The multiple faces of South African foreign policy

International Journal

Volumn 53, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 704-732

  Cooper, Andrew F ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^b STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040289085     PISSN: 00207020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/002070209805300408     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Robert D. Putnam, 'Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games, International Organization 42(summer 1988), 423.
2. For example, Deon Fourie, 'Regional security prospects,' in Walter Carlsnaes and Marie Muller, Change and South African External Relations (Johannesburg: International Thomson 1997), 268-278.
3. See, for example, Marie Muller, 'The institutional dimension: The Department of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Mission,' in ibid, 51-72. For the older tradition see Deon Geldenhys, The Diplomacy Of Isolation: South African Foreign Policy Making (Johannesburg: Macmillan, South African Institute of International Affairs 1984).
4. See, for example, Marie Muller, 'The institutional dimension: The Department of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Mission,' in ibid, 51-72. For the older tradition see Deon Geldenhys, The Diplomacy Of Isolation: South African Foreign Policy Making (Johannesburg: Macmillan, South African Institute of International Affairs 1984).
5. These questions form the basis of the works of Peter J. Katzenstein (Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe [Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1985]), and Peter Gourevitch (Politics in Hard Times: Responses to International Economic Crises [Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1986]).
6. These questions form the basis of the works of Peter J. Katzenstein (Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe [Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1985]), and Peter Gourevitch (Politics in Hard Times: Responses to International Economic Crises [Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1986]).
7. For one such critique, see Roger Southall, 'The New South Africa in the new world order: beyond the double whammy,' Third World Quarterly 15(March 1994), 134-5.
8. Michael Mastanduno, David A. Lake, and G. John Ikenberry, 'Toward a realist theory of state activity,' International Studies Quarterly 33(December 1989), 457-74.
9. Greg Mills, ed, from Pariah to Participant: South Africa's Evolving Foreign Relations, 1990-1994 (Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs 1994).
10. See for example, Robert M. Price, 'South Africa: the political economy of growth and democracy,' in Stephen John Stedman ed, South Africa: The Political Economy of Transformation (Boulder CO & London: Lynne Rienner 1994), 192.
11. Nelson Mandela, 'South Africa's future foreign policy,' Foreign Affairs 72(November/December 1993), 88.
12. South African Foreign Policy, Discussion Document, Department of Foreign Affairs, July 1996, Section 3.4.
13. 'SA grapples with peacekeeper role,' Southern African Report, 14 July 1995, 3.
14. J. Van der Westhuizen, 'Can the giant be gentle? Peacemaking as South African foreign policy', Politikon 22 (December 1995), 72-83.
15. Mandela, 'South Africa's foreign policy,' 89.
16. Maxi van Aardt, 'A foreign policy to die for: South Africa's responses to the Nigerian crisis,' Africa Insight 26 (no 2, 1996), 107-119.
17. Chris Landsberg, et al, eds, Mission Imperfect; Redirecting South Africa's Foreign Policy (Johannesburg: Foundation for Global Dialogue and the Centre for Policy Studies 1995). This duality of experience is the major focus of Peter Vale's recent work on the 'upstairs'/'downstairs' theme. See his 'South Africa: understanding the upstairs and the downstairs,' in Andrew F. Cooper, ed, Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers after the Cold War (London: Macmillan 1997), 197-214; and 'Beyond convenience: diplomacy and South Africa's people,' Diplomatic Studies Newsletter, Centre for the Study of Diplomacy, University of Leicester, May 1998, 23-5.
18. Chris Landsberg, et al, eds, Mission Imperfect; Redirecting South Africa's Foreign Policy (Johannesburg: Foundation for Global Dialogue and the Centre for Policy Studies 1995). This duality of experience is the major focus of Peter Vale's recent work on the 'upstairs'/'downstairs' theme. See his 'South Africa: understanding the upstairs and the downstairs,' in Andrew F. Cooper, ed, Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers after the Cold War (London: Macmillan 1997), 197-214; and 'Beyond convenience: diplomacy and South Africa's people,' Diplomatic Studies Newsletter, Centre for the Study of Diplomacy, University of Leicester, May 1998, 23-5.
