Global chemical erosion over the last 250 MY: Variations due to changes in paleogeography, paleoclimate, and paleogeology

American Journal of Science

Volumn 299, Issue 7-9, 1999, Pages 611-651

  Gibbs, Mark T ^a   Bluth, Gregg J S ^b   Fawcett, Peter J ^c   Kump, Lee R ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b Michigan Technological University   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

^d PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040348638     PISSN: 00029599     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2475/ajs.299.7-9.611     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. 2 consommé par altération chimique continentale: influences du drainage et de la lithologie: Academie des Sciences, Comptes Rendu, Paris, v. 317, p. 615-622.
2. Barron, E. J., 1989, Climate variations and the Appalachians from the Late Paleozoic to the present: results from model simulations: Geomorphology, v. 2, p. 99-118.
3. Barron, E. J., and Fawcett, P. J., 1995, The climate of Pangea: A review of climate model simulations of the Permian, in Scholle, P. A., Peryt, T. M., and Ulmer-Scholle, D. S., editors, The Permian of Northern Pangea: v. 1: Paleogeography, Paleoclimates, Stratigraphy: New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 37-52.
4. Barron, E. J., Fawcett, P. J., Peterson, W. H., Pollard, D., and Thompson, S. L., 1995, A "simulation" of mid-Cretaceous climate: Paleoceanography, v. 10, p. 953-962.
5. Barron, E. J., Harrison, C. G. A., Sloan, J. L., II, and Hay, W. W., 1981, Paleogeography, 180 million years ago to the present: Eclogae Geologica Helvetia, v. 74, p. 443-472.
6. Barron, E. J., Hay, W. W., and Thompson, S. L., 1989, The hydrologic cycle: A major variable during Earth history: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 75, p. 157-174.
7. Berner, E. K., and Berner, R. A., 1996, Global Environment: Water, Air, and Geochemical Cycles: New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 376 p.
8. 2 over Phanerozoic time: American Journal of Science, v. 291, p. 339-376.
9. 2 over Phanerozoic time: American Journal of Science, v. 294, p. 56-91.
10. Berner, R. A., and Berner, E. K., 1997, Silicate weathering and climate, in Ruddiman, W. F., editor, Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change: New York, Plenum Press, p. 353-365.
11. Berner, R. A., and Caldeira, K., 1997, The need for mass balance and feedback in the geochemical carbon cycle: Geology, v. 25, p. 955-956.
12. Berner, R. A., Lasaga, A. C., and Garrels, R. M., 1983, The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years: American Journal of Science, v. 283, p. 641-683.
13. Blatt, H., and Jones, R. L., 1975, Proportions of exposed igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 86, p. 1085-1088.
14. 86Sr record, in Ruddiman, W. F., editor, Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change: New York, Plenum Press, p. 259-288.
15. Bluth, G. J. S., ms, 1990, Effects of paleogeology, chemical weathering, and climate on the global geochemical cycle of carbon dioxide, Ph.D. Thesis, University Park, Pennsylvania, The Pennsylvania State University, 130 p.
16. Bluth, G. J. S., and Kump, L. R., 1991, Phanerozoic paleogeology: American Journal of Science, v. 291, p. 284-308.
17. _ 1994, Lithologic and climatologic controls of river chemistry: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 2341-2359.
18. 2: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 18, 101-18, 106.
19. 2 and temperature on silicate weathering: possible implications for climate record: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 1853-1856.
20. Brady, P. V., Dorn, R. I., Brazel, A. J., Clark, J., Moore, R. B., and Glidewell, T., in press, Direct measurement of the combined effects of lichen, rainfall and temperature on silicate weathering: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta.
21. 86Sr ratio during Phanerozoic time: interpretation using a flux model: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 40, p. 721-730.
22. Chandler, M. A., Rind, D., and Ruedy, R., 1992, Pangean climate during the Early Jurassic: GCM simulations and the sedimentary record of paleoclimate: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 543-559.
23. Choubert, G., and Faure-Mauret, A., editors, 1981, Atlas géologique du monde: Paris, Commission de la Carte géologique du monde, Bureau de cartographie géologique internationale, UNESCO, 22 sheets.
24. Coe, M. T., 1995, The hydrologic cycle of major continental drainage and ocean basins: a simulation of the modern and mid-Holocene conditions and a comparison with observations: Journal of Climate, v. 8, p. 535-543.
25. Covey, C., and Thompson, S. L., 1989, Testing the effects of ocean heat transport on climate: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 75, p. 331-341.
