Rethinking the concept of community

Histoire Sociale

Volumn 32, Issue 64, 1999, Pages 255-272

  Walsh, John C ^a   High, Steven ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0040219959     PISSN: 00182257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (126)

1. On "the family", see the introduction in Bettina Bradbury, ed., Canadian Family History: Selected Readings (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1992), pp. 1-12; Cynthia Comacchio, "'Beneath the Sentimental Veil': Families and Family History in Canada", Labour/ Le Travail, vol. 33 (1994), pp. 279-302; Tamara Hareven, "The History of the Family and the Complexity of Social Change", American Historical Review, vol. 96 (1991), pp. 85-124. On "the nation", see Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991); Eric Hobshawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and its fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993); Cecilia Morgan, "'Of Slender Frame and Delicate Appearance': The Placing of Laura Secord in the Narratives of Canadian Loyalist History", Journal of the CHA, new series vol. 5 (1994), pp. 195-212.
2. On "the family", see the introduction in Bettina Bradbury, ed., Canadian Family History: Selected Readings (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1992), pp. 1-12; Cynthia Comacchio, "'Beneath the Sentimental Veil': Families and Family History in Canada", Labour/ Le Travail, vol. 33 (1994), pp. 279-302; Tamara Hareven, "The History of the Family and the Complexity of Social Change", American Historical Review, vol. 96 (1991), pp. 85-124. On "the nation", see Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991); Eric Hobshawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and its fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993); Cecilia Morgan, "'Of Slender Frame and Delicate Appearance': The Placing of Laura Secord in the Narratives of Canadian Loyalist History", Journal of the CHA, new series vol. 5 (1994), pp. 195-212.
3. On "the family", see the introduction in Bettina Bradbury, ed., Canadian Family History: Selected Readings (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1992), pp. 1-12; Cynthia Comacchio, "'Beneath the Sentimental Veil': Families and Family History in Canada", Labour/ Le Travail, vol. 33 (1994), pp. 279-302; Tamara Hareven, "The History of the Family and the Complexity of Social Change", American Historical Review, vol. 96 (1991), pp. 85-124. On "the nation", see Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991); Eric Hobshawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and its fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993); Cecilia Morgan, "'Of Slender Frame and Delicate Appearance': The Placing of Laura Secord in the Narratives of Canadian Loyalist History", Journal of the CHA, new series vol. 5 (1994), pp. 195-212.
4. On "the family", see the introduction in Bettina Bradbury, ed., Canadian Family History: Selected Readings (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1992), pp. 1-12; Cynthia Comacchio, "'Beneath the Sentimental Veil': Families and Family History in Canada", Labour/ Le Travail, vol. 33 (1994), pp. 279-302; Tamara Hareven, "The History of the Family and the Complexity of Social Change", American Historical Review, vol. 96 (1991), pp. 85-124. On "the nation", see Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991); Eric Hobshawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and its fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993); Cecilia Morgan, "'Of Slender Frame and Delicate Appearance': The Placing of Laura Secord in the Narratives of Canadian Loyalist History", Journal of the CHA, new series vol. 5 (1994), pp. 195-212.
5. On "the family", see the introduction in Bettina Bradbury, ed., Canadian Family History: Selected Readings (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1992), pp. 1-12; Cynthia Comacchio, "'Beneath the Sentimental Veil': Families and Family History in Canada", Labour/ Le Travail, vol. 33 (1994), pp. 279-302; Tamara Hareven, "The History of the Family and the Complexity of Social Change", American Historical Review, vol. 96 (1991), pp. 85-124. On "the nation", see Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991); Eric Hobshawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and its fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993); Cecilia Morgan, "'Of Slender Frame and Delicate Appearance': The Placing of Laura Secord in the Narratives of Canadian Loyalist History", Journal of the CHA, new series vol. 5 (1994), pp. 195-212.
