The Taiwanese/Chinese identity of the Taiwan people

Issues and Studies

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 1-32

  I Chou, Liu ^a   Szu Yin, Ho ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Ethnic identity; National identity; Public opinion; Taiwanese Chinese identity

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040288868     PISSN: 10132511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. E.g., Chen Wen-chun, "The Political Attitude of Secondary School Students in the Taiwan Area: Application of Aggregate Data Analysis," Zhengzhi xuebao (Political Science Journal) (Taipei), no. 11 (1983): 1-78 (in this article, the ethnic background of the people was implied by their mother tongues, such as the south Fujian [Fulao] dialect, Mandarin, and Hakka); Hu Fo and Yu Ying-lung, "The Voters' Voting Inclination: An Analysis of Structure and Types," ibid., 225-79 (in this article, ethnic background was not a factor under consideration); Hu Fo and Yu Ying-lung, "The Voters' Partisan Choice: An Analysis of Attitudinal Inclination and Individual Background," ibid., no. 12 (1984): 1-59; Lei Fei-lung et al., "The Demographic Ecological Studies of Taiwan's Supplementary Legislative Election," ibid., 61-121; Lin Jia-cheng, "A Study of the Electoral Behavior in 1983," ibid., 123-88; Lin Jiacheng, "An Analysis of the Partisan Support Factor," ibid., no. 13 (1985): 131-67; Chang Mao-kuei, "Provincial Origin and Nationalism," in Zuqun guanxiyu guojia rentong (Ethnic relationship and state identity), ed. Chang Mao-kuei et al. (Taipei: Yeqiang chubanshe, 1993), 233-78.
2. E.g., Chen Wen-chun, "The Political Attitude of Secondary School Students in the Taiwan Area: Application of Aggregate Data Analysis," Zhengzhi xuebao (Political Science Journal) (Taipei), no. 11 (1983): 1-78 (in this article, the ethnic background of the people was implied by their mother tongues, such as the south Fujian [Fulao] dialect, Mandarin, and Hakka); Hu Fo and Yu Ying-lung, "The Voters' Voting Inclination: An Analysis of Structure and Types," ibid., 225-79 (in this article, ethnic background was not a factor under consideration); Hu Fo and Yu Ying-lung, "The Voters' Partisan Choice: An Analysis of Attitudinal Inclination and Individual Background," ibid., no. 12 (1984): 1-59; Lei Fei-lung et al., "The Demographic Ecological Studies of Taiwan's Supplementary Legislative Election," ibid., 61-121; Lin Jia-cheng, "A Study of the Electoral Behavior in 1983," ibid., 123-88; Lin Jiacheng, "An Analysis of the Partisan Support Factor," ibid., no. 13 (1985): 131-67; Chang Mao-kuei, "Provincial Origin and Nationalism," in Zuqun guanxiyu guojia rentong (Ethnic relationship and state identity), ed. Chang Mao-kuei et al. (Taipei: Yeqiang chubanshe, 1993), 233-78.
3. E.g., Chen Wen-chun, "The Political Attitude of Secondary School Students in the Taiwan Area: Application of Aggregate Data Analysis," Zhengzhi xuebao (Political Science Journal) (Taipei), no. 11 (1983): 1-78 (in this article, the ethnic background of the people was implied by their mother tongues, such as the south Fujian [Fulao] dialect, Mandarin, and Hakka); Hu Fo and Yu Ying-lung, "The Voters' Voting Inclination: An Analysis of Structure and Types," ibid., 225-79 (in this article, ethnic background was not a factor under consideration); Hu Fo and Yu Ying-lung, "The Voters' Partisan Choice: An Analysis of Attitudinal Inclination and Individual Background," ibid., no. 12 (1984): 1-59; Lei Fei-lung et al., "The Demographic Ecological Studies of Taiwan's Supplementary Legislative Election," ibid., 61-121; Lin Jia-cheng, "A Study of the Electoral Behavior in 1983," ibid., 123-88; Lin Jiacheng, "An Analysis of the Partisan Support Factor," ibid., no. 13 (1985): 131-67; Chang Mao-kuei, "Provincial Origin and Nationalism," in Zuqun guanxiyu guojia rentong (Ethnic relationship and state identity), ed. Chang Mao-kuei et al. (Taipei: Yeqiang chubanshe, 1993), 233-78.
