Falungong and Canada's China policy

International Journal

Volumn 56, Issue 2, 2001, Pages

  Ownby, David ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040334013     PISSN: 00207020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/002070200105600201     Document Type: Review

References (30)

1. Amnesty International, for example, reported in December 2000 that some 77 Falungong practitioners had 'died in custody, or shortly after release, in suspicious circumstances since the crackdown began in July 1999. It appears that many of them died as a result of torture or after force-feeding while they were on a hunger strike.' See http://www.amnesty.ca/library/news/amr20C0201.htm, AI Index : AMR 20/C02/01.
2. An introduction to the Chinese government's views can be found under the rubric 'Outlawing Falungong cult' at http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/c2715.html.
3. On the rise of Protestantism, see Alan Hunter and Chan Kim-Kwong, Protestantism in Contemporary China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993); on religion in rural China, see Helen Siu, 'Recycling ritual,' in P. Link, R. Madsen, and P. Pickowicz, eds, Unofficial China: Popular Culture and Thought in the People's Republic (Boulder co: Westview 1990); and Kenneth Dean, Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press 1993); on 'heterodox' groups, see Robin Munro, 'Syncretic sects and secret societies: revival in the 1980s,' in Chinese Sociology and Anthropology 21(summer 1989).
4. On the rise of Protestantism, see Alan Hunter and Chan Kim-Kwong, Protestantism in Contemporary China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993); on religion in rural China, see Helen Siu, 'Recycling ritual,' in P. Link, R. Madsen, and P. Pickowicz, eds, Unofficial China: Popular Culture and Thought in the People's Republic (Boulder co: Westview 1990); and Kenneth Dean, Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press 1993); on 'heterodox' groups, see Robin Munro, 'Syncretic sects and secret societies: revival in the 1980s,' in Chinese Sociology and Anthropology 21(summer 1989).
5. On the rise of Protestantism, see Alan Hunter and Chan Kim-Kwong, Protestantism in Contemporary China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993); on religion in rural China, see Helen Siu, 'Recycling ritual,' in P. Link, R. Madsen, and P. Pickowicz, eds, Unofficial China: Popular Culture and Thought in the People's Republic (Boulder co: Westview 1990); and Kenneth Dean, Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press 1993); on 'heterodox' groups, see Robin Munro, 'Syncretic sects and secret societies: revival in the 1980s,' in Chinese Sociology and Anthropology 21(summer 1989).
6. On the rise of Protestantism, see Alan Hunter and Chan Kim-Kwong, Protestantism in Contemporary China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993); on religion in rural China, see Helen Siu, 'Recycling ritual,' in P. Link, R. Madsen, and P. Pickowicz, eds, Unofficial China: Popular Culture and Thought in the People's Republic (Boulder co: Westview 1990); and Kenneth Dean, Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press 1993); on 'heterodox' groups, see Robin Munro, 'Syncretic sects and secret societies: revival in the 1980s,' in Chinese Sociology and Anthropology 21(summer 1989).
7. See Zhu Xiaoyang and Benjamin Penny, eds, 'The qigong boom,' Chinese Sociology and Anthropology 27(autumn 1994); and Nancy N. Chen, 'Urban spaces and experiences of Qigong,' in Deborah S. Davis, ed, Urban Spaces in Contemporary China (Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press 1995).
8. See Zhu Xiaoyang and Benjamin Penny, eds, 'The qigong boom,' Chinese Sociology and Anthropology 27(autumn 1994); and Nancy N. Chen, 'Urban spaces and experiences of Qigong,' in Deborah S. Davis, ed, Urban Spaces in Contemporary China (Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press 1995).
9. See Zhu and Penny, 'The qigong boom,' 4.
10. Nancy Chen, 'Urban spaces and experiences of qigong.'
11. Falun means 'dharma wheel,' or 'wheel of the law.' Dafa means 'great law,' 'great way,' or 'great dharma.' The two terms, falun dafa and falungong, can be used interchangeably in most contexts.
12. See Falun Gong practitioners, comps and eds, A Report on Extensive and Severe Human Rights Violations in the Suppression of Falun Gong in the People's Republic of China, 1999-2000, vol 1 (Golden Lotus Press 2000), 98ff. This is obviously a Falungong source, but to my knowledge, the basic facts in question here are undisputed.
13. On science in modern Chinese history, see Danny W. Y. Kwok, Scientism in Chinese Thought, 1900-1950 (New Haven CT: Yale University Press 1965).