6. On "the family", see the introduction in Bettina Bradbury, ed., Canadian Family History: Selected Readings (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1992), pp. 1-12; Cynthia Comacchio, "'Beneath the Sentimental Veil': Families and Family History in Canada", Labour/ Le Travail, vol. 33 (1994), pp. 279-302; Tamara Hareven, "The History of the Family and the Complexity of Social Change", American Historical Review, vol. 96 (1991), pp. 85-124. On "the nation", see Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991); Eric Hobshawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and its fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993); Cecilia Morgan, "'Of Slender Frame and Delicate Appearance': The Placing of Laura Secord in the Narratives of Canadian Loyalist History", Journal of the CHA, new series vol. 5 (1994), pp. 195-212.
7. On "the family", see the introduction in Bettina Bradbury, ed., Canadian Family History: Selected Readings (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1992), pp. 1-12; Cynthia Comacchio, "'Beneath the Sentimental Veil': Families and Family History in Canada", Labour/ Le Travail, vol. 33 (1994), pp. 279-302; Tamara Hareven, "The History of the Family and the Complexity of Social Change", American Historical Review, vol. 96 (1991), pp. 85-124. On "the nation", see Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991); Eric Hobshawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and its fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993); Cecilia Morgan, "'Of Slender Frame and Delicate Appearance': The Placing of Laura Secord in the Narratives of Canadian Loyalist History", Journal of the CHA, new series vol. 5 (1994), pp. 195-212.
8. Such a pattern can quickly be detected, for example, in the articles and book reviews featured in Histoire sociale/ Social History since 1990.
9. Such practice is reflected in the fact that "community" and "communitarianism" receive no entry in Harry Ritter, Dictionary of Concepts in History (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), while "liberalism" receives much attention. For a sustained assault on "disciplinary 'common sense'", see Joan W. Scott, "After History?", Common Knowledge, vol. 5 (1996), pp. 9-29.
10. Such practice is reflected in the fact that "community" and "communitarianism" receive no entry in Harry Ritter, Dictionary of Concepts in History (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), while "liberalism" receives much attention. For a sustained assault on "disciplinary 'common sense'", see Joan W. Scott, "After History?", Common Knowledge, vol. 5 (1996), pp. 9-29.
11. See, for example, Dictionary of Canadian English: The Senior Dictionary (Toronto: W. J. Gage, 1967); The Winston Dictionary of Canadian English, Intermediate Edition (Toronto: Holt, Rinehart & Winston of Canada, 1978).
12. See, for example, Dictionary of Canadian English: The Senior Dictionary (Toronto: W. J. Gage, 1967); The Winston Dictionary of Canadian English, Intermediate Edition (Toronto: Holt, Rinehart & Winston of Canada, 1978).
13. See, for example, Satadal Dasgupta, "The Community: Definitions and Perspectives", in Dasgupta, ed., The Community in Canada: Rural and Urban (New York: University Press of America, 1996), pp. 3-86.
14. Anderson, Imagined Communities. Paul James, Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community (London: Sage Publications, 1996), is an interesting engagement with Anderson's thesis.
15. Anderson, Imagined Communities. Paul James, Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community (London: Sage Publications, 1996), is an interesting engagement with Anderson's thesis.
16. Raymond Williams, in Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, rev. ed. (London: Fontana Press, 1983), observes: "What is most important, perhaps, is that unlike all other terms ot social organisation (state, nation, society, etc.) it [community] seems never to be used unfavourably, and never to be given any positive opposing or distinguishing term' (p. 76).
17. Like so many others, our historical imaginations about the fluidity of socio-historical categories such as community owe much to E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963).
18. See the introduction to Peter Jackson, Maps of Meaning (New York: Routledge, 1993), p. ix. Gregory extends the implications of space in social theory and social science in his rich Geographical Imaginations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994). See also Ilana F. Silber, "Space, Fields, Boundaries: The Rise of Spatial Metaphors in Contemporary Sociological Theory", Social Research, vol. 62 (1995), pp. 323-355. Historical geographers in Quebec and British Columbia are encouraging Canadian historians to think more about "space" in their research and writing. See Serge Courville and Normand Seguin, eds., Espace et culture/ Space and Culture (Sainte-Foy: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 1995); R. Cole Harris, The Resettlement of British Columbia (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1997).
