The Gulf War and illness by association

British Journal of Psychology

Volumn 90, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 459-475

  Ferguson, Eamonn ^a   Cassaday, Helen J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040290044     PISSN: 20448295     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1348/000712699161530     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Ader, R. & Cohen, N. (1982). Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression and murine systemic lupus erythematosus. Science, 215, 1534-1536.
2. Ader, R. & Cohen, N. (1993). Psychoneuroimmunology: conditioning and stress. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 53-85.
3. Aggleton, J. & Waskett, L. (1999). The ability of odours to serve as state-dependent cues for real-world memories: Can Viking smells aid the recall of Viking experiences? British Journal of Psychology, 90, 1-7.
4. Andersen, B., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. & Glaser, R. (1994). A biobehavioral model of cancer stress and disease course. American Psychologist, 49, 389-404.
5. Barnes, J. (1961). Psychiatric sequelae of chronic exposure to organophosphorus insecticides. The Lancet, II, 102-103.
6. Bolles, R. C. & Fanselow, M. S. (1980). A perceptual defensive-recuperative model of fear and pain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, 291-323.
7. Bovbjerg, D., Redd, W., Maier, L., Holland, J., Lesko, L., Niedzwiecki, D., Rubin, S. & Hakes, T. (1990). Anticipatory immune suppression and nausea in women receiving cyclic chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 153-157.
8. Cohen, N., Moynihan, J. A. & Ader, R. (1994). Pavlovian conditioning of the immune system. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 105, 101-106.
9. Cohen, S. & Williamson, G. (1991). Stress and infectious disease in humans. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 5-24.
10. De Bleecker, J., De Reuck, J. & Willems, J. (1992). Neurological aspects of organophosphate poisoning. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 94, 93-103.
11. Department of Defence (1996). Comprehensive clinical evaluation program for Persian Gulf War veterans. UK: Department of Defence.
12. Dinarello, C. (1994). Interleukin-1. In A. Thomson (Ed.), The cytokine handbook, 2nd ed., pp. 31-55. London: Academic Press.
13. Drugan, R. C. & Maier, S. F. (1983). Analgesic and opioid involvement in the shock-elicited activity and escape deficits produced by inescapable shock. Learning and Motivation, 14, 30-47.
14. Eisenberg, S., Evans, R., Arend, W., Verderber, E., Brewer, M., Hannum, C. & Thompson, R. (1990). Primary structure and functional expression from complementary DNA of a human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Nature, 343, 341-345.
15. Elderkin-Thompson, V., Silver, R. & Waitzkin, H. (1998). Narratives of somatizing and non-somatizing patients in a primary care setting. Journal of Health Psychology, 3, 407-428.
16. Ferguson, E. (1999). Is there a Gulf War syndrome? The Lancet, 353, 1182.
17. Ferguson, E. & Cox, T. (1993). Exploratory factor analysis: A user's guide. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 1, 84-94.
18. Fredrikson, M., Hursti, T., Salmi, P., Borjeson, S., Furst, C., Peterson, C. & Steineck, G. (1993). Conditioned nausea after cancer chemotherapy and autonomie nervous system conditionability. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 34, 318-327.
19. Garcia, J. & Koelling, R. (1966). Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science, 4, 123-124.
20. Gershon, S. & Shaw, F. (1961). Psychiatric sequelae of chronic exposure to organophosphorus insecticides. The Lancet, I, 1371-1374.
21. Goehler, L., Busch, C., Tartaglia, N., Relton, J., Sisj, D., Maier, S. & Watkins, L. (1995). Blockade of cytokine induced conditioned taste aversion by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy : Further evidence for vagal mediation of immune-brain communication. Neuroscience Letters, 185, 163-166.
22. Gorsuch, R. (1983). Factor analysis. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
23. Granowitz, E., Porat, R., Mier, J. Orencole, S., Callhan, M., Cannon, J., Lynch, E., Ye, K., Poutsiaka, S., Vannier, E., Shapero, L., Pribble, J., Stiles, D., Catalano, M., Wolff, S. & Dinarello, C. (1992a). Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocks the neutrophillia and immunosuppressive effects of experimental endotoxemia. Clinical Research, 40, 651A.