14. See Zhuanfalun, internet edition, 'Lecture two: the supernormal capability of clairvoyance.' Li Hongzhi's writings are available free of charge over the internet. Follow the links from any of the following addresses: www.falundafa.org, www.falundafa.ca, www.minghui.ca, or www.clearwisdom.net.
15. Falun Dafa: Lectures in the United States, internet edition, 'Falunda lecture in San Francisco.'
16. Some of the results from the Montreal survey are published in Susan Palmer and David Ownby, 'Falun Dafa practitioners: a preliminary research report,' Nova Religio 4(October 2000).
17. As I note below, however, it seems clear that opinion about Falungong within the Chinese leadership was divided for some time prior to the onset of the campaign in 1999. Opponents of Falungong may well have prepared elements of the case against them prior to that time.
18. See for example, Falun Dafa: Lectures in the United States, internet edition, 'Falun Dafa lecture in New York City.'
19. Nancy Chen addresses this question in her doctoral dissertation, 'Possession and the State: Deviation and Mental Health in the People's Republic of China,' PhD dissertation, Berkeley, University of California, 1993.
20. See Erik Zürcher, '"Prince Moonlight": messianism and eschatology in early medieval Chinese Buddhism,' T'oung Pao 68(1982), 1-59. For a discussion of some of these ideas in a more recent context, see Barend ter Haar, 'China's inner demons: the political impact of the demonological paradigm,' China Information 11(nos 2/3, 1996-97), 54-88.
21. See Erik Zürcher, '"Prince Moonlight": messianism and eschatology in early medieval Chinese Buddhism,' T'oung Pao 68(1982), 1-59. For a discussion of some of these ideas in a more recent context, see Barend ter Haar, 'China's inner demons: the political impact of the demonological paradigm,' China Information 11(nos 2/3, 1996-97), 54-88.
22. See, for example, Susan Naquin, Millenarian Rebellion In China: The Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813 (New Haven CT: Yale University Press 1976).
23. The sources on which I have drawn to construct this chronology include, from the pro-government side, He Ping, Jiepi Falun Dafa xieshuo [Exposing and Criticizing the Heterodox Theories of Falun Dafa] (Beijing: Xinhua 1999); and Mu Fu, Jianghu youyi [Fraudulent doctors] (Changsha: Hunan wenyi chubanshe 2000). From the pro-Falungong side, I have used, among others, Falun Gong practitioners, comps and eds, A Report, vol 1, part 3. I would like to thank Pan Peiqing, a postdoctoral student at Université de Montréal, for assistance in compiling this chronology.
24. The sources on which I have drawn to construct this chronology include, from the pro-government side, He Ping, Jiepi Falun Dafa xieshuo [Exposing and Criticizing the Heterodox Theories of Falun Dafa] (Beijing: Xinhua 1999); and Mu Fu, Jianghu youyi [Fraudulent doctors] (Changsha: Hunan wenyi chubanshe 2000). From the pro-Falungong side, I have used, among others, Falun Gong practitioners, comps and eds, A Report, vol 1, part 3. I would like to thank Pan Peiqing, a postdoctoral student at Université de Montréal, for assistance in compiling this chronology.
25. The sources on which I have drawn to construct this chronology include, from the pro-government side, He Ping, Jiepi Falun Dafa xieshuo [Exposing and Criticizing the Heterodox Theories of Falun Dafa] (Beijing: Xinhua 1999); and Mu Fu, Jianghu youyi [Fraudulent doctors] (Changsha: Hunan wenyi chubanshe 2000). From the pro-Falungong side, I have used, among others, Falun Gong practitioners, comps and eds, A Report, vol 1, part 3. I would like to thank Pan Peiqing, a postdoctoral student at Université de Montréal, for assistance in compiling this chronology.
26. Falun Gong practitioners, comps and eds, A Report, vol 1, 99.
27. See Tan Songqiu, Qin Baoqi, and Kong Xiangtao, Falungong yu minjian mimi jieshe [Falungong and secret societies] (Fuzhou: Fujian renmin chubanshe 1999), 62-79.
28. Falun Gong practitioners, comps and eds, A Report, vol 1, 116. This comment closely follows that of Li Hongzhi. See 'Some thoughts of mine,' Essentials for Further Advancement, internet edition, # 81.
29. Falun Gong practitioners, comps and eds, A Report, vol 1, 116. This comment closely follows that of Li Hongzhi. See 'Some thoughts of mine,' Essentials for Further Advancement, internet edition, # 81.
30. These include, particularly, 'Speech by Master Li Hongzhi at the western us cultivation experience sharing conference of Falun Dafa,' 'Master Li Hongzhi's lecture at the Great Lakes conference in North America,' and perhaps 'Beyond the limits of forbearance.' All are available via the internet. Follow links to 'new articles.'