar. 1997), pp. 31-38.
56. Ricks, "The Widening Gap"; Amy Waldman, " Military-Civilian Schism Widens, Posing Danger," USA Today, Nov. 26, 1996; Clarence Page, "Soldiers vs. Civilians: A Widening Gap," Chicago Tribune, Nov. 16, 1997, p 21; Samuel G Freedman's, "The Few, the Proud," review of Making the Corps, by Thomas E. Ricks, Chicago Tribune, Dec. 14, 1997, pp. 6-7. See also Eliot A. Cohen, "The Civil-Military Balance," in The Demilitarization of the Military, a paper based on a conference chaired by John F. Lehman and Harvey Sicherman (Philadelphia, Pa.: Foreign Policy Research Institute, Mar. 1997), pp. 31-38.
57. Ricks, "The Widening Gap"; Amy Waldman, " Military-Civilian Schism Widens, Posing Danger," USA Today, Nov. 26, 1996; Clarence Page, "Soldiers vs. Civilians: A Widening Gap," Chicago Tribune, Nov. 16, 1997, p 21; Samuel G Freedman's, "The Few, the Proud," review of Making the Corps, by Thomas E. Ricks, Chicago Tribune, Dec. 14, 1997, pp. 6-7. See also Eliot A. Cohen, "The Civil-Military Balance," in The Demilitarization of the Military, a paper based on a conference chaired by John F. Lehman and Harvey Sicherman (Philadelphia, Pa.: Foreign Policy Research Institute, Mar. 1997), pp. 31-38.
58. Ricks, "The Widening Gap"; Amy Waldman, " Military-Civilian Schism Widens, Posing Danger," USA Today, Nov. 26, 1996; Clarence Page, "Soldiers vs. Civilians: A Widening Gap," Chicago Tribune, Nov. 16, 1997, p 21; Samuel G Freedman's, "The Few, the Proud," review of Making the Corps, by Thomas E. Ricks, Chicago Tribune, Dec. 14, 1997, pp. 6-7. See also Eliot A. Cohen, "The Civil-Military Balance," in The Demilitarization of the Military, a paper based on a conference chaired by John F. Lehman and Harvey Sicherman (Philadelphia, Pa.: Foreign Policy Research Institute, Mar. 1997), pp. 31-38.
59. See for example, Waldman, "Military-Civilian Schism " See also Adm. Stanley R Arthur, "The American Military. Some Thoughts on Who We Are and What We Are," in Civil-Military Relations and the Not-Quite Wars of the Present and Future, ed Vincent Davis (Carlisle Barracks, Pa.: Strategic Studies Institute, U S. Army War College, Oct. 30, 1996), pp. 15-24.
60. See for example, Waldman, "Military-Civilian Schism " See also Adm. Stanley R Arthur, "The American Military. Some Thoughts on Who We Are and What We Are," in Civil-Military Relations and the Not-Quite Wars of the Present and Future, ed Vincent Davis (Carlisle Barracks, Pa.: Strategic Studies Institute, U S. Army War College, Oct. 30, 1996), pp. 15-24.
61. Ricks, "The Widening Gap," p. 76
62. Ricks, "The Widening Gap," pp 68-69, in which the author writes, "Today's fragmented society is at odds with the classic military values of sacrifice, unity, self-discipline, and considering the interests of the group before those of the individual."
63. Douglas Johnson and Steven Metz, "American Civil-Military Relations: A Review of the Recent Literature," in U S. Civil-Military Relations in Crisis or Transition? ed. Snider and Carlton-Carew (Washington, D.C. The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1995), p. 217.
64. Ibid.
65. Ridgway, The Memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway, p. 270.
66. See U S. Intervention Policy for the Post Cold-War Period New Challenges and New Responses, final report of the Eighty-Fifth American Assembly (Harriman, N Y. American Assembly, Apr 7-10, 1994), p. 5
67. See Les Aspin, The Bottom-Up Review Forces for a New Era (Washington, D.C.: DOD, Sept. 1, 1993).
68. Rudolph C Rames, Jr., Military Legitimacy. Might and Right in the New Millennium (London, Frank Cass, 1990), p 114 But contrast Daniel P Bolger, Savage Peace Americans at War in the 1990s (Novato, Calif, Presido Press, 1995), who argues that "in all their guises, however, OOTW are wars - pure and simple" (p. 381)
69. Rudolph C Rames, Jr., Military Legitimacy. Might and Right in the New Millennium (London, Frank Cass, 1990), p 114 But contrast Daniel P Bolger, Savage Peace Americans at War in the 1990s (Novato, Calif, Presido Press, 1995), who argues that "in all their guises, however, OOTW are wars - pure and simple" (p. 381)
70. See for example John G. Roos, "The Perils of Peacekeeping Tallying the Costs in Blood, Coin, Prestige, and Readiness," Armed Forces Journal International, Dec 1993, p 17.