19. Chris Landsberg, et al, eds, Mission Imperfect; Redirecting South Africa's Foreign Policy (Johannesburg: Foundation for Global Dialogue and the Centre for Policy Studies 1995). This duality of experience is the major focus of Peter Vale's recent work on the 'upstairs'/'downstairs' theme. See his 'South Africa: understanding the upstairs and the downstairs,' in Andrew F. Cooper, ed, Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers after the Cold War (London: Macmillan 1997), 197-214; and 'Beyond convenience: diplomacy and South Africa's people,' Diplomatic Studies Newsletter, Centre for the Study of Diplomacy, University of Leicester, May 1998, 23-5.
20. James Hamill and Jack Spence, 'South Africa and international organizations,' in Carlsnaes and Muller, eds, Change and South African External Relations, 215; Graham Evans, 'South Africa in remission; the foreign policy of an altered state,' Journal of Modern African Studies 34(June 1996), 263.
21. James Hamill and Jack Spence, 'South Africa and international organizations,' in Carlsnaes and Muller, eds, Change and South African External Relations, 215; Graham Evans, 'South Africa in remission; the foreign policy of an altered state,' Journal of Modern African Studies 34(June 1996), 263.
22. South Africa, Senate, Debates, 4 June 1996, 1769.
23. Ibid, 1770.
24. See, for example, Joe Diescho, The Limits of Foreign Policy Making in South Africa (Pretoria: University of South Africe 1996), 13.
25. Senator Alec Erwin, Senate, Debates, 4 June 1996, 1790.
26. Aziz Pahad, House of Assembly, Debates, 16 May 1996, 1123.
27. Senator J. Selfe, Senate, Debates, 16 May 1996, 1114. For a vigorous defence of the solidarity principle, see F. Hajalj, National Assembly, Debates, 24 April 1997, 1896.
28. Senator J. Selfe, Senate, Debates, 16 May 1996, 1114. For a vigorous defence of the solidarity principle, see F. Hajalj, National Assembly, Debates, 24 April 1997, 1896.
29. Deputy Foreign Minister, Aziz Pahad, ibid, 16 May 1996, 1089.
30. Greg Mills, 'If Africa is pregnant with promise, it's time to force the delivery,' Sunday Independent (Johannesburg), 6 April 1997.
31. Raymond Suttner, 'South African foreign policy since April 1994,' African Communist, Third Quarter, 1996, 72.
32. African Development Bank, Prospects for Economic Integration in Southern Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1993). On the contending regional scenarios, see Larry A. Swatuk and David R. Black, 'The "new" South Africa in Africa,' in Larry A. Swatuk and David R. Black, eds, Bridging the Rift: The New South Africa in Africa (Boulder co: Westview 1997), 2.
33. African Development Bank, Prospects for Economic Integration in Southern Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1993). On the contending regional scenarios, see Larry A. Swatuk and David R. Black, 'The "new" South Africa in Africa,' in Larry A. Swatuk and David R. Black, eds, Bridging the Rift: The New South Africa in Africa (Boulder co: Westview 1997), 2.
34. See, for example, Gavin Maasdorp, 'Can regional integration help southern Africa?' in Gavin Maasdorp, ed, Can South and Southern Africa become Competitive Economies? (London: Macmillan 1996), 45-60.
35. 'South Africa delays entry to Lome,' Financial Times (London), 3 September 1997.
36. Madeleine Wackernagel, 'South Africa should go global, not regional,' Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg), 12 July 1996. See also Dot Keet, The Neo-Liberal Challenge to Prospects for Development Co-operation and Integration in Southern Africa, Johannesburg: Institute for African Alternatives, Occasional Paper No 11, 1994.
