Soviet reassessment of Ronald Reagan, 1985-1988

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 113, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 617-644

  Jackson, William D ^a  

^a MIAMI UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040250350     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2658247     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. See, for example, Mike Bowker, Russian Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War (Aldershot, U.K.: Dartmouth Publishing Co., 1997); Jeffrey Checkel, Ideas and International Political Change: Soviet Russian Behavior and the End of the Cold War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997); Richard Ned Lebow and Thomas Risse-Kaplan, eds., International Relations Theory and the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995); Jacques Levesque, The Enigma of 1989, Keith Martin, trans. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
2. See, for example, Mike Bowker, Russian Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War (Aldershot, U.K.: Dartmouth Publishing Co., 1997); Jeffrey Checkel, Ideas and International Political Change: Soviet Russian Behavior and the End of the Cold War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997); Richard Ned Lebow and Thomas Risse-Kaplan, eds., International Relations Theory and the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995); Jacques Levesque, The Enigma of 1989, Keith Martin, trans. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
3. See, for example, Mike Bowker, Russian Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War (Aldershot, U.K.: Dartmouth Publishing Co., 1997); Jeffrey Checkel, Ideas and International Political Change: Soviet Russian Behavior and the End of the Cold War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997); Richard Ned Lebow and Thomas Risse-Kaplan, eds., International Relations Theory and the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995); Jacques Levesque, The Enigma of 1989, Keith Martin, trans. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
4. See, for example, Mike Bowker, Russian Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War (Aldershot, U.K.: Dartmouth Publishing Co., 1997); Jeffrey Checkel, Ideas and International Political Change: Soviet Russian Behavior and the End of the Cold War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997); Richard Ned Lebow and Thomas Risse-Kaplan, eds., International Relations Theory and the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995); Jacques Levesque, The Enigma of 1989, Keith Martin, trans. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
5. See Lebow and Risse-Kaplan, International Relations
6. See, for example, Richard Pipes, "Misinterpreting the Cold War," Foreign Affairs 74 (January/February 1995): 154-161; Peter Schweizer, Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994); Robert Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Inside Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996); Caspar Weinberger, Fighting for Peace (New York: Warner Books, 1990).
7. See, for example, Richard Pipes, "Misinterpreting the Cold War," Foreign Affairs 74 (January/February 1995): 154-161; Peter Schweizer, Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994); Robert Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Inside Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996); Caspar Weinberger, Fighting for Peace (New York: Warner Books, 1990).
8. See, for example, Richard Pipes, "Misinterpreting the Cold War," Foreign Affairs 74 (January/February 1995): 154-161; Peter Schweizer, Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994); Robert Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Inside Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996); Caspar Weinberger, Fighting for Peace (New York: Warner Books, 1990).
9. See, for example, Richard Pipes, "Misinterpreting the Cold War," Foreign Affairs 74 (January/February 1995): 154-161; Peter Schweizer, Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994); Robert Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Inside Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996); Caspar Weinberger, Fighting for Peace (New York: Warner Books, 1990).
10. Gorbachev's reflections on his own attitudes toward the United States in this period are contained in his memoirs, Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Zhizn' i reformi (Moscow: Novosti, 1995), vol. ii, 23-25; a discussion of Gorbachev's views on foreign policy in this period may also be found in Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence (New York: Random House, 1995), 56-58; and Anatoly Chernyayev, Shest' let c gorbachevim (Moscow: Progress, 1993), 33-88. Additional commentary and evidence regarding Gorbachev's thinking in this period regarding foreign policy and relations with the United States are contained in the joint memoirs of Marshal Sergei Akhromeyev and Georgi Kornienko, Glazami marshala i diplomata (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnoye Otnosheniye, 1992), 54-83. A less detailed and more general account of Gorbachev's thinking regarding foreign policy in this period is contained in Eduard Shevardnadze, The Future Belongs to Freedom (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 47-51.