26. Crowley, T. J., and Baum, S. K., 1994, General circulation model study of Late Carboniferous interglacial climates: Palaeoclimates, v. 1, p. 3-21.
27. Drever, J. I., 1994, The effect of land plants on weathering rates of silicate minerals: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 2325-2332.
28. Drever, J. I., and Hurcomb, D. R., 1986, Neutralization of atmospheric acidity by chemical weathering in an alpine drainage basin in the North Cascade Mountains: Geology, v. 14, p. 221-224.
29. Drever, J. I., Murphy, K. M., and Clow, D. W., 1994, Field weathering rates versus laboratory dissolution rates: an update, in Harte, B., editor, V. M. Goldschmidt Conference; extended abstracts: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 58A (A-K), p. 239-240.
30. Edmond, J. M., and Huh, Y., 1997, Chemical weathering yields from basement and orogenic terrains in hot and cold climates, in Ruddiman, W. F., editor, Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change: New York, Plenum Press, p. 329-351.
31. Edmond, J. M., Palmer, M. R., Measures, C. I., Grant, B., and Stallard, R. F., 1995, The fluvial geochemistry and denudation rate of the Guayana Shield in Venezuela, Colombia, and Brazil: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 3301-3325.
32. Fawcett, P. J., ms, 1994, Simulation of climate-sedimentary evolution: A comparison of climate model results with the geologic record for India and Australia: Ph.D. Thesis, University Park, Pennsylvania, The Pennsylvania State University, 327 p.
33. 2 in long term climate change: Results from model simulations for the Late Permian to the Present, in Crowley, T. J., and Burke, K., editors, Tectonic Boundary Conditions for Climate Reconstructions: Oxford, Oxford University Press.
34. Fawcett, P. J., Gibbs, M. T., Ziegler, A. M., Hulver, M. L., and Barron, E. J., 1997, Global precipitation minus evaporation (P-E) over the last 280 Myr: A comparison of climate model results with the geologic record: Geological Society of America, Abstracts With Program, v. 29(6), p. A-238.
35. Frakes, L. A., Francis, J. E., and Sytkus, J. I., 1992, Climate Modes of the Phanerozoic: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 274 p.
36. Gaillardet, J., Dupre, B., Allègre, C. J., 1995, A global geochemical mass budget applied to the Congo Basin rivers; erosion rates and continental crust composition: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 5v. 9, p. 3469-3485.
37. Gaillardet, J., Dupre, B., Allègre, C. J., Negrel, P., 1997, Chemical and physical denudation in the Amazon River basin: Chemical Geology, v. 142, p. 141-173.
38. Garrels, R. M., and Mackenzie, F. T., 1971a, Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks: New York, W. W. Norton and Co., 397 p.
39. _ 1971b, Gregor's denudation of the continents: Nature, v. 231, p. 382-383.
40. Garrels, R. M., Mackenzie, F. T., and Hunt, C., 1975, Chemical Cycles and the Global Environment; Assessing Human Influences; Los Altos, California, William Kaufmann, Inc. 206 p.
41. Gibbs, M. T., and Kump, L. R., 1994, Global chemical erosion at the last glacial maximum and the present: Sensitivity to changes in lithology and hydrology: Paleoceanography, v. 9, p. 529-543.
42. _ 1996, Global chemical weathering during deglaciation, in Bottrell, S. H., editor, Fourth International Symposium on the Geochemistry of the Earth's Surface: Ilkley, United Kingdom, University of Leeds, p. 733-737.
43. Gordon, W., 1975, Distribution by latitude of Phanerozoic evaporite deposits: Journal of Geology, v. 83, p. 671-684.
44. Gregor, C. B., 1985, The mass-age distribution of Phanerozoic sediments, in Snelling, N. J., editor, The Chronology of the Geologic Record (published for the Geological Society): Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, p. 284-288.
45. Hoffert, M. I., and Covey, C., 1992, Deriving global climate sensitivity from paleoclimate reconstructions: Nature, v. 360, p. 573-576.
46. Holland, H. D., 1978, The Chemistry of the Atmosphere and Oceans: New York, Wiley-Interscience, 351 p.
47. Holser, W. T., Schidlowski, M., Mackenzie, F. T., and Maynard, J. B., 1988, Geochemical cycles of carbon and sulfur, in Gregor, C. B., Garrels, R. M., Mackenzie, F. T., and Maynard, J. B., editors, Chemical Cycles in the Evolution of the Earth: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 105-74.
48. Houghton, J. T., Meira Filho, L. G., Callander, B. A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A., and Maskell, K., editors, 1996, Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 572 p.