4. E.g., Chen Wen-chun, "The Political Attitude of Secondary School Students in the Taiwan Area: Application of Aggregate Data Analysis," Zhengzhi xuebao (Political Science Journal) (Taipei), no. 11 (1983): 1-78 (in this article, the ethnic background of the people was implied by their mother tongues, such as the south Fujian [Fulao] dialect, Mandarin, and Hakka); Hu Fo and Yu Ying-lung, "The Voters' Voting Inclination: An Analysis of Structure and Types," ibid., 225-79 (in this article, ethnic background was not a factor under consideration); Hu Fo and Yu Ying-lung, "The Voters' Partisan Choice: An Analysis of Attitudinal Inclination and Individual Background," ibid., no. 12 (1984): 1-59; Lei Fei-lung et al., "The Demographic Ecological Studies of Taiwan's Supplementary Legislative Election," ibid., 61-121; Lin Jia-cheng, "A Study of the Electoral Behavior in 1983," ibid., 123-88; Lin Jiacheng, "An Analysis of the Partisan Support Factor," ibid., no. 13 (1985): 131-67; Chang Mao-kuei, "Provincial Origin and Nationalism," in Zuqun guanxiyu guojia rentong (Ethnic relationship and state identity), ed. Chang Mao-kuei et al. (Taipei: Yeqiang chubanshe, 1993), 233-78.
5. E.g., Chen Wen-chun, "The Political Attitude of Secondary School Students in the Taiwan Area: Application of Aggregate Data Analysis," Zhengzhi xuebao (Political Science Journal) (Taipei), no. 11 (1983): 1-78 (in this article, the ethnic background of the people was implied by their mother tongues, such as the south Fujian [Fulao] dialect, Mandarin, and Hakka); Hu Fo and Yu Ying-lung, "The Voters' Voting Inclination: An Analysis of Structure and Types," ibid., 225-79 (in this article, ethnic background was not a factor under consideration); Hu Fo and Yu Ying-lung, "The Voters' Partisan Choice: An Analysis of Attitudinal Inclination and Individual Background," ibid., no. 12 (1984): 1-59; Lei Fei-lung et al., "The Demographic Ecological Studies of Taiwan's Supplementary Legislative Election," ibid., 61-121; Lin Jia-cheng, "A Study of the Electoral Behavior in 1983," ibid., 123-88; Lin Jiacheng, "An Analysis of the Partisan Support Factor," ibid., no. 13 (1985): 131-67; Chang Mao-kuei, "Provincial Origin and Nationalism," in Zuqun guanxiyu guojia rentong (Ethnic relationship and state identity), ed. Chang Mao-kuei et al. (Taipei: Yeqiang chubanshe, 1993), 233-78.
6. E.g., Chen Wen-chun, "The Political Attitude of Secondary School Students in the Taiwan Area: Application of Aggregate Data Analysis," Zhengzhi xuebao (Political Science Journal) (Taipei), no. 11 (1983): 1-78 (in this article, the ethnic background of the people was implied by their mother tongues, such as the south Fujian [Fulao] dialect, Mandarin, and Hakka); Hu Fo and Yu Ying-lung, "The Voters' Voting Inclination: An Analysis of Structure and Types," ibid., 225-79 (in this article, ethnic background was not a factor under consideration); Hu Fo and Yu Ying-lung, "The Voters' Partisan Choice: An Analysis of Attitudinal Inclination and Individual Background," ibid., no. 12 (1984): 1-59; Lei Fei-lung et al., "The Demographic Ecological Studies of Taiwan's Supplementary Legislative Election," ibid., 61-121; Lin Jia-cheng, "A Study of the Electoral Behavior in 1983," ibid., 123-88; Lin Jiacheng, "An Analysis of the Partisan Support Factor," ibid., no. 13 (1985): 131-67; Chang Mao-kuei, "Provincial Origin and Nationalism," in Zuqun guanxiyu guojia rentong (Ethnic relationship and state identity), ed. Chang Mao-kuei et al. (Taipei: Yeqiang chubanshe, 1993), 233-78.