37. Madeleine Wackernagel, 'South Africa should go global, not regional,' Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg), 12 July 1996. See also Dot Keet, The Neo-Liberal Challenge to Prospects for Development Co-operation and Integration in Southern Africa, Johannesburg: Institute for African Alternatives, Occasional Paper No 11, 1994.
38. Quoted in Patrick J. McGowan and Fred Ahwireng-Obeng, 'Partner or hegemon? South Africa in Africa: part two,' Journal of Contemporary African Studies 16 (July 1998), 187. The intensity of the economic conflict has contributed to disagreements between South Africa and Zimbabwe in the security domain, particularly in the renewed crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo. See, for example, Victor Mallet, 'Democratic S. Africa finds its neighbours hard to convince,' Financial Times, 27 August 1998.
39. Quoted in Patrick J. McGowan and Fred Ahwireng-Obeng, 'Partner or hegemon? South Africa in Africa: part two,' Journal of Contemporary African Studies 16 (July 1998), 187. The intensity of the economic conflict has contributed to disagreements between South Africa and Zimbabwe in the security domain, particularly in the renewed crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo. See, for example, Victor Mallet, 'Democratic S. Africa finds its neighbours hard to convince,' Financial Times, 27 August 1998.
40. Chris Alden, Apartheid's Last Stance: The Rise and Fall of the South African Security State (London: Macmillan 1996). See also the earlier works by Kenneth Grundy, including The Militarization of South Africa Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1988).
41. Chris Alden, Apartheid's Last Stance: The Rise and Fall of the South African Security State (London: Macmillan 1996). See also the earlier works by Kenneth Grundy, including The Militarization of South Africa Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1988).
42. On economic stagnation as a factor leading to the political transition, see, for example Hermann Giliomee, 'Democratization in South Africa,' Political Science Quarterly 110(spring 1995), 83-104; James Barber, Forging the New South Africa (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs 1994).
43. On economic stagnation as a factor leading to the political transition, see, for example Hermann Giliomee, 'Democratization in South Africa,' Political Science Quarterly 110(spring 1995), 83-104; James Barber, Forging the New South Africa (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs 1994).
44. Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Studies in the Post-Cold War Era (Hemel Hemstead: Harvester 1991).
45. National Assembly, Debates, 5 June 1996, 2296.
46. Maxi van Aardt, 'In search of a more adequate concept of security in southern Africa,' South African Journal of International Affairs 1(spring 1993), 85; Ken Booth and Peter Vale, 'Critical security studies and regional insecurity: the case of southern Africa,' in Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams, eds, Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1997), 329-58.
47. Maxi van Aardt, 'In search of a more adequate concept of security in southern Africa,' South African Journal of International Affairs 1(spring 1993), 85; Ken Booth and Peter Vale, 'Critical security studies and regional insecurity: the case of southern Africa,' in Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams, eds, Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1997), 329-58.
48. Discussion Document, 3.3.
49. National Assembly, Debates, 25 April 1997, 1865.
50. Susan Willetts, 'The legacy of a pariah state: South Africa's arms trade in the 1990s,' Review of African Political Economy 64 (June 1995), 158.
51. Mastanduno et al, 'Towards a realist theory of state action,' 463.
52. Quoted in Ronaldo Munck, 'South Africa: the great economic debate,' Third World Quarterly 15 (June 1994), 205.
53. Sechaba ka'Nkosi, 'Close the wealth gap, warns Cosatu,' Mail and Guardian, 8-14 August, 1997.
54. Victor Mallet, 'Buoyant markets belie challenges,' Financial Times, 24 March 1998, in 'Investing in South Africa' survey.
55. Senator H.J.P. Lebona, Senate, Debates, 4 June 1996, 1769-70.
56. In Mallet, 'Buoyant markets.'
57. See, for example, Roger Matthews, 'Mandela soft pedals on economic policy,' Financial Times, 17 September 1997.
58. Stefaans Brumer, 'Business at war for Zaire's wealth,' Mail and Guardian, 25 May 1997. For the concept of triangular diplomacy see John Stopford and Susan Strange, Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991).