49. Korzun, V. I., 1978, World Water Balances and Water Resources of the Earth: Paris, UNESCO Press, 663 p.
50. Kump, L. R., and Alley, R. B., 1994, Global chemical weathering on glacial time scales, in Studies in Geophysics: Material Fluces on the Surface of the Earth, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, p. 46-60.
51. Kump, L. R., and Arthur, M. A., 1997, Global chemical erosion during the Cenozoic: Weatherability balances the budgets, in Ruddiman, W. F., editor, Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change; New York, Plenum Press, p. 399-426.
52. Kutzbach, J. E., and Gallimore, R. G., 1989, Pangaean Climates: Megamonsoons of the Megacontinent: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, p. 3341-3357.
53. Kutzbach, J. E., and Ziegler, A. M., 1993, Simulation of Late Permian climate and biomes with an atmosphere/ocean model: Comparison with observations: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, v. 341, p. 327-340.
54. Larson, R. L., 1991, Geological consequences of superplumes: Geology, v. 19, p. 963-966.
55. Lasaga, A. C., 1994, Chemical kinetics of water-rock interactions: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, p. 4009-4025.
56. 2: Natural Variations Archean to Present: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, p. 397-411.
57. Lasaga, A. C., Soler, J. M., Ganor, J., Burch, T. E., and Nagy, K. L., 1994, Chemical weathering rate laws and global geochemical cycles: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 2361-2386.
58. Legates, D. R., and Willmott, C. J., 1990, Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge-corrected, global mean precipitation: International Journal of Climatology, v. 10, p. 111-127.
59. Levis, S., Coe, M. T., and Foley, J. A., 1996, Hydrologic budget of a land surface model: A global application: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, p. 16,921-16,930.
60. Louvat, P., and Allègre, C. J., 1997, Present denudation rates on the island of Reunion determined by river geochemistry; basalt weathering and mass budget between chemical and mechanical erosions, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 3645-3669.
61. _ 1998, Riverine erosion rates on Sao Miguel volcanic island, Azores Archipelago: Chemical Geology, v. 148, p. 177-200.
62. Ludwig, W., Amiotte-Suchet, P., and Probst, J. L., 1996, River discharges of carbon to the world's oceans: determining local inputs of alkalinity and of dissolved and particulate organic carbon: Académie des Sciences, Paris, Comptes Rendus, v. 323, p. 1007-1014.
63. Mackenzie, F. T., and Pigott, J. D., 1981, Tectonic controls of Phanerozoic sedimentary rock cycling: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 138, p. 183-196.
64. Mast, M. A., Drever, J. I., and Baron, J., 1990, Chemical weathering in the Lock Vale watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado: Water Resources Research, v. 26, p. 2971-2978.
65. 18O records, Himalayan alkalinity fluxes, and Cenozoic climate models, in Ruddiman, W. F., editor, Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change: New York, Plenum Press, p. 427-467.
66. Meybeck, M., 1986, Composition chimique des ruisseaux non pollues de France, Scientifique Géologique Bulletin, v. 39, p. 3-77.
67. _ 1987, Global chemical weathering of surficial rocks estimated from river dissolved loads, American Journal of Science, v. 287, p. 401-428.
68. Miller, J. R., Russell, G. L., and Caliri, G., 1994, Continental-scale river flow in climate models: Journal of Climate, v. 7, p. 914-928.
69. Miller, W. R., 1961, Solutes in small streams draining single rock types, Sangre de Cristo Range, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1535-F, 23 p.
70. Molnar, P., and England, P. C., 1990, Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and global climate change; chicken or egg?: Nature, v. 346, p. 29-34.
71. Moore, G. T., Hayashida, D. N., Ross, C. A., and Jacobson, S. R., 1992, Paleoclimate of the Kimmeridgian/ Tithonian (Late Jurassic) world: I. Results using a general circulation model: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 93, p. 113-150.
72. Otto-Bliesner, B. L., 1993, Tropical mountains and coal formation: a climate model study of the Westphalian (306 Ma): Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, p. 1947-1950.
73. _ 1995, Continental drift, runoff, and weathering feedbacks: Implications from climate model experiments: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 11,537-11,548.
74. Parrish, J. T., Ziegler, A. M., and Scotese, C. R., 1982, Rainfall patterns and the distribution of coals and evaporites in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 40, p. 67-101.
75. Pollard, D., and Schulz, M., 1994, A model for the potential locations of Triassic evaporite basins driven by paleoclimatic GCM simulations: Global and Planetary Change, v. 9, p. 233-249.
