Responding to new terrorist threats

Orbis

Volumn 42, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 439-451

  Cilluffo, Frank J ^a   Tomarchio, Jack Thomas ^b  

^a CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES   (United States)

^b Aloe Investment Corporation   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040350269     PISSN: 00304387     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0030-4387(98)90031-x     Document Type: Article

References (17)

1. The charges were dismissed after laboratory tests determined that the seized material was in fact an anthrax vaccine.
2. Department of Defence (hereafter DOD), Report to Congress, Domestic Preparedness Program in the Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction, 105th Cong., 1st sess., May 1, 1997, p. 1
3. WMD terrorism has figured prominently in every major recent DOD study such as the Quadrennial Defense Review, the Defense Science Board Summer Study on Transnational Threats, Chem-Bio 2010 (Joint Staff), and the National Defense Panel Report released in December 1997. For an in-depth assessment on the changing face of terrorism and WMD terrorism see Frank Cilluffo and Robert H. Kupperman, "Between War and Peace: Deterrence and Leverage," Brown Journal of World Affairs, Winter/Spring 1997, pp. 39-51.
4. On October 8, 1997, the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism in the U.S Department of State released a list of foreign terrorist organizations This list includes the following thirty organizations worldwide. Abu Nidal Organization (ANO), Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), Armed Islamic Group (GIA), Aum Shinrikyo (Aum), Euzkadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine-Hawatmeh Faction (DFLP), Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS), Harakat-ul-Ansar (HUA), Hizballah (Party of God), Gama'a al-Islammmiyya (Islamic Group, IG), Japanese Red Army (JRA), al-Jihad, Kach, Kahane Chai, Khmer Rouge, Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front Dissidents (FPMR/D), Mujahedrn-e Khalq Organization (MEK, MKO), National Liberation Army (ELN), Palestine Liberation Jihad-Shaqaqi Faction (PIJ), Palestine Liberation Front-Abu Abbasa Faction (PLF), Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC), Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC), Revolutionary Organization 17 November (17 November), Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C), Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA), Shining Path (Sendoro Luminoso, SL), and Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA).
5. "Wake-up Call in Washington," CSIS Watch, number 177, May 8, 1997.
6. On November 8, 1995, in accord with Section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act, Public Law 94-412, 94th Cong , 1st sess , 1976 (United States Code 50, Section 1622 [d]), the president continued the national emergency he had declared in EO 12938.
7. President Clinton, PDD-39 US Policy on Counter-terrorism, (unclassified extract) (Washington, DC GPO, June 21, 1995)
8. As indicated in Combatting Terrorism Spending on Government-urle Programs Requires Better Management and Coordination, GAO/NSIAD 89-39 (Washington, D.C : GPO, December 1997), the federal agencies with terrorism-related programs and missions are the Advanced Research Projects Agency, Air Force, Army, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, Capitol Police, CIA, Central Command, Coast Guard, Customs Service, Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Special Weapons Agency, Defense Systems Information Agency, Department of Commerce, DOD, Department of Energy, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Justice, Department of State, Department of Transportation, Department of Treasury, Drug Enforcement Agency, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Aviation Administration, FBI, FEMA, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Marine Corps, Marshals Service, National Reconnaissance Office, National Security Agency, National Security Council, Navy. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, USSOC, Office of the Vice President, Postal Service, Secret Service, Supreme Court Marshal's Office, U S. Information Agency, White House Military Office, and the White House Communications Agency There has been some concern about the great number of agencies with counterterrorism responsibilities. As a result of legislation introduced by Senator Arlen Specter, President Clinton signed the fiscal year (FY) 1997 Intelligence Authorization Act, which established the Commission to Assess the Organization of the Federal Government to Combat the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction This commission was formally appointed on December 17, 1997, is chaired by the former director of Central Intelligence, John Deuten, and co-chaired by Senator Specter. At the time of this writing, the commission is engaged in the initial tasks of establishing its offices and selecting its staff.