11. Gorbachev's reflections on his own attitudes toward the United States in this period are contained in his memoirs, Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Zhizn' i reformi (Moscow: Novosti, 1995), vol. ii, 23-25; a discussion of Gorbachev's views on foreign policy in this period may also be found in Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence (New York: Random House, 1995), 56-58; and Anatoly Chernyayev, Shest' let c gorbachevim (Moscow: Progress, 1993), 33-88. Additional commentary and evidence regarding Gorbachev's thinking in this period regarding foreign policy and relations with the United States are contained in the joint memoirs of Marshal Sergei Akhromeyev and Georgi Kornienko, Glazami marshala i diplomata (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnoye Otnosheniye, 1992), 54-83. A less detailed and more general account of Gorbachev's thinking regarding foreign policy in this period is contained in Eduard Shevardnadze, The Future Belongs to Freedom (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 47-51.
12. Gorbachev's reflections on his own attitudes toward the United States in this period are contained in his memoirs, Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Zhizn' i reformi (Moscow: Novosti, 1995), vol. ii, 23-25; a discussion of Gorbachev's views on foreign policy in this period may also be found in Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence (New York: Random House, 1995), 56-58; and Anatoly Chernyayev, Shest' let c gorbachevim (Moscow: Progress, 1993), 33-88. Additional commentary and evidence regarding Gorbachev's thinking in this period regarding foreign policy and relations with the United States are contained in the joint memoirs of Marshal Sergei Akhromeyev and Georgi Kornienko, Glazami marshala i diplomata (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnoye Otnosheniye, 1992), 54-83. A less detailed and more general account of Gorbachev's thinking regarding foreign policy in this period is contained in Eduard Shevardnadze, The Future Belongs to Freedom (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 47-51.
13. Gorbachev's reflections on his own attitudes toward the United States in this period are contained in his memoirs, Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Zhizn' i reformi (Moscow: Novosti, 1995), vol. ii, 23-25; a discussion of Gorbachev's views on foreign policy in this period may also be found in Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence (New York: Random House, 1995), 56-58; and Anatoly Chernyayev, Shest' let c gorbachevim (Moscow: Progress, 1993), 33-88. Additional commentary and evidence regarding Gorbachev's thinking in this period regarding foreign policy and relations with the United States are contained in the joint memoirs of Marshal Sergei Akhromeyev and Georgi Kornienko, Glazami marshala i diplomata (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnoye Otnosheniye, 1992), 54-83. A less detailed and more general account of Gorbachev's thinking regarding foreign policy in this period is contained in Eduard Shevardnadze, The Future Belongs to Freedom (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 47-51.
14. Gorbachev's reflections on his own attitudes toward the United States in this period are contained in his memoirs, Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Zhizn' i reformi (Moscow: Novosti, 1995), vol. ii, 23-25; a discussion of Gorbachev's views on foreign policy in this period may also be found in Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence (New York: Random House, 1995), 56-58; and Anatoly Chernyayev, Shest' let c gorbachevim (Moscow: Progress, 1993), 33-88. Additional commentary and evidence regarding Gorbachev's thinking in this period regarding foreign policy and relations with the United States are contained in the joint memoirs of Marshal Sergei Akhromeyev and Georgi Kornienko, Glazami marshala i diplomata (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnoye Otnosheniye, 1992), 54-83. A less detailed and more general account of Gorbachev's thinking regarding foreign policy in this period is contained in Eduard Shevardnadze, The Future Belongs to Freedom (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 47-51.
15. Chernyayev, Shest' let, 41.
16. Raymond L. Garthoff, The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1994), 139.
17. A good discussion of the policy debates and decisions within the Reagan administration on reengaging Moscow may be found in George Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph (New York: MacMillan, 1993), 477-486.
18. See Garthoff, Great Transition, 142-143.
19. A good discussion of Soviet perceptions of U.S. policy in this period may be found in ibid., 168-173.
20. Dobrynin, In Confidence, 563.
21. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 509.