71. For an excellent study of readiness issues see Richard K Betts, Military Readiness Concepts, Choices, Consequences (Washington, D.C Brookings Institution, 1995)
72. Gen. Gordon R Sullivan and Lt Col James M. Dubik, Land Warfare in the 21st Century (Carlisle Barracks, Pa.: Strategic Studies Institute, U S. Army War College, Feb. 1993), p. 8
73. Roos, "The Perils of Peacekeeping," p 17.
74. Remarks by General John M. Shaltkashvili, Cantigny Conference Series; Humanitarian Crises: Meeting the Challenges (Chicago Robert R. McCormick Tribune Foundation, 1995), p. 58.
75. John G. Roos, "Last Call; General 'Shali' Shares His Take on the Past Four Years," Armed Forces Journal International, Oct. 1977, p. 2.
76. Powell with Persico, My American Journey, pp. 576, 577. Gen. Powell has also spoken about the problems facing the military involvement in Bosnia. See Gen. Colin L. Powell, "U.S. Forces Challenges Ahead," Foreign Affairs, Winter 1992/93, pp. 32-45. His views were not necessarily in accord with those of the Clinton administration, or those of any number of civil-military scholars. See also Harry Summers, "Leave the Military Alone, They Already Have a Full-Time Job," Army Times, May 29, 1995, p. 54
77. Powell with Persico, My American Journey, pp. 576, 577. Gen. Powell has also spoken about the problems facing the military involvement in Bosnia. See Gen. Colin L. Powell, "U.S. Forces Challenges Ahead," Foreign Affairs, Winter 1992/93, pp. 32-45. His views were not necessarily in accord with those of the Clinton administration, or those of any number of civil-military scholars. See also Harry Summers, "Leave the Military Alone, They Already Have a Full-Time Job," Army Times, May 29, 1995, p. 54
78. Powell with Persico, My American Journey, pp. 576, 577. Gen. Powell has also spoken about the problems facing the military involvement in Bosnia. See Gen. Colin L. Powell, "U.S. Forces Challenges Ahead," Foreign Affairs, Winter 1992/93, pp. 32-45. His views were not necessarily in accord with those of the Clinton administration, or those of any number of civil-military scholars. See also Harry Summers, "Leave the Military Alone, They Already Have a Full-Time Job," Army Times, May 29, 1995, p. 54
79. The disagreements over the use of the American military and the various arguments regarding decisive force are well examined in Hoffman, Decisive Force.
80. Kemble, The Image of the Army Officer in America, p. 127. See also Russell F. Weigley, The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1977), pp. 167-71.
81. Kemble, The Image of the Army Officer in America, p. 127. See also Russell F. Weigley, The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1977), pp. 167-71.
82. Millett and Maslowski, For Common Defense, p 259
83. This approach attempts to synthesize some elements of Huntington's view of an authoritarian military with those of Janowitz's constabulary concept. See Huntington, The Soldier and the State, and Janowitz, The Professional Soldier
84. This approach attempts to synthesize some elements of Huntington's view of an authoritarian military with those of Janowitz's constabulary concept. See Huntington, The Soldier and the State, and Janowitz, The Professional Soldier
85. David Gergen, "Becoming 'Race Savvy,'" US News & World Report, June 2, 1997, p. 78 The notion of race savvy is attributed to Charles Moskos See Charles Moskos and John Sibley Butler, Be All That We Can Be Black Leadership and Racial Integration the Army Way (New York: Basic Books, 1996) According to Gergen, race savvy "is not race blind" nor "is it racial preferences " Race savvy "demands absolute dedication to ending racial bias, it demands money for more training, and it demands aggressive leadership at the top. Race savvy - surely, an idea whose time is here."
86. David Gergen, "Becoming 'Race Savvy,'" US News & World Report, June 2, 1997, p. 78 The notion of race savvy is attributed to Charles Moskos See Charles Moskos and John Sibley Butler, Be All That We Can Be Black Leadership and Racial Integration the Army Way (New York: Basic Books, 1996) According to Gergen, race savvy "is not race blind" nor "is it racial preferences " Race savvy "demands absolute dedication to ending racial bias, it demands money for more training, and it demands aggressive leadership at the top. Race savvy - surely, an idea whose time is here."
87. John Keegan, A History of Warfare (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), p. xv1