24. Granowitz, E., Porat, R., Mier, J., Pribble, J., Stiles, D., Bloedow, D., Catalano, M., Wolff, S. & Dinarello, C. (1992b). Pharmacokinetics, safety and immunomodulatory effects of human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in healthy humans. Cytokines, 4, 353-360.
25. Gray, J. A. (1987). The psychology of fear and stress, 2nd ed., pp. 5-26. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
26. Haley, R., Hom, J., Roland, P., Bryan, W., Van Ness, P., Bonte, F., Devous, M., Mathew, D., Fleckenstein, J., Wians, F., Wolfe, G. & Kurt, T. (1997a). Evaluation of neurological function in gulf war veterans. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 223-230.
27. Haley, R. & Kurt, T. (1997). Self-reported exposure to neurotoxic chemical combinations in the gulf war. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 2231-2237.
28. Haley, R., Kurt, T. & Hom, J. (1997b). Is there a Gulf War Syndrome? Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 215-222.
29. Hendrie, C. A. (1989). Naloxone-sensitive hyperalgesia follows analgesia induced by morphine and environmental stimulation. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behaviour, 32, 961-966.
30. Holden, C. (1997). Evidence for a Gulf War Syndrome? Science, 275, 313.
31. Horn, J., Haley, R. & Kurt, T. (1997). Neuropsychological correlates of Gulf War Syndrome. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 531-544.
32. Horn, J. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometricka, 30, 179-185.
33. Hutchison, S. (1973). Taste aversion in albino rats using centrifugal spin as an unconditioned stimulus. Psychological Reports, 33, 467-470.
34. Ismail, K., Everitt, B., Blatchley, N., Hull, L., Unwin, C., David, A. & Wessely, S. (1999). Is there a Gulf War Syndrome? The Lancet 353, 179-182.
35. Jamal, G. (1995). Long term neurotoxic effects of organophosphate compounds. Adverse Drug Reactions and Toxicological Review, 14, 85-99.
36. Jamal, G., Hansen, S., Apartopoulos, F. & Peden, A. (1996). The 'Gulf War syndrome'. Is there evidence of dysfunction in the nervous system? Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 60, 449-451.
37. Kellner, R. (1990). Somatization: Theories and research. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 150-160.
38. Kendell, R. (1989). Clinical validity. Psychological Medicine, 19, 45-55.
39. Kent, S., Bluthe, M.-R., Kelley, K. & Dantzer, R. (1992). Sickness behavior as a new target for drug development. Trends in Pharmaceutical Science, 13, 24-28.
40. Kimble, R., Matayoshi, A., Vannice, J., Kung, V., Williams, C. & Pacifici, R. (1995). Simultaneous block of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor is required to completely prevent bone loss in early postovariectomy period. Endocrinology, 136, 3054-3061.
41. Kirkwood, E. & Lewis, C. (1989). Understanding medical immunology. Chichester: Wiley.
42. Lishman, W. A. (1987). Organic psychiatry: The psychological consequences of cerebral disorder, 2nd ed., pp. 207-276. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
43. Lloyd, G. (1983). Medicine without signs. British Medical Journal, 287, 539-542.
44. Lotti, M. (1992). The pathogenesis of organophosphate polyneuropathy. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 21, 465-487.
45. Lotti, M., Becker, C. & Aminoff, M. (1984). Organophosphate polyneuropathy: Pathogenesis and prevention. Neurology, 34, 658-662.
46. Maier, S. & Watkins, L. (1998). Cytokines for psychologists: Implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood and cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 83-107.
47. Maier, S., Watkins, L. & Flesher, M. (1994). Psychoneuroimmunology: The interface between behavior, brain and immunity. American Psychologist, 49, 1004-1017.
48. Milner, I., Axelrod, B., Pasquantonio, J. & Sillanpaa, M. (1994). Is there a gulf war syndrome? Journal of the American Medical Association, 271, 661.