19. See the introduction to Peter Jackson, Maps of Meaning (New York: Routledge, 1993), p. ix. Gregory extends the implications of space in social theory and social science in his rich Geographical Imaginations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994). See also Ilana F. Silber, "Space, Fields, Boundaries: The Rise of Spatial Metaphors in Contemporary Sociological Theory", Social Research, vol. 62 (1995), pp. 323-355. Historical geographers in Quebec and British Columbia are encouraging Canadian historians to think more about "space" in their research and writing. See Serge Courville and Normand Seguin, eds., Espace et culture/ Space and Culture (Sainte-Foy: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 1995); R. Cole Harris, The Resettlement of British Columbia (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1997).
20. See the introduction to Peter Jackson, Maps of Meaning (New York: Routledge, 1993), p. ix. Gregory extends the implications of space in social theory and social science in his rich Geographical Imaginations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994). See also Ilana F. Silber, "Space, Fields, Boundaries: The Rise of Spatial Metaphors in Contemporary Sociological Theory", Social Research, vol. 62 (1995), pp. 323-355. Historical geographers in Quebec and British Columbia are encouraging Canadian historians to think more about "space" in their research and writing. See Serge Courville and Normand Seguin, eds., Espace et culture/ Space and Culture (Sainte-Foy: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 1995); R. Cole Harris, The Resettlement of British Columbia (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1997).
21. See the introduction to Peter Jackson, Maps of Meaning (New York: Routledge, 1993), p. ix. Gregory extends the implications of space in social theory and social science in his rich Geographical Imaginations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994). See also Ilana F. Silber, "Space, Fields, Boundaries: The Rise of Spatial Metaphors in Contemporary Sociological Theory", Social Research, vol. 62 (1995), pp. 323-355. Historical geographers in Quebec and British Columbia are encouraging Canadian historians to think more about "space" in their research and writing. See Serge Courville and Normand Seguin, eds., Espace et culture/ Space and Culture (Sainte-Foy: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 1995); R. Cole Harris, The Resettlement of British Columbia (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1997).
22. See the introduction to Peter Jackson, Maps of Meaning (New York: Routledge, 1993), p. ix. Gregory extends the implications of space in social theory and social science in his rich Geographical Imaginations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994). See also Ilana F. Silber, "Space, Fields, Boundaries: The Rise of Spatial Metaphors in Contemporary Sociological Theory", Social Research, vol. 62 (1995), pp. 323-355. Historical geographers in Quebec and British Columbia are encouraging Canadian historians to think more about "space" in their research and writing. See Serge Courville and Normand Seguin, eds., Espace et culture/ Space and Culture (Sainte-Foy: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 1995); R. Cole Harris, The Resettlement of British Columbia (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1997).
23. See the introduction to Peter Jackson, Maps of Meaning (New York: Routledge, 1993), p. ix. Gregory extends the implications of space in social theory and social science in his rich Geographical Imaginations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994). See also Ilana F. Silber, "Space, Fields, Boundaries: The Rise of Spatial Metaphors in Contemporary Sociological Theory", Social Research, vol. 62 (1995), pp. 323-355. Historical geographers in Quebec and British Columbia are encouraging Canadian historians to think more about "space" in their research and writing. See Serge Courville and Normand Seguin, eds., Espace et culture/ Space and Culture (Sainte-Foy: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 1995); R. Cole Harris, The Resettlement of British Columbia (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1997).
24. See the theoretical and empirical writings in Allen Pred, Making Histories and Constructing Human Geographies: The Local Transformations of Practice, Power Relations and Consciousness (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1990).
25. As Suzanne Dezan argues in "Crowds, Community, and Ritual in the Work of E. P. Thompson and Natalie Davis", in Lynn Hunt, ed., The New Cultural History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), pp. 47-71, Davis and Thompson were exceptionally important in this regard. The key texts were Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, and the essays in Davis, Society and Culture in Early Modern France (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975). For Canada, however, one would have to add the population studies by E. A. Wrigley, Michael Anderson, and their British colleagues as well as the structural history offered by the Annalistes.