7. E.g., Chen Wen-chun, "The Political Attitude of Secondary School Students in the Taiwan Area: Application of Aggregate Data Analysis," Zhengzhi xuebao (Political Science Journal) (Taipei), no. 11 (1983): 1-78 (in this article, the ethnic background of the people was implied by their mother tongues, such as the south Fujian [Fulao] dialect, Mandarin, and Hakka); Hu Fo and Yu Ying-lung, "The Voters' Voting Inclination: An Analysis of Structure and Types," ibid., 225-79 (in this article, ethnic background was not a factor under consideration); Hu Fo and Yu Ying-lung, "The Voters' Partisan Choice: An Analysis of Attitudinal Inclination and Individual Background," ibid., no. 12 (1984): 1-59; Lei Fei-lung et al., "The Demographic Ecological Studies of Taiwan's Supplementary Legislative Election," ibid., 61-121; Lin Jia-cheng, "A Study of the Electoral Behavior in 1983," ibid., 123-88; Lin Jiacheng, "An Analysis of the Partisan Support Factor," ibid., no. 13 (1985): 131-67; Chang Mao-kuei, "Provincial Origin and Nationalism," in Zuqun guanxiyu guojia rentong (Ethnic relationship and state identity), ed. Chang Mao-kuei et al. (Taipei: Yeqiang chubanshe, 1993), 233-78.
8. Chang Mao-kuei and Hsiao Hsin-huang, "The 'Chinese Complex' and Taiwanese Complex' of University Students: An Analysis of Self-Identification and Intermarriage Concepts," Zhongguo luntan (China Tribune) (Taipei) 25, no. 1 (1987): 34-52.
9. Cheng Su-fen, "An Analysis of the Correlation Between Candidate Image and Voting Behavior," in Xuanju xingwei yu Taiwan diqu de zhengzhi minzhuhua: Cong dierjie lifaweiyuan xuanju tantao (Electoral behavior and the Taiwan area's political democratization: A discussion based on the second legislative election), a National Science Council research project report (NSC82-0301-H004-034), ed. Chen Yi-yen et al. (Taipei: Election Study Center, National Chengchi University, 1993), 62-81; Chen Wen-chun, "The Unification/ Independence Issue and the Electoral Behavior of the Voters: An Analysis of the 1994 Provincial Governor/City Mayor Elections," Xuanju yanjiu (Journal of Electoral Studies) (Taipei) 2, no. 2 (1995): 99-136; Wu Nai-te, "Liberalism and Ethnic Identity: A Search for an Ideological Basis of Taiwanese Nationalism," Taiwan zhengzhi xuekan (Journal of Taiwan Politics) (Taipei), no. 1 (1996): 5-39; Yu Ying-lung, "A Political Psychological Analysis of Taiwan's Ethnic Identity," ibid., 41-84; Tsai Meng-hsi, "A Study of the Changes in the Ethnic Identity, Unification/Independence Position, and Party Preference of the Taiwan People" (Master's thesis, Graduate Institute of Political Science, National Chengchi University, Taipei, 1997).
10. Cheng Su-fen, "An Analysis of the Correlation Between Candidate Image and Voting Behavior," in Xuanju xingwei yu Taiwan diqu de zhengzhi minzhuhua: Cong dierjie lifaweiyuan xuanju tantao (Electoral behavior and the Taiwan area's political democratization: A discussion based on the second legislative election), a National Science Council research project report (NSC82-0301-H004-034), ed. Chen Yi-yen et al. (Taipei: Election Study Center, National Chengchi University, 1993), 62-81; Chen Wen-chun, "The Unification/ Independence Issue and the Electoral Behavior of the Voters: An Analysis of the 1994 Provincial Governor/City Mayor Elections," Xuanju yanjiu (Journal of Electoral Studies) (Taipei) 2, no. 2 (1995): 99-136; Wu Nai-te, "Liberalism and Ethnic Identity: A Search for an Ideological Basis of Taiwanese Nationalism," Taiwan zhengzhi xuekan (Journal of Taiwan Politics) (Taipei), no. 1 (1996): 5-39; Yu Ying-lung, "A Political Psychological Analysis of Taiwan's Ethnic Identity," ibid., 41-84; Tsai Meng-hsi, "A Study of the Changes in the Ethnic Identity, Unification/Independence Position, and Party Preference of the Taiwan People" (Master's thesis, Graduate Institute of Political Science, National Chengchi University, Taipei, 1997).
