The west in flames: The intergovernmental politics of wildfire suppression and prevention

Publius

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 97-110

  Davis, Charles ^a  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040332238     PISSN: 00485950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a004911     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Figures were obtained from Judd Slivka, "Scarred earth, suspect policies, " Fort Collins Coloradoan, 29 October 2000, p. A1.
2. U.S. Forest Service, Protecting People and Sustaining Resources in Fire-Adapted Ecosystems: A Cohesive Strategy. http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/policy.shtml. Accessed on 11 November 2000.
3. How differing political constituencies view fire, including beliefs about the underlying cause of the intense wildfire season of 2000, is strongly associated with their general views on the management of national forests for commodity production versus environmental amenities. See anon., "Even more fire emergency money expected, blame game begins, " Public Lands News 25 (August 2000): 1-3.
4. Jeanne Clarke and Daniel McCool, Staking Out the Terrain, 2d ed. (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1996), especially chapter 2.
5. Deil S. Wright, Understanding Intergovernmental Relations, 2d ed. (Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1982), pp. 32-38.
6. Wright, Understanding Intergovernmental Relations, pp. 38-40.
7. Dale Krane, "American Federalism, State Governments, and Public Policy: Weaving Together Loose Theoretical Threads, " PS: Political Science and Politics 26 (June 1993): 186-190.
8. Frank Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones, Agendas and Instability in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
9. Stephen J. Pyne, Patricia Andrews, and Richard Laven, Introduction to Wildland Fire, 2d ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996).
10. Stephen J. Pyne, World Fire (New York: Henry Holt, 1995), pp. 180-187.
11. The importance of focusing events as a catalyst for policy development is discussed in John H. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, 2d ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), especially Chapter 5. The link between focusing events and natural disaster policies is explored in greater detail in Thomas Birkland, After Disaster (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1997).
12. The importance of focusing events as a catalyst for policy development is discussed in John H. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, 2d ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), especially Chapter 5. The link between focusing events and natural disaster policies is explored in greater detail in Thomas Birkland, After Disaster (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1997).
13. Christina Rossomando, Wildlands Fire Management: Federal Policies and Their Implications for Local Fire Departments (Emmitsburg, MD: Federal Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Fire Administration, 1998), p. 8.
14. John W. Chambers, "The Evolution of Wildland Fire Management and Policy, " Fire Management Notes 48 (1987): 5-8.
15. Pyne, World Fire, p. 98.
16. Chambers, "The Evolution of Wildland Fire Management and Policy, " pp. 5-6.
17. Pyne, World Fire, pp. 198-199.
18. Historical figures for U.S. forest lire damage are taken from the Council on Environmental Quality, 1996 Annual Report on Environmental Quality (Washington, DC: U.S. General Printing Office, 1997): 322.
19. Jan W. van Wagtendonk, "The Evolution of National Park Service Fire Policy, " Fire Management Notes 4 (1991): 10-15.
20. James K. Agee, "Fire Management for the 21st Century, " Creating a Forestry for the 21st Century, eds. Kathryn Kohm and Jerry Franklin (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997), p. 192.
21. Wagtendonk, "The Evolution of National Park Service Fire Policy, " pp. 12-13.
22. U.S. General Accounting Office, Western National Forests: Nearby Communities Are Increasingly Threatened by Catastrophic Wildfires (Washington, DC: GAO, 1999), p. 3, GAO/T-RCED-99-79.
23. Council on Environmental Quality, Managing the Impact of Wildfires on Communities and the Environment: A Report to the President In Response to the Wildfires of 2000, 8 September 2000. http:// www.whitehousc.gov/CEQ/firereport.html. Accessed on November 27, 2000.
24. Council on Environmental Quality, Managing the Impact of wildfires on Communities and the Environment, p. 4. Some argue that no amount of money and effort can effectively halt an especially intense set of fires such as the 1988 Yellowstone wildfires which were eventually brought under control with the assistance of changing weather conditions. See Ross W. Gorte, Forest Fires and Forest Health (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 1996), p. 2, CRS Report 95-11.