76. 2 sensitivity in a global climate model: Atmosphere-Ocean, v. 32, p. 449-467.
77. Price, G. D., Valdes, P. J., and Sellwood, B. W., 1997, Quantitative palaeoclimate GCM validation: Late Jurassic and mid-Cretaceous case studies: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 154, p. 769-772.
78. Raymo, M. E., 1991, Geochemical evidence supporting T. C. Chamberlin's theory of glaciation: Geology, v. 19, p. 344-347.
79. Raymo, M. E., and Ruddiman, W. F., 1992, Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate: Nature, v. 359, p. 117-122.
80. Raymo, M. E., Ruddiman, W. F., and Froelich, P. N., 1988, Influence of late Cenozoic mountain building on ocean geochemical cycles: Geology, v. 16, p. 649-653.
81. Ronov, A. B., and Yaroshevsky, A. A., 1972, Earth's crust geochemistry, in Fairbridge, R. W., editor, The Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences: New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, p. 243-254.
82. Ruddiman, W. F., editor, 1997, Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change: New York, Plenum Press, 535 p.
83. Ruddiman, W. F., Raymo, M. E., Prell, W. L., and Kutzbach, J. E., 1997, The uplift-climate connection: a synthesis, in Ruddiman, W. F., editor, Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change: New York, Plenum Press, p. 471-515.
84. Russell, G. L., and Miller, J. R., 1990, Global river runoff calculated from a global atmospheric general circulation model: Journal of Hydrology, v. 117, p. 241-254.
85. Scotese, C. R., and Golonka, J., 1992, PALEOMAP Paleogeographic Atlas, PALEOMAP Progress Report #20: Arlington, Texas, Department of Geology, University of Texas at Arlington.
86. Slingerland, R., Kump, L. R., Arthur, M. A., Fawcett, P. J., Sageman, B. B., and Barron, E. J., 1995, Estuarine circulation in the Turonian Western Interior seaway of North America, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, p. 941-952.
87. Sloan, L. C., Bluth, G. J. S., and Filippelli, G. M., 1997, A comparison of spatially resolved and global mean reconstructions of continental denudation under ice-free and present conditions: Paleoceanography, v. 12, p. 147-160.
88. Stallard, R. F., and Edmond, J. M., 1983, Geochemistry of the Amazon, 2, The influence of geology and weathering environment on the dissolved load, Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 88, p. 9671-9688.
89. Tardy, Y., N'Kounkou, R., and Probst, J. L., 1989, The global water cycle and continental erosion during Phanerozoic time (570 my): American Journal of Science, v. 289, p. 455-483.
90. Thompson, S. L., and Pollard, D., 1995a, A global climate model (GENESIS) with a land-surface transfer scheme (LSX). Part I: Present-day climate: Journal of Climate, v. 8, p. 732-761.
91. 2 sensitivity: Journal of Climate, v. 8, p. 1104-1121.
92. 2 from the GENESIS version 2 global climate model: Journal of Climate, v. 10, p. 871-900.
93. Urey, H. C., 1952, The Planets, Their Origin and Development: New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, 245 p.
94. Veizer, J., and Ernst, R. E., 1996, Temporal pattern of sedimentation: Phanerozoic of North America: Geochemistry International, v. 33, p. 64-76.
95. Veizer, J., and Jansen, S. L., 1985. Basement and sedimentary recycling. 2. Time dimension to global tectonics: Journal of Geology, v. 93, p. 625-643.
96. Velbel, M. A., 1985, Geochemical mass balances and weathering rates in forested watersheds of the southern Blue Ridge. American Journal of Science, v. 285, p. 904-930.
97. _ 1990, Influence of temperature and mineral surface characteristics on feldspar weathering rates in natural and artificial systems: a first approximation: Water Resources Research, v. 26, p. 3049-3053.
98. 2 and global greenhouse warming?: Geology, v. 21, p. 1059-1062.
99. Walker, J. C. G., Hays, P. B., and Kasting, J. F., 1981, A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 9776-9782.
100. White, A. F., and Blum, A. E., 1995, Effects of climate on chemical weathering in watersheds: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 1729-1747.
101. White, A. F., and Brantley, S. L., editors, 1995, Chemical weathering rates of silicate minerals: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 31, 583 p.
102. Ziegler, A. M., Scotese, C. R., and Barrett, S. F., 1983, Mesozoic and Cenozoic paleogeographic maps, in Brosche, P., and Sundermann, J., editors, Tidal Friction and the Earth's Rotation, II: New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 240-252.