22. Ibid., 527-533; Dobrynin, In Confidence, 565-567.
23. Ibid., 527-533; Dobrynin, In Confidence, 565-567.
24. Dobrynin, In Confidence, 567.
25. Ibid., 569.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid., 568-569
28. Aleksandr Yakovlev, "Itoki oogrozi i obshchestvennoye mneniye," MEiMO, no. 3, 1985, 3-17.
29. Chernyayev, Shest'let, 78.
30. Ibid., 41.
31. Dobrynin, In Confidence, 385-386.
32. Akhromeyev and Kornienko, Glazami, 59.
33. Gorbachev, Zhizn', vol. ii, 14.
34. Shultz, Turmoil, 606-607; Gorbachev, Zhizn', vol. ii, 14; Dobrynin, In Confidence, 593.
35. Shultz, Turmoil, 606-607; Gorbachev, Zhizn', vol. ii, 14; Dobrynin, In Confidence, 593.
36. Shultz, Turmoil, 606-607; Gorbachev, Zhizn', vol. ii, 14; Dobrynin, In Confidence, 593.
37. Dobrynin, In Confidence, 592.
38. Ibid., 569.
39. See, for example, Checkel, Ideas.
40. M.S. Gorbachev: Izbrannie rechi i stat'i [hereafter Rechi] (Moscow: Izdatelst'vo politicheskoy literaturi, 1987), vol. iii, 198-199.
41. A good analysis of this and other innovative aspects of the sections of the report dealing with the international situation and East-West relations may be found in Garthoff, Great Transition, 254-265.
42. Rechi, vol. iii, 245.
43. Ibid., 249-250
44. Ibid., 189.
45. This aspect of New Thinking was stressed by Vadim Zagladin, a leading official in the International Department of the Central Committee, in an article published immediately following the Congress. Zagladin, "Programmnie tsel'i kpss i globalnie problemi," Voprosi Filosofii, 86/2, 3-15.
46. Rechi, 187.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid., 190.
49. William D. Jackson, "Soviet Images of the U.S. as a Nuclear Adversary," World Politics 33 (July 1981): 614-639.
50. Garthoff, Great Transition, 256.
51. The full text of the speech was published for the first time in M.S. Gorbachev, Godi trudnikh reshenii, (Moscow: 1993), 38-59.
52. Ibid., 48
53. Ibid., 53.
54. Ibid., 47.
55. Ibid., 48.
56. Rechi, 250; A good discussion of Soviet maneuvering in this period may be found in Garthoff, Great Transition, 266-68.
57. Rechi, 250; A good discussion of Soviet maneuvering in this period may be found in Garthoff, Great Transition, 266-68.
58. Dobrynin, In Confidence, 602
59. Akromeyev and Kornienko, Glazami, 108.
60. For a discussion of these episodes, see Garthoff, Great Transition, 269-274.
61. Gorbachev, Zhzin', 23-24.
62. "Doklad generalnovo sekretarya TsK KPSS," Pravda, 16 June 1986. This conclusion had formed part of the official communique issued at the end of a Warsaw Pact meeting earlier in the month.
63. Gorbachev, Zhizn', 23-24
64. "Doklad," Pravda, 16 June 1986.
65. Chernyayev, Shest'let, 102.
66. Ibid., 104.
67. Gorbachev, Zhizn, vol. ii, 25.
68. Ibid., 25.
69. Chernyayev, Shest'let, 107. Overall, Chernyayev's discussion of the preparations for Reykjavik are to be found in Shest'let, 106-111.
70. Chernyayev, Shest'let, 107. Overall, Chernyayev's discussion of the preparations for Reykjavik are to be found in Shest'let, 106-111.
71. Ibid., 107.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid., 111.
74. Ibid., 109
75. Gorbachev, Zhizn', vol. ii, 26-27.
76. "Ne pozvolim S Sh A dostich' prevoskhodstva," Istochnik 2/95, 95.
77. Ibid., 72.
78. Akhromeyev and Kornienko, Glazami, 111.
79. Chernyayev, Shest'let, 119.
80. Dobrynin, In Confidence, 610.
81. Akhromeyev and Kornienko, Glazami, 112.
82. Ibid., 117.
83. Chernyayev, Shest'let, 118-119.
84. For Gorbachev's closed-door remarks to the officials at the Foreign Ministry, as well as his remarks at the end of 1986 to Dobrynin, cited by the latter, see Dobrynin, In Confidence, 620. They suggest that Gorbachev attached less importance to SDI than the Soviet military and believed the advice he had received from some scientists and officials that even were SDI to be successfully implemented, the Soviets could negate the system at relatively low cost.