25. Council on Environmental Quality, Managing the Impact of wildfires on Communities and the Environment, p. 4. Some argue that no amount of money and effort can effectively halt an especially intense set of fires such as the 1988 Yellowstone wildfires which were eventually brought under control with the assistance of changing weather conditions. See Ross W. Gorte, Forest Fires and Forest Health (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 1996), p. 2, CRS Report 95-11.
26. Wright, Understanding Intergovernmental Relations, pp 32-38.
27. Pyne, Andrews, and Laven, Introduction to Wildland Fire, p. 340.
28. Harold K. Steen, The U.S. Forest Service: A History (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976), p. 130.
29. Steen, The U.S. Forest Service, p. 131.
30. U.S. General Accounting Office, Federal Lands: Wildfire Preparedness and Suppression Expenditures for Fiscal Years 1993 Through 1997 (Washington, DC: GAO, 1998), p. 5, GAO/T-RCED-98-247.
31. National Association of State Foresters, Fire and Ice: The Role of State and Federal Forestry Agencies in Disaster Management Management and Response (Washington, DC: National Association of State Foresters, no date), p. 11.
32. GAO, Wildfire Preparedness and Suppression Expenditures, p. 7.
33. See Samuel Dana and Sally Fairfax, Forest and Range Policy, 2d ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980); and more recently, Charles Davis, ed., Western Public Lands and Environmental Politics, 2d ed. (Boulder, CO: Wescview Press, 2001).
34. See Samuel Dana and Sally Fairfax, Forest and Range Policy, 2d ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980); and more recently, Charles Davis, ed., Western Public Lands and Environmental Politics, 2d ed. (Boulder, CO: Wescview Press, 2001).
35. Ibid, p. 11.
36. Jack Wilson and Jerry Monesmith, "The National Wildfire Coordinating Group - Then and Now, " Fire Management Notes 48 (1987): 5.
37. Chambers, "The Evolution of Wildland Fire Management, " p. 6.
38. Wilson and Monesmith, "The National Wildfire Coordinating Group, " pp. 6-7.
39. Pyne, Andrews, and Laven, Introduction to Wildland Fire, p. 340.
40. U.S. Departments of Interior and Agriculture, Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy & Program Review (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995).
41. Council on Environmental Quality, Managing the Impact of wildfires on Communities and the Environment (8 September 2000). http://www.whitehouse.gov/CEQ/firereport.html. Accessed on 27 November 2000.
42. Anon., "Even more emergency fire money expected, blame game begins, " Public Lands News 25 (August 2000): 2-3.
43. An already sizeable budget for wildfire management received a substantial increase for FY 2000 and a similar level of funding exceeding $1.4 billion dollars was committed for FY 2001. Council on Environmental Quality, Managing the Impact of Wildfires on Communities and the Environment, p. 30.
44. Western Governors' Association, Western Fires and Forest Policy Initiative 14 (November 2000); World Wide Web: Internet Citation: http//www.westgove.org/wga/initiatives/fire/default.html. Accessed on December 11, 2000.
45. William E. Riebsame, ed., Atlas of the New West (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997), p. 96.
46. Council on Environmental Quality, Managing the Impact of Wildfires on Communities and the Environment, p. 8.
47. Mary Jo Lavin, "Managing Fire Risk to People, Structures, and the Environment, " Fire Management Notes 57 (1997): 5.
48. Pyne, Andrews, and Laven, Intruduction to Wildland Fire, pp. 346-348.
49. Several writers have offered useful suggestions for the development of policy within the urban wildland interface. See C. Phillip Weatherspoon and Carl N. Skinner, "Landscape-Level Strategies for Forest Fuel Management, " Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project, Volume II (Davis, CA: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, 1996), pp. 1484-1485; and Steve Plevel, "Fire Policy at the Wildland-Urban Interface, " Journal of Forestry 95 (October 1997): 12-17.
50. Several writers have offered useful suggestions for the development of policy within the urban wildland interface. See C. Phillip Weatherspoon and Carl N. Skinner, "Landscape-Level Strategies for Forest Fuel Management, " Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project, Volume II (Davis, CA: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, 1996), pp. 1484-1485; and Steve Plevel, "Fire Policy at the Wildland-Urban Interface, " Journal of Forestry 95 (October 1997): 12-17.
51. Rossomando, Wildlands Fire Management, pp. 30-31.
52. Ibid, p. 31.
53. Robert H. Nelson, A Burning Issue: A Case for Abolishing the U.S. Forest Service (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), pp. 174-175.
54. Plevel, "Fire Policy at the Wildland-Urban Interface, " p. 14.
55. Pyne, Andrews, and Laven, Introduction to Wildland Fire, p. 346.
56. Edward Weber, "A New Vanguard for the Environment: Grass-roots Ecosystem Management as a New Environmental Movement, " Society & Natural Resources 13 (2000): 237-259.