26. Interestingly, the emphasis by classical sociologists on the emergence of the bureaucratic nation-state as a key contributor to the decline of traditional community life was largely ignored. One significant exception has been the research of education historians. See the excellent overview in Paul Axelrod, "Historical Writing and Canadian Education from the 1970s to the 1990s", History of Education Quarterly, vol. 36 (1996), pp. 19-38. See also the pioneering efforts in J. I. Little, State and Society in Transition (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997).
27. Interestingly, the emphasis by classical sociologists on the emergence of the bureaucratic nation-state as a key contributor to the decline of traditional community life was largely ignored. One significant exception has been the research of education historians. See the excellent overview in Paul Axelrod, "Historical Writing and Canadian Education from the 1970s to the 1990s", History of Education Quarterly, vol. 36 (1996), pp. 19-38. See also the pioneering efforts in J. I. Little, State and Society in Transition (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997).
28. Interestingly, the emphasis by classical sociologists on the emergence of the bureaucratic nation-state as a key contributor to the decline of traditional community life was largely ignored. One significant exception has been the research of education historians. See the excellent overview in Paul Axelrod, "Historical Writing and Canadian Education from the 1970s to the 1990s", History of Education Quarterly, vol. 36 (1996), pp. 19-38. See also the pioneering efforts in J. I. Little, State and Society in Transition (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997).
29. See especially Richard Beeman, "The New Social History and the Search for 'Community' in Colonial America", American Quarterly, vol. 29 (1977), pp. 422-143; Craig Calhoun, "Community: Toward a Variable Conceptualization for Comparative Research", Social History, vol. 5 (1980), pp. 105-129. Beeman's use of anthropological thinking by Clifford Geertz and Victor Turner and Calhoun's mastery of sociology still deserve careful and considered reading.
30. See especially Richard Beeman, "The New Social History and the Search for 'Community' in Colonial America", American Quarterly, vol. 29 (1977), pp. 422-143; Craig Calhoun, "Community: Toward a Variable Conceptualization for Comparative Research", Social History, vol. 5 (1980), pp. 105-129. Beeman's use of anthropological thinking by Clifford Geertz and Victor Turner and Calhoun's mastery of sociology still deserve careful and considered reading.
31. See especially Richard Beeman, "The New Social History and the Search for 'Community' in Colonial America", American Quarterly, vol. 29 (1977), pp. 422-143; Craig Calhoun, "Community: Toward a Variable Conceptualization for Comparative Research", Social History, vol. 5 (1980), pp. 105-129. Beeman's use of anthropological thinking by Clifford Geertz and Victor Turner and Calhoun's mastery of sociology still deserve careful and considered reading.
32. Thomas Bender, Community and Social Change in America (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1978).
33. Barry Wellman and Barry Leighton, "Networks, Neighbourhoods, and Communities: Approaches to the Study of the Community Question", Urban Affairs Quarterly, vol. 14 (1979), pp. 363-390. For a recent application of this model, see Charles Wetherell et al. "Social Networks, Kinship, and Community in Eastern Europe", Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 24 (1994), pp. 639-663. While classical sociologists had also seen community as a process, especially Fredric Tönnies, it was social network theory that caught the attention of Bender, Calhoun, and Alan Macfarlane.
34. Barry Wellman and Barry Leighton, "Networks, Neighbourhoods, and Communities: Approaches to the Study of the Community Question", Urban Affairs Quarterly, vol. 14 (1979), pp. 363-390. For a recent application of this model, see Charles Wetherell et al. "Social Networks, Kinship, and Community in Eastern Europe", Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 24 (1994), pp. 639-663. While classical sociologists had also seen community as a process, especially Fredric Tönnies, it was social network theory that caught the attention of Bender, Calhoun, and Alan Macfarlane.
35. Barry Wellman and Barry Leighton, "Networks, Neighbourhoods, and Communities: Approaches to the Study of the Community Question", Urban Affairs Quarterly, vol. 14 (1979), pp. 363-390. For a recent application of this model, see Charles Wetherell et al. "Social Networks, Kinship, and Community in Eastern Europe", Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 24 (1994), pp. 639-663. While classical sociologists had also seen community as a process, especially Fredric Tönnies, it was social network theory that caught the attention of Bender, Calhoun, and Alan Macfarlane.