49. O'Brien, C. P., Testa, T., O'Brien, T. J., Brady, J. P. & Wells, B. (1977). Conditioned narcotic withdrawal in humans. Science, 195, 1000-1002.
50. Parker, A. & Gellatly, A. (1997). Moveable cues: A practical method for reducing context-dependent forgetting. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11, 163-173.
51. Petty, C. (1958). Organic phosphate insecticides poisoning. American Journal of Medicine, 43, 467-470.
52. Pezzone, M., Lee, S., Hoffman, G., Pezzone, K. & Rabin, B. (1993). Activation of brainstem catecholaminergic neurones by conditioned and unconditioned aversive stimuli as revealed by c-Fos immunoreactivity. Brain Research, 608, 310-318.
53. Revusky, S. & Parker, L. (1976). Aversion to unflavored water and cup drinking produced by delayed sickness. Journal of Experimental Psychology (Animal Behavior Processes), 2, 342-353.
54. Robins, J. & Kirmayer, L. (1991). Attributions of common somatic symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 21, 1029-1045.
55. Rook, G. & Zumla, A. (1997). Gulf war syndrome: is it due to a systemic shift in cytokine balance towards a Th2 profile. Lancet, 349, 1831-1833.
56. Rosenstock, L., Keifer, M., Daniell, W., McConnell, R. & Claypoole, K. (1991). Chronic central nervous system effects of acute organophosphate pesticide intoxication. The Lancet, 338, 223-227.
57. Schab, F. (1990). Odors and the remembrance of things past. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 16, 648-655.
58. Schafe, G., Seeley, R. & Bernstein, L. (1995). Forebrain contribution to the induction of a cellular correlate of conditioned taste aversion in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 6789-6795.
59. Sideroff, S. I. & Jarvik, M. E. (1980). Conditioned responses to a videotape showing heroin-related stimuli. International Journal of the Addictions, 15, 529-536.
60. Siegel, S. (1977). Morphine tolerance acquistion as an associative process. Journal of Experimental Psychology (Animal Behaviour Processes), 3, 1-13.
61. Skelton, J. & Pennebaker, J. (1982). The psychology of physical symptoms and sensations. In G. Sanders & J. Suls (Eds), Social psychology of health and illness, pp. 99-128. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
62. Smith, J. C. & Roll, D. L. (1967). Trace conditioning with X-rays as an aversive stimulus. Psychonomic Science, 9, 11-12.
63. Stewart, J., de Wit, H. & Eikelboom, R. (1984). Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in the self-administration of opiates and stimulants. Psychological Review, 91, 251-268.
64. Stoller, A., Krupinski, J., Christophers, A. & Blanks, G. (1965). Organophosphorus insecticides and major mental illness. The Lancet, I, 1387-1388.
65. Taylor, S. (1983). Adjustment to threatening events: a theory of cognitive adaptation. American Psychologist, 41, 1161-1173.
66. Teasdale, J. D. (1973). Conditioned abstinence in narcotic addicts. International Journal of the Addictions, 8, 273-292.
67. Unwin, C., Blatchley, N., Coker, W., Ferry, S., Hotopf, M., Hull, L., Ismail, K., Palmer, I., David, A. & Wessley, S. (1999). Health of UK servicemen who served in Persian Gulf War. The Lancet, 353, 169-178.
68. Valentine, C. W. (1930). The innate bases of fear. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 37, 394-420.
69. Washington Post (1994). An invisible enemy : The cause of 'Gulf War syndrome' is as elusive as its treatment. 15 August 1994.
70. Watkins, L., Maier, S. & Goehler, L. (1995). Immune activation: The role of proinflammatory cytokines in inflammation, illness responses, and pathological pain states. Pain, 63, 289-302.
71. Watson, J. B. (1924). behaviorism. New York: Norton.
72. Weir, D. (1988). Immunology. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
73. Weisse, C. (1992). Depression and immunocompetence : A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 111 475-489.
74. Zwick, W. & Velicer, W. (1986). Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 432-442.