11. Cheng Su-fen, "An Analysis of the Correlation Between Candidate Image and Voting Behavior," in Xuanju xingwei yu Taiwan diqu de zhengzhi minzhuhua: Cong dierjie lifaweiyuan xuanju tantao (Electoral behavior and the Taiwan area's political democratization: A discussion based on the second legislative election), a National Science Council research project report (NSC82-0301-H004-034), ed. Chen Yi-yen et al. (Taipei: Election Study Center, National Chengchi University, 1993), 62-81; Chen Wen-chun, "The Unification/ Independence Issue and the Electoral Behavior of the Voters: An Analysis of the 1994 Provincial Governor/City Mayor Elections," Xuanju yanjiu (Journal of Electoral Studies) (Taipei) 2, no. 2 (1995): 99-136; Wu Nai-te, "Liberalism and Ethnic Identity: A Search for an Ideological Basis of Taiwanese Nationalism," Taiwan zhengzhi xuekan (Journal of Taiwan Politics) (Taipei), no. 1 (1996): 5-39; Yu Ying-lung, "A Political Psychological Analysis of Taiwan's Ethnic Identity," ibid., 41-84; Tsai Meng-hsi, "A Study of the Changes in the Ethnic Identity, Unification/Independence Position, and Party Preference of the Taiwan People" (Master's thesis, Graduate Institute of Political Science, National Chengchi University, Taipei, 1997).
12. Cheng Su-fen, "An Analysis of the Correlation Between Candidate Image and Voting Behavior," in Xuanju xingwei yu Taiwan diqu de zhengzhi minzhuhua: Cong dierjie lifaweiyuan xuanju tantao (Electoral behavior and the Taiwan area's political democratization: A discussion based on the second legislative election), a National Science Council research project report (NSC82-0301-H004-034), ed. Chen Yi-yen et al. (Taipei: Election Study Center, National Chengchi University, 1993), 62-81; Chen Wen-chun, "The Unification/ Independence Issue and the Electoral Behavior of the Voters: An Analysis of the 1994 Provincial Governor/City Mayor Elections," Xuanju yanjiu (Journal of Electoral Studies) (Taipei) 2, no. 2 (1995): 99-136; Wu Nai-te, "Liberalism and Ethnic Identity: A Search for an Ideological Basis of Taiwanese Nationalism," Taiwan zhengzhi xuekan (Journal of Taiwan Politics) (Taipei), no. 1 (1996): 5-39; Yu Ying-lung, "A Political Psychological Analysis of Taiwan's Ethnic Identity," ibid., 41-84; Tsai Meng-hsi, "A Study of the Changes in the Ethnic Identity, Unification/Independence Position, and Party Preference of the Taiwan People" (Master's thesis, Graduate Institute of Political Science, National Chengchi University, Taipei, 1997).