36. Barry Wellman, "The Community Question: The Intimate Networks of East Yorkers", American Journal of Sociology, vol. 84 (1979), pp. 1201-1231.
37. Kenneth Lockridge, A New England Town: The First Hundred Years (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970), is an example of how this "great story" dominated historical imaginations as well. See Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., Beyond the Great Story: History as Text and Discourse (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press/ Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 82-88. The same great story seems also to plague debates among philosophers over the moral and ethical dimensions of liberalism and communitarianism. See the discussion in Charles Taylor, "Cross-Purposes: The Liberal-Communitarian Debate", in his Philosophical Arguments (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 181-203.
38. Kenneth Lockridge, A New England Town: The First Hundred Years (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970), is an example of how this "great story" dominated historical imaginations as well. See Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., Beyond the Great Story: History as Text and Discourse (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press/ Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 82-88. The same great story seems also to plague debates among philosophers over the moral and ethical dimensions of liberalism and communitarianism. See the discussion in Charles Taylor, "Cross-Purposes: The Liberal-Communitarian Debate", in his Philosophical Arguments (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 181-203.
39. Kenneth Lockridge, A New England Town: The First Hundred Years (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970), is an example of how this "great story" dominated historical imaginations as well. See Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., Beyond the Great Story: History as Text and Discourse (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press/ Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 82-88. The same great story seems also to plague debates among philosophers over the moral and ethical dimensions of liberalism and communitarianism. See the discussion in Charles Taylor, "Cross-Purposes: The Liberal-Communitarian Debate", in his Philosophical Arguments (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 181-203.
40. The now classic study is Herbert Gans, The Urban Villagers: Group and Class in the Life of Italo-Americans (New York: The Free Press, 1962).
41. Charles E. Connerly, "The Community Question: An Extension of Wellman and Leighton", Urban Affairs Quarterly, vol. 20 (1985), p. 537.
42. An extension and refinement of the sociological trends described in this paragraph can be found in Wellman and Leighton, "Networks, Neighbourhoods, and Communities". The bibliography included with this article provides an invaluable guide through the classical and modern (up to 1979) schools of sociological thought and their relationship to the study of community.
43. In his Community and Social Change in America, Bender talks of the "bifurcated society" of "communal and non-communal ways" (pp. 58-59).
44. Despite such problems, Bender's theory is adopted in Jane Marie Pederson, Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970 (Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1992). Contrast Pederson with Mary P. Ryan, Women in Public: Between Banners and Ballots, 1825-1880 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), and her Civic Wars: Democracy and Public Life in the American City During the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
45. Despite such problems, Bender's theory is adopted in Jane Marie Pederson, Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970 (Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1992). Contrast Pederson with Mary P. Ryan, Women in Public: Between Banners and Ballots, 1825-1880 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), and her Civic Wars: Democracy and Public Life in the American City During the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
46. Despite such problems, Bender's theory is adopted in Jane Marie Pederson, Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970 (Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1992). Contrast Pederson with Mary P. Ryan, Women in Public: Between Banners and Ballots, 1825-1880 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), and her Civic Wars: Democracy and Public Life in the American City During the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
47. Alan Macfarlane, "History, Anthropology, and the Study of Communities", Social History, vol. 2 (1977), pp. 631-652; Craig Calhoun, "History, Anthropology, and the Study of Communities: Some Problems in Macfarlane's Proposal", Social History, vol. 3 (1978), pp. 363-373.
48. Alan Macfarlane, "History, Anthropology, and the Study of Communities", Social History, vol. 2 (1977), pp. 631-652; Craig Calhoun, "History, Anthropology, and the Study of Communities: Some Problems in Macfarlane's Proposal", Social History, vol. 3 (1978), pp. 363-373.
49. Calhoun, "History, Anthropology, and the Study of Communities", p. 370.
50. Ibid., p. 368.
51. On the significance of compression of time and space, see David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); Doreen Massey, Space, Place, and Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990); Gregory, Geographical Imaginations, pp. 118-122. From a cultural historian's perspective, see Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space, 1880-1918 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983).
52. On the significance of compression of time and space, see David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); Doreen Massey, Space, Place, and Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990); Gregory, Geographical Imaginations, pp. 118-122. From a cultural historian's perspective, see Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space, 1880-1918 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983).
