The effects of age of second language learning on the production of English vowels

Applied Psycholinguistics

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 313-334

  Flege, James Emil ^a   Mackay, Ian R A ^c   Munro, Murray J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^b SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040304771     PISSN: 01427164     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0142716400007967     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Andruski, J. (1990). Perceptual information for vowel identification. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University of Alberta, Department of Linguistics.
2. Assmann, P., Nearey, T., & Hogan, J. (1982). Vowel identification: Orthographic, perceptual, and acoustic aspects. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America, 71, 975-989.
3. Basson, S. (1988). Patterns of pronunciation errors in English by native Japanese and Hebrew speakers. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
4. Best, C. (1994). The emergence of native-language phonological influences in infants: A perceptual assimilation model. In J. Goodman & H. Nusbaum (Eds.), The development of speech perception: The transition from speech sounds to spoken words (pp. 167-224). Cambridge: MIT Press.
5. Best, C., McRoberts, G., & Sithole, N. (1988). Examination of perceptual reorganization for nonnative speech contrasts: Zulu click discrimination by English-speaking adults and infants. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14, 345-360.
6. Blankenship, B. (1991). Vowel perception in a second language. Paper presented at the meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, San Diego.
7. Bohn, O.-S., & Flege, J. (1990). Interlingual identification and the role of foreign language experience in L2 vowel perception. Applied Psycholinguistics, 11, 303-328.
8. Busà, G. (1992). On the production of English vowels by Italian speakers with different degrees of accent. In J. Leather & A. James (Eds.), New sounds '92. Proceedings of the 1992 Amsterdam Symposium on the Acquisition of Second-language Speech (pp. 47-63). Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.
9. Ferrero, F., Magno-Caldognetto, E., Vagges, K., & Lavagnoli, C. (1978). Some acoustic characteristics of the Italian vowels. Journal of Italian Linguistics, 3, 87-96.
10. Flege, J. (1980). Phonetic approximation in second language acquisition. Language and Speech, 30, 117-134.
11. (1987). The production of "new" and "similar" phones in a foreign language: Evidence tor the effect of equivalence classification. Journal of Phonetics, 15, 47-65.
12. (1992a). The intelligibility of English vowels spoken by British and Dutch talkers. In R. Kent (Ed.), Intelligibility in speech disorders (pp. 157-232). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
13. (1992b). Speech learning in a second language. In C. Ferguson, L. Menn, & C. Stoel-Gammon (Eds.), Phonological development: Models, research, and applications (pp. 565-604). Timonium, MD: York Press.
14. (1995). Second-language speech learning: Theory, findings, and problems. In W. Strange (Ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research (pp. 229-273). Timonium, MD: York Press.
15. Flege, J., & Hillenbrand, J. (1984). Limits on phonetic accuracy in foreign language speech production. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 76, 708-721.
16. Flege, J., Munro, M., & MacKay, I. (1995a). Effects of age of second-language learning on the production of English consonants. Speech Communication, 16, 1-26.
17. (1995b). Factors affecting strength of perceived foreign accent in a second language. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97, 3125-3134.
18. Flege, J., Takagi, N., & Mann, V. (1995). Japanese adults can learn to produce English III and /1/ accurately. Language and Speech, 38, 25-56.
19. Gottfried, T., & Beddor, P. (1988). Perception of temporal and spectral information in French vowels. Language and Speech, 31, 57-75.
20. Hillenbrand, J., Getty, L., Clark, M., & Wheeler, K. (1995). Acoustic characteristics of American English vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97, 3099-3111.
21. Lisker, L., & Abramson, A. (1964). A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: Acoustical measurements. Word, 20, 384-422.
22. Mitleb, F. (1981). Timing of English vowels spoken with an Arabic accent. Research in Phonetics, Report No. 2. Bloomington: Indiana University, Department of Linguistics.
23. Munro, M. (1992). Perception and production of English vowels by native speakers of Arabic. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta, Department of Linguistics.
24. (1993). Productions of English vowels by native speakers of Arabic: Acoustic measurements and accentedness ratings. Language and Speech, 36, 39-66.
25. Munro, M., & Derwing, T. (1995). Foreign accent, comprehensibility, and intelligibility in non-native speech. Language Learning, 45, 73-97.
26. Peterson, G., & Barney, H. ( 1952). Control methods used in a study of the vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 24, 175-184.
27. Rochet, B. (1995). Perception and production of L2 speech sounds by adults. In W. Strange (Ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research (pp. 379-410). Timonium, MD: York Press.
28. Strange, W. (1989). Dynamic specification of coarticulated vowels spoken in sentence context. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 60, 213-224.
29. Vagges, K., Ferrero, F., Magno-Caldognetto, E., & Lavagnoli, C. (1979). Some acoustic characteristics of Italian consonants. Journal of Italian Linguistics, 3, 69-85.
30. Weinreich, U. (1957). On the description of phonic interference. Word, 13, 1-11.
31. Williams, D. (1971). A test for differences between treatment means when several dose levels are compared with a zero dose control. Biometrics, 27, 103-117.