9. In recognition of the threat posed by WMD, the FBI recently established two dedicated WMD units at FBI headquarters, one to address and support ongoing cases and the other to implement countermeasures. The FBI also established a multiagency Domestic Counterterrorism Center in 1996. The CIA's headquarters in Langley, Virginia has, for over a decade, housed the Counter-Terrorism Center (CTC). The CTC, which reports to the directorate of Central Intelligence, coordinates our national clandestine collection efforts and operations against international terrorism. There also exists another interagency center, the Non-Proliferation Center, which monitors WMD proliferation and smuggling.
10. House Committee on National Security, Nuclear Terrorism and Countermeasures Hearings on H R. 105-22, chaired by Congressman Curt Weldon, 105th Cong., 1st sess, Oct. 1-2, 1997.
11. This domestic preparedness program for FY 1997 has been allocated in the following manner: a) the Emergency Response Assistance Program, which includes training, expert advice, and the creation of a hotline and a helpline - $164 million; b) the development and fielding of Metropolitan Emergency Medical Response teams - $66 million; c) the coordination of a nuclear, biological, and chemical response capability to include the development of a Chemical/Biological Quick Response Force (CBQRF) - $9.8 million; d) the testing of preparedness for emergencies involving WMD - $9.8 million; and e) the upgrade and pre-positioning of equipment for the Marine Corps' CBIRF teams - $10 million The FY 1998/99 President's budget includes $49.5 million in FY 1998 and $52.1 million in FY 1999 to continue to provide emergency response preparedness training for state and local first responders and to conduct exercises and preparedness drills in coordination with federal agencies. Interestingly enough, however, DOD funding for first responder training will cease after FY 2001.
12. Richard Parker, Training Civilians to Handle Terrorism," Hartford Courant, Aug. 7, 1997, sec. A, p. 1.
13. This legislation was sponsored by Senators Nunn, Lugar, and Domenici and is widely referred to as Nunn-Lugar II.
14. At the time of this writing, Deputy Secretary of Defense John Hamre directed the undersecretary of defense for personnel and readiness to draft a plan on how the National Guard and reserves can be integrated into the DOD response to attacks using WMD. From that, a Tiger Team has been established under the command of Brig. Gen. Roger Schultz.
15. The army s Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory provides meteorology research and prediction. USABRDL develops methods to chemically detect toxins and field harden medical equipment. CRDEC researches defenses against chemical and biological attacks. CRDEC is particulaily concerned with applications of detection, identification, and warning; individual and collective protection; and reconnaissance and decontamination. MRMC includes USARMRIID, which is involved in biological warfare defense, toxin research, and basic research into biological toxin identification, prevention, pathogenesis, and treatment of victims; and ICD, which does basic research into chemical toxins and their treatment, prevention, and pathogenesis. WRAIR researches antidotes, vaccines, and other therapeutic treatments. TEU, headquartered at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds in Maryland, controls detachments that are dispersed throughout the United States. TEU members have been trained in the disposal and movement of chemical munitions and toxic materials. The CDC is a leader in research, biothreat assessment, casualty diagnosis, and chemical and biological agent identification NEODTC studies explosive devices, explosive ordinance disposal equipment, and the handling and disposal of hazardous materials. The armed forces' Radiobiology Research Institute is the sole DOD laboratory that conducts biomedical research dealing with radiation exposure. The Defense Special Weapons Agency maintains a deployable advisory team called the Defense Special Weapons Agency Advisory Team. In case of a nuclear-related crisis, members assist on-scene commanders in managing the situation. The Exotic Disease Laboratory does basic research into identification of livestock diseases, prophylaxis, and treatment. The 52nd Ordnance Group provides explosive ordnance disposal for incidents involving chemical, biological, and radiological agents. Finally, both the Lawrence Livermore and Sandia National Laboratories study explosive containment and mitigation techniques.
16. Over the years there have been a wide variety of wargames that have focused upon the WMD scenario such as ILL WIND, TERMINAL BREEZE, MIRROR IMAGE, CALYPSO WIND, DISPLAY SELECT, and CAPITOL REACTION. DOD, Report to Congress, Domestic Preparedness Program in the Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction, 105th Cong, 1st sess., May 1, 1997.
17. Another training option proposed by the Defense Department in ibid is to provide training, for first responders, on WMD detection and crisis management through the seven Institutional Training Divisions now existent in the U S Army Reserve. Each division has a Chemical Training Battalion and a Medical Services Brigade organic to it With Institutional Training Divisions already located in Richmond, Va.; Charlotte, N C ; Milwaukee, Wisc.; Oklahoma City, Okla.; Rochester, N.Y., Louisville, Ky.; and Vancouver, Wash., the proposal could easily be adapted to include the training of RRF forces from the National Guard and reserves