13. Cheng Su-fen, "An Analysis of the Correlation Between Candidate Image and Voting Behavior," in Xuanju xingwei yu Taiwan diqu de zhengzhi minzhuhua: Cong dierjie lifaweiyuan xuanju tantao (Electoral behavior and the Taiwan area's political democratization: A discussion based on the second legislative election), a National Science Council research project report (NSC82-0301-H004-034), ed. Chen Yi-yen et al. (Taipei: Election Study Center, National Chengchi University, 1993), 62-81; Chen Wen-chun, "The Unification/ Independence Issue and the Electoral Behavior of the Voters: An Analysis of the 1994 Provincial Governor/City Mayor Elections," Xuanju yanjiu (Journal of Electoral Studies) (Taipei) 2, no. 2 (1995): 99-136; Wu Nai-te, "Liberalism and Ethnic Identity: A Search for an Ideological Basis of Taiwanese Nationalism," Taiwan zhengzhi xuekan (Journal of Taiwan Politics) (Taipei), no. 1 (1996): 5-39; Yu Ying-lung, "A Political Psychological Analysis of Taiwan's Ethnic Identity," ibid., 41-84; Tsai Meng-hsi, "A Study of the Changes in the Ethnic Identity, Unification/Independence Position, and Party Preference of the Taiwan People" (Master's thesis, Graduate Institute of Political Science, National Chengchi University, Taipei, 1997).
14. Sun Tung-wen, "The Relationship Between National-Ethnic Identity and the Taiwan People's Attitude Toward the Hong Kong/Macau Issue," Zhengzhi xuebao, no. 29 (1997): 113-39.
15. Wu Nai-te, "Ethnic Awareness, Political Support, and State Identity: A Preliminary Theoretical Probe into Taiwan's Ethnic Politics," in Chang, Zuqun guanxi yu guojia rentong, 27-51; Chen, "The Unification/Independence Issue and the Electoral Behavior of the Voters."
16. Wu Nai-te, "Ethnic Awareness, Political Support, and State Identity: A Preliminary Theoretical Probe into Taiwan's Ethnic Politics," in Chang, Zuqun guanxi yu guojia rentong, 27-51; Chen, "The Unification/Independence Issue and the Electoral Behavior of the Voters."
17. Different interview methodology and different survey institutions may affect the variability of data. Tien Fang-hua, "The Influence of Respondents Filling in the Questionnaire by Themselves and That of Interviewers Asking Questions on the Answering Effect," Diaocha yanjiu (Survey Studies) (Taipei), no. 2 (1996): 59-88; William S. Aquilino and Leonard A. Lo Sciuto, "Effects of Interview Mode on Self-Reported Drug Use," Public Opinion Quarterly 54 (1990): 362-95.
18. Different interview methodology and different survey institutions may affect the variability of data. Tien Fang-hua, "The Influence of Respondents Filling in the Questionnaire by Themselves and That of Interviewers Asking Questions on the Answering Effect," Diaocha yanjiu (Survey Studies) (Taipei), no. 2 (1996): 59-88; William S. Aquilino and Leonard A. Lo Sciuto, "Effects of Interview Mode on Self-Reported Drug Use," Public Opinion Quarterly 54 (1990): 362-95.
19. See note 3 above.
20. Chang and Hsiao, "The 'Chinese Complex' and Taiwanese Complex' of University Students"; Hsu Hua-yen, "Taiwan Electorate's State Identity and Partisan Voting Behavior: The Results of Empirical Studies from 1991 to 1993," Taiwan zhengzhi xuekan, no. 1 (1996): 85-127.
21. Chang and Hsiao, "The 'Chinese Complex' and Taiwanese Complex' of University Students"; Hsu Hua-yen, "Taiwan Electorate's State Identity and Partisan Voting Behavior: The Results of Empirical Studies from 1991 to 1993," Taiwan zhengzhi xuekan, no. 1 (1996): 85-127.
22. Chen Kuang-hui, "A Study of the Taiwan People's State Identity: A Discussion of Certain Concepts" (Master's thesis, Graduate Institute of Political Science, National Chengchi University, Taipei, 1997).
23. More precisely speaking, it is not one's place of origin, but something similar to "status identification" (shenfen rentong) which Chang Mao-kuei mentioned in 1997. See Chang Mao-kuei, "On Certain Questions About 'Status Identification Polities'," in Minzhu gonggu huo bengkui: Taiwan ershiyi shiji de tiaozhan (Democratic consolidation or collapse: Taiwan's challenge in the twenty-first century), ed. Yu Ying-lung et al. (Taipei: Yeqiang chubanshe, 1997), 91-116.