85. Gorbachev, Zhizn', vol. ii, 79.
86. Chernyayev, Shest'let, 138.
87. Ibid., 138-139.
88. Gorbachev, Zhizn', vol. ii, 36-37.
89. Schultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 890.
90. Gorbachev, Zhizn', vol. ii, 51-52.
91. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 985.
92. Ibid., 987.
93. "Iz arkhiva gorbacheva," MEiMO, No. 10, 1993, 69-81 and No. 11, 1993, 73-84.
94. "Iz arkhiva," No. 10, 73.
95. Ibid., No. 11, 75.
96. Chernyayev, Shest'let, 189-90.
97. Gorbachev, Zhizn', vol. ii, 76.
98. Jack Matlock, Autopsy on an Empire (New York: Random House, 1995), 151-152.
99. Chernyayev, Shest'let, 190-191.
100. Akhromeyev and Kornienko, Glazami, 140-141.
101. A good discussion of these negotiations and the unsatisfactory nature of the verbal compromise included in the final communique regarding this issue is contained in Akhromeyev and Kornienko, Glazami, 142-148.
102. Ibid., 161-162.
103. Regarding Gorbachev's anger and frustration with U.S. policy on Afghanistan in the spring of 1988, see Zhizn', vol. ii, 118-121.
104. Shevardnadze comments on the importance of altering the "enemy image" of the United States to the domestic reform project in his own memoirs. E. A. Shevardnadze Moy vybor (Moscow: Novosti, 1991), 122-123, 172. An English translation is available as E. A. Shevardnadze, The Future Belongs to Freedom (New York: Free Press, 1991), 66-67.
105. Shevardnadze comments on the importance of altering the "enemy image" of the United States to the domestic reform project in his own memoirs. E. A. Shevardnadze Moy vybor (Moscow: Novosti, 1991), 122-123, 172. An English translation is available as E. A. Shevardnadze, The Future Belongs to Freedom (New York: Free Press, 1991), 66-67.
106. In an article that appeared in the journal of the Institute for the Study of International Relations and the World Economy, where he served as director in 1985, Yakovlev was highly pessimistic regarding the prospects for any change in U.S.-Soviet relations as long as the Reagan administration was in power. MEiMO, No. 3, 3-17.
107. Examples of this trend include: V.V. Zhurkin, S. A. Karaganov, V. Kortunov, "O razumnoy dostatochnost," S SH A: ekonomika, politika, ideologiya, No. 12 (1987), 11-22; G. A. Trofimenko, "Noviye real'nosti i novoye mishlenie," S Sh A, No. 2, (1987); V. M. Berezhkov, "Velikaya nauka-zhit vmeste," S Sh A, No. 2 (1986); O. Bykov, "Real'naya vozmozhnost obuzdaniya gonki vooruzhenii," ME i MO, No. 1, 1986; V. Kortunov, "Novoye politicheskoye mishleniye," MEiMO, No. 10, 1986. See also Checkel, Ideas, for a discussion of this trend.
108. Examples of this trend include: V.V. Zhurkin, S. A. Karaganov, V. Kortunov, "O razumnoy dostatochnost," S SH A: ekonomika, politika, ideologiya, No. 12 (1987), 11-22; G. A. Trofimenko, "Noviye real'nosti i novoye mishlenie," S Sh A, No. 2, (1987); V. M. Berezhkov, "Velikaya nauka-zhit vmeste," S Sh A, No. 2 (1986); O. Bykov, "Real'naya vozmozhnost obuzdaniya gonki vooruzhenii," ME i MO, No. 1, 1986; V. Kortunov, "Novoye politicheskoye mishleniye," MEiMO, No. 10, 1986. See also Checkel, Ideas, for a discussion of this trend.