59. Stefaans Brumer, 'Business at war for Zaire's wealth,' Mail and Guardian, 25 May 1997. For the concept of triangular diplomacy see John Stopford and Susan Strange, Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991).
60. On the theme of black 'empowerment' in the business community, see Heribert Adam, Frederik Van Zyl Slabbert, and Kogila Moodley, Comrades in Business: Post-liberation Politics in South Africa (Cape Town: Tafelberg 1997).
61. Joe Modise, National Assembly, Debates, 5 June 1996, 2293. It is estimated that in 1993 arms exports earned some R800m in foreign exchange and maintained 15,000 jobs. Willetts, 'The legacy of a pariah state,' 158.
62. Joe Modise, National Assembly, Debates, 5 June 1996, 2293. It is estimated that in 1993 arms exports earned some R800m in foreign exchange and maintained 15,000 jobs. Willetts, 'The legacy of a pariah state,' 158.
63. See, for example, Jeffrey Herbst, 'South Africa: economic crisis and distributional imperative,' in Stedman, ed, The Political Economy of Transformation, 29-45.
64. On the corporatist theme see Timothy Shaw, 'South Africa: the corporatist/regionalist conjuncture,' Third World Quarterly 15(June 1994), 243-54; Adam Habib, 'From pluralism to corporatism: South Africa's labour relations in transition,' Politikon 24(June 1997), 57-72.
65. On the corporatist theme see Timothy Shaw, 'South Africa: the corporatist/regionalist conjuncture,' Third World Quarterly 15(June 1994), 243-54; Adam Habib, 'From pluralism to corporatism: South Africa's labour relations in transition,' Politikon 24(June 1997), 57-72.
66. Quoted in McGowan and Ahwireng-Obeng, 'Partner or hegemon?,' 187-8. Migration has attracted increased attention from a new wave of critical thinkers. From a feminist perspective see, for example, Marion Ryan Sinclair, 'Community, identity and gender in migrant societies of southern Africa: emerging episemological challenges,' International Affairs 74(April 1998), 339-53. There is also a growing concern about uprooting indigenous plants and trees. On the wider environmental context see Larry A. Swatuk, 'The environment, sustainable development, and prospects for southern African regional co-operation,' in Swatuk and Black, eds, Bridging the Rift, 127-51.
67. Quoted in McGowan and Ahwireng-Obeng, 'Partner or hegemon?,' 187-8. Migration has attracted increased attention from a new wave of critical thinkers. From a feminist perspective see, for example, Marion Ryan Sinclair, 'Community, identity and gender in migrant societies of southern Africa: emerging episemological challenges,' International Affairs 74(April 1998), 339-53. There is also a growing concern about uprooting indigenous plants and trees. On the wider environmental context see Larry A. Swatuk, 'The environment, sustainable development, and prospects for southern African regional co-operation,' in Swatuk and Black, eds, Bridging the Rift, 127-51.
68. Quoted in McGowan and Ahwireng-Obeng, 'Partner or hegemon?,' 187-8. Migration has attracted increased attention from a new wave of critical thinkers. From a feminist perspective see, for example, Marion Ryan Sinclair, 'Community, identity and gender in migrant societies of southern Africa: emerging episemological challenges,' International Affairs 74(April 1998), 339-53. There is also a growing concern about uprooting indigenous plants and trees. On the wider environmental context see Larry A. Swatuk, 'The environment, sustainable development, and prospects for southern African regional co-operation,' in Swatuk and Black, eds, Bridging the Rift, 127-51.
69. J.E. Spence, 'The debate over South Africa's foreign policy,' South African Journal of International Affairs 3(summer 1996), 122.
70. For an excellent discussion of this theme see Peter Vale and Sipho Maseko, 'South Africa and the African renaissance,' International Affairs 74(April 1998), 271-87.
71. David Ryall, 'Caught between two worlds: understanding South Africa's foreign policy options,' Third World Quarterly 18(June 1997), 397-402.