24. For example, Chang Mao-kuei, "Taiwan's Political Transition and the Development of Ethnic Politics," Jiaoshou luntan zhuankan (Professor Forum Journal) (Taipei), no. 4 (1997): 37-71; Shih Cheng-feng, "Taiwan's Ethnic Politics," ibid., 73-108; Wang Pu-chang, "The Formation and Manifestation of Taiwan's Ethnic Politics: An Analysis of the 1994 Taipei Mayoral Election Results," in Minzhu zhuanxing? Taiwan xianxiang (Democratic transition? Taiwan's phenomenon), ed. Ying Hai-kuang Foundation (Taipei: Guiguan chubanshe, 1998), 143-232.
25. For example, Chang Mao-kuei, "Taiwan's Political Transition and the Development of Ethnic Politics," Jiaoshou luntan zhuankan (Professor Forum Journal) (Taipei), no. 4 (1997): 37-71; Shih Cheng-feng, "Taiwan's Ethnic Politics," ibid., 73-108; Wang Pu-chang, "The Formation and Manifestation of Taiwan's Ethnic Politics: An Analysis of the 1994 Taipei Mayoral Election Results," in Minzhu zhuanxing? Taiwan xianxiang (Democratic transition? Taiwan's phenomenon), ed. Ying Hai-kuang Foundation (Taipei: Guiguan chubanshe, 1998), 143-232.
26. For example, Chang Mao-kuei, "Taiwan's Political Transition and the Development of Ethnic Politics," Jiaoshou luntan zhuankan (Professor Forum Journal) (Taipei), no. 4 (1997): 37-71; Shih Cheng-feng, "Taiwan's Ethnic Politics," ibid., 73-108; Wang Pu-chang, "The Formation and Manifestation of Taiwan's Ethnic Politics: An Analysis of the 1994 Taipei Mayoral Election Results," in Minzhu zhuanxing? Taiwan xianxiang (Democratic transition? Taiwan's phenomenon), ed. Ying Hai-kuang Foundation (Taipei: Guiguan chubanshe, 1998), 143-232.
27. Wang Pu-chang, "The Integration of People from Various Provinces: A Theoretical and Empirical Study," in Chang, Zuqun guanxi yu guojia rentong, 53-100 (in this article, Wang pointed out that nationalism was measured by the Taiwanese/Chinese choice and the unification/independence position, although he used only the concepts of "Taiwanese identity" and "Chinese identity" in his analysis and discussion); Wang Pu-chang, "Ethnic Awareness, Nationalism, and Partisan Support," Taiwan shehuixue yanjiu (Taiwan Sociological Studies), no. 2 (1998): 1-45.
28. Wang Pu-chang, "The Integration of People from Various Provinces: A Theoretical and Empirical Study," in Chang, Zuqun guanxi yu guojia rentong, 53-100 (in this article, Wang pointed out that nationalism was measured by the Taiwanese/Chinese choice and the unification/independence position, although he used only the concepts of "Taiwanese identity" and "Chinese identity" in his analysis and discussion); Wang Pu-chang, "Ethnic Awareness, Nationalism, and Partisan Support," Taiwan shehuixue yanjiu (Taiwan Sociological Studies), no. 2 (1998): 1-45.
29. Cheng, "An Analysis of the Correlation Between Candidate Image and Voting Behavior."
30. See note 4 above.
31. Wang, "The Integration of People from Various Provinces"; Chen Wen-chun, "Ethnic Groups Ethnic Awareness, and Political Support," in Chen, Xuanju xingwei yu Taiwan diqu de zhengzhi minzhuhua, 82-140; Yu, "A Political Psychological Analysis of Taiwan's Ethnic Identity"; Tsai, "A Study of the Changes"; Chen, Taiwan diqu minzhong guojia rentong zhi yanjiu.
32. Wang, "The Integration of People from Various Provinces"; Chen Wen-chun, "Ethnic Groups Ethnic Awareness, and Political Support," in Chen, Xuanju xingwei yu Taiwan diqu de zhengzhi minzhuhua, 82-140; Yu, "A Political Psychological Analysis of Taiwan's Ethnic Identity"; Tsai, "A Study of the Changes"; Chen, Taiwan diqu minzhong guojia rentong zhi yanjiu.