109. Examples of this trend include: V.V. Zhurkin, S. A. Karaganov, V. Kortunov, "O razumnoy dostatochnost," S SH A: ekonomika, politika, ideologiya, No. 12 (1987), 11-22; G. A. Trofimenko, "Noviye real'nosti i novoye mishlenie," S Sh A, No. 2, (1987); V. M. Berezhkov, "Velikaya nauka-zhit vmeste," S Sh A, No. 2 (1986); O. Bykov, "Real'naya vozmozhnost obuzdaniya gonki vooruzhenii," ME i MO, No. 1, 1986; V. Kortunov, "Novoye politicheskoye mishleniye," MEiMO, No. 10, 1986. See also Checkel, Ideas, for a discussion of this trend.
110. Examples of this trend include: V.V. Zhurkin, S. A. Karaganov, V. Kortunov, "O razumnoy dostatochnost," S SH A: ekonomika, politika, ideologiya, No. 12 (1987), 11-22; G. A. Trofimenko, "Noviye real'nosti i novoye mishlenie," S Sh A, No. 2, (1987); V. M. Berezhkov, "Velikaya nauka-zhit vmeste," S Sh A, No. 2 (1986); O. Bykov, "Real'naya vozmozhnost obuzdaniya gonki vooruzhenii," ME i MO, No. 1, 1986; V. Kortunov, "Novoye politicheskoye mishleniye," MEiMO, No. 10, 1986. See also Checkel, Ideas, for a discussion of this trend.
111. Examples of this trend include: V.V. Zhurkin, S. A. Karaganov, V. Kortunov, "O razumnoy dostatochnost," S SH A: ekonomika, politika, ideologiya, No. 12 (1987), 11-22; G. A. Trofimenko, "Noviye real'nosti i novoye mishlenie," S Sh A, No. 2, (1987); V. M. Berezhkov, "Velikaya nauka-zhit vmeste," S Sh A, No. 2 (1986); O. Bykov, "Real'naya vozmozhnost obuzdaniya gonki vooruzhenii," ME i MO, No. 1, 1986; V. Kortunov, "Novoye politicheskoye mishleniye," MEiMO, No. 10, 1986. See also Checkel, Ideas, for a discussion of this trend.
112. Examples of this trend include: V.V. Zhurkin, S. A. Karaganov, V. Kortunov, "O razumnoy dostatochnost," S SH A: ekonomika, politika, ideologiya, No. 12 (1987), 11-22; G. A. Trofimenko, "Noviye real'nosti i novoye mishlenie," S Sh A, No. 2, (1987); V. M. Berezhkov, "Velikaya nauka-zhit vmeste," S Sh A, No. 2 (1986); O. Bykov, "Real'naya vozmozhnost obuzdaniya gonki vooruzhenii," ME i MO, No. 1, 1986; V. Kortunov, "Novoye politicheskoye mishleniye," MEiMO, No. 10, 1986. See also Checkel, Ideas, for a discussion of this trend.
113. S. N. Kondrashov, "Tochnyi obraz mira," Kommunist, No. 14, 1987.
114. "Gorbachev's New Thinking in World Affairs," Current Digest of the Soviet Press 39 (9 December 1987), 13.
115. Ibid., 13-14.
116. V. Zhurkin, S. Karaganov, A. Kortunov, "Vyzovi besopastnosti-stariye i noviye," Kommunist, January 1988, 42.
117. Yuri Krasin, "A esli bez militariszma," Pravda, 28 January 1988.
118. Especially important in this regard was the influential collection of essays by prominent social scientists on political and ideological issues under the general editorship of Yuri Afanasyev, Inovo ne dano: glasnost, demokratiya, sotsialism (Moscow: Progress, 1988).
119. This point has been recently strongly reiterated in a joint article by Gorbachev's principal foreign policy aide, Anatoly Chernyayev. A. Chernyayev and Pavel Palazhchenkko," Na samom dele bylo tak," Nezavizamaya gazeta, 15 February 1997, 6.
120. Dobrynin, In Confidence, 611.