53. On the significance of compression of time and space, see David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); Doreen Massey, Space, Place, and Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990); Gregory, Geographical Imaginations, pp. 118-122. From a cultural historian's perspective, see Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space, 1880-1918 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983).
54. On the significance of compression of time and space, see David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); Doreen Massey, Space, Place, and Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990); Gregory, Geographical Imaginations, pp. 118-122. From a cultural historian's perspective, see Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space, 1880-1918 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983).
55. On the significance of compression of time and space, see David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); Doreen Massey, Space, Place, and Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990); Gregory, Geographical Imaginations, pp. 118-122. From a cultural historian's perspective, see Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space, 1880-1918 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983).
56. We will return to this idea, but for a thoughtful discussion on "resistance" in everyday practices, see Nicholas B. Dirks, "Ritual and Resistance: Subversion as a Social Fact", in Dirks, Geoff Eley, and Sherry B. Ortner, eds., Culture/ Power/ History: A Reader in Contemporary Social Theory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 483-503.
57. Joy Parr, "Gender History and Historical Practice;, Canadian Historical Review, vol. 75 (1995), pp. 354-373. See also the concerns for "tight systems" that misrepresent "the chaos and complexity of human activity as embodied in concrete empirical data" in Ruth Roach Pierson, "Experience, Difference, Dominance and Voice in the Writing of Canadian Women's History", in Karen Offen, Pierson, and Jane Rendall, eds., Writing Women's History: International Perspectives (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991), p. 79.
58. Joy Parr, "Gender History and Historical Practice;, Canadian Historical Review, vol. 75 (1995), pp. 354-373. See also the concerns for "tight systems" that misrepresent "the chaos and complexity of human activity as embodied in concrete empirical data" in Ruth Roach Pierson, "Experience, Difference, Dominance and Voice in the Writing of Canadian Women's History", in Karen Offen, Pierson, and Jane Rendall, eds., Writing Women's History: International Perspectives (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991), p. 79.
59. While this is a fictitious representation, see the evidence offered in Alexander Freund and Laura Quilici, "Exploring Myths in Women's Narratives: Italian and German Immigrant Women in Vancouver, 1947-1961", BC Studies, nos. 105-106 (1995), pp. 159-182, as well as the poetic story offered by Margaret Atwood, Alias Grace (New York: Doubleday, 1996).
60. While this is a fictitious representation, see the evidence offered in Alexander Freund and Laura Quilici, "Exploring Myths in Women's Narratives: Italian and German Immigrant Women in Vancouver, 1947-1961", BC Studies, nos. 105-106 (1995), pp. 159-182, as well as the poetic story offered by Margaret Atwood, Alias Grace (New York: Doubleday, 1996).
61. Gérard Bouchard, Quelques arpents d'Amérique : population, économie, famille au Saguenay, 1838-1971 (Montreal: Boréal, 1996), represents the culmination of a huge research project led by Bouchard and involving a number of scholars.
62. Gérard Bouchard, "Marginality, Co-integration and Change: Social History as a Critical Exercise", Journal of the CHA/ Revue de la SHC, new series vol. 8 (1997), p. 26.
63. Ibid., p. 25.
64. See the summary of the moral economy debate offered in Alan Kulikoff, "The Transition to Capitalism in Rural America", William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 46 (1989), pp. 120-144. The "moral economy" was one in which commercial exchange was predicated less on profit but rather on obligation to and cooperation with family and community. Besides the American literature discussed in Kulikoff, see Davis, Society and Culture in Early Modern France, pp. 97, 178; E. P. Thompson, "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century", Past and Present, vol. 50 (1971), pp. 76-136.
65. See the summary of the moral economy debate offered in Alan Kulikoff, "The Transition to Capitalism in Rural America", William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 46 (1989), pp. 120-144. The "moral economy" was one in which commercial exchange was predicated less on profit but rather on obligation to and cooperation with family and community. Besides the American literature discussed in Kulikoff, see Davis, Society and Culture in Early Modern France, pp. 97, 178; E. P. Thompson, "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century", Past and Present, vol. 50 (1971), pp. 76-136.