33. Wang, "The Integration of People from Various Provinces"; Chen Wen-chun, "Ethnic Groups Ethnic Awareness, and Political Support," in Chen, Xuanju xingwei yu Taiwan diqu de zhengzhi minzhuhua, 82-140; Yu, "A Political Psychological Analysis of Taiwan's Ethnic Identity"; Tsai, "A Study of the Changes"; Chen, Taiwan diqu minzhong guojia rentong zhi yanjiu.
34. Wang, "The Integration of People from Various Provinces"; Chen Wen-chun, "Ethnic Groups Ethnic Awareness, and Political Support," in Chen, Xuanju xingwei yu Taiwan diqu de zhengzhi minzhuhua, 82-140; Yu, "A Political Psychological Analysis of Taiwan's Ethnic Identity"; Tsai, "A Study of the Changes"; Chen, Taiwan diqu minzhong guojia rentong zhi yanjiu.
35. Tsai, "A Study of the Changes," 22.
36. For discussion of this kind, see Huang Kuo-chang, Zhongguo yishi yu Taiwan yishi (Chinese awareness and Taiwanese awareness) (Taipei: Wunan tushu chuban gongsi, 1992).
37. It is not difficult to understand that when such factors as history, language, and ethnicity are also involved, explanations of the identity issue will become even more complicated. Of two persons having the same identity, one may contemplate the question from two dimensions (e.g., historical and geographical) and say that "I am both Taiwanese and Chinese" while meaning that he/she is a Chinese when considering the history of Taiwan and he/she is also a Taiwanese because he/she lives in Taiwan. The other may consider the question from a single angle (either geographical or historical) and say that "I am a Taiwanese" or "I am a Chinese."
38. Liu I-chou, "Generational Divergence in Unification/Independence Position," in Liang'an guanxi wenti minyi diaocha xueshu yantaohui lunwenji (A collection of papers presented at the Symposium on Cross-Strait Relations Opinion Polls), 4-3-1-4-3-21. The symposium was co-sponsored by the MAC and the NCCU Election Study Center in Taipei on May 17-18, 1997.
39. Chen, "Ethnic Groups, Ethnic Awareness, and Political Support"; Yu, "A Political Psychological Analysis of Taiwan's Ethnic Identity"; Chen, Taiwan diqu minzhong guojia rentong zhi yanjiu, 64-65; Tsai, "A Study of the Changes," 39-40; Wang, "Ethnic Awareness, Nationalism, and Partisan Support."
40. Chen, "Ethnic Groups, Ethnic Awareness, and Political Support"; Yu, "A Political Psychological Analysis of Taiwan's Ethnic Identity"; Chen, Taiwan diqu minzhong guojia rentong zhi yanjiu, 64-65; Tsai, "A Study of the Changes," 39-40; Wang, "Ethnic Awareness, Nationalism, and Partisan Support."
41. Chen, "Ethnic Groups, Ethnic Awareness, and Political Support"; Yu, "A Political Psychological Analysis of Taiwan's Ethnic Identity"; Chen, Taiwan diqu minzhong guojia rentong zhi yanjiu, 64-65; Tsai, "A Study of the Changes," 39-40; Wang, "Ethnic Awareness, Nationalism, and Partisan Support."
42. Chen, "Ethnic Groups, Ethnic Awareness, and Political Support"; Yu, "A Political Psychological Analysis of Taiwan's Ethnic Identity"; Chen, Taiwan diqu minzhong guojia rentong zhi yanjiu, 64-65; Tsai, "A Study of the Changes," 39-40; Wang, "Ethnic Awareness, Nationalism, and Partisan Support."
43. Chen, "Ethnic Groups, Ethnic Awareness, and Political Support"; Yu, "A Political Psychological Analysis of Taiwan's Ethnic Identity"; Chen, Taiwan diqu minzhong guojia rentong zhi yanjiu, 64-65; Tsai, "A Study of the Changes," 39-40; Wang, "Ethnic Awareness, Nationalism, and Partisan Support."