66. See the summary of the moral economy debate offered in Alan Kulikoff, "The Transition to Capitalism in Rural America", William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 46 (1989), pp. 120-144. The "moral economy" was one in which commercial exchange was predicated less on profit but rather on obligation to and cooperation with family and community. Besides the American literature discussed in Kulikoff, see Davis, Society and Culture in Early Modern France, pp. 97, 178; E. P. Thompson, "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century", Past and Present, vol. 50 (1971), pp. 76-136.
67. e siècles. Construction d'un modèle", Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française, vol. 40 (1986), pp. 51-71, and "Mobile Populations, Stable Communities: Social and Demographic Processes in the Rural Parishes of the Saguenay, 1840-1911", Continuity and Change, vol. 6 (1991), pp. 59-86.
68. e siècles. Construction d'un modèle", Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française, vol. 40 (1986), pp. 51-71, and "Mobile Populations, Stable Communities: Social and Demographic Processes in the Rural Parishes of the Saguenay, 1840-1911", Continuity and Change, vol. 6 (1991), pp. 59-86.
69. We use "cultural exchange" to mean the production of communal values and norms that sought to regulate community members and construct communal identity.
70. Bouchard's rigorous studies have certainly refuted the caricature of habitant society as simplistic, insular, and "backward" with respect to socio-economic behaviour. One still wonders how habitants perceived their communal networks, on what issues and terms power relationships unfolded within these networks, and if there was a familial ideal extended to this network.
71. See, for example, Rusty Bitterman, Robert A. Mackinnon, and Graeme Wynn, "Of Inequality and Interdependence in the Nova Scotian Countryside, 1850-70", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 74 (1993), pp. 1-43. See also, however, the suggestive and modifying research presented in Douglas McCalla, "Village Stores and Rural Consumption in Upper Canada, 1808-1854" (paper presented at the Canadian Economic History Meetings in Kananaskis, Alberta, April 23-25, 1999), and Consumption Stories: Customer Purchases of Alcohol at an Upper Canadian Country Store in 1808-1809 and 1828-1829 (Quebec: Centre interuniversitaire d'études québécoises, 1999). Bouchard has begun to address the issue of power and hierarchy more fully in his "Economic Inequalities in Saguenay Society, 1879-1949: A Descriptive Analysis", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 79 (1998), pp. 660-690. Yet he himself suggests that the patriarchal nature of property law in Quebec makes his hypothesis (and, one might add, the evidence produced by this gendered legal system) somewhat unsatisfactory at this point in his research (p. 666). Two excellent examples of how to incorporate power into studies of rural community life are Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990), especially pp. 21-58; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991).
72. See, for example, Rusty Bitterman, Robert A. Mackinnon, and Graeme Wynn, "Of Inequality and Interdependence in the Nova Scotian Countryside, 1850-70", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 74 (1993), pp. 1-43. See also, however, the suggestive and modifying research presented in Douglas McCalla, "Village Stores and Rural Consumption in Upper Canada, 1808-1854" (paper presented at the Canadian Economic History Meetings in Kananaskis, Alberta, April 23-25, 1999), and Consumption Stories: Customer Purchases of Alcohol at an Upper Canadian Country Store in 1808-1809 and 1828-1829 (Quebec: Centre interuniversitaire d'études québécoises, 1999). Bouchard has begun to address the issue of power and hierarchy more fully in his "Economic Inequalities in Saguenay Society, 1879-1949: A Descriptive Analysis", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 79 (1998), pp. 660-690. Yet he himself suggests that the patriarchal nature of property law in Quebec makes his hypothesis (and, one might add, the evidence produced by this gendered legal system) somewhat unsatisfactory at this point in his research (p. 666). Two excellent examples of how to incorporate power into studies of rural community life are Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990), especially pp. 21-58; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991).
73. See, for example, Rusty Bitterman, Robert A. Mackinnon, and Graeme Wynn, "Of Inequality and Interdependence in the Nova Scotian Countryside, 1850-70", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 74 (1993), pp. 1-43. See also, however, the suggestive and modifying research presented in Douglas McCalla, "Village Stores and Rural Consumption in Upper Canada, 1808-1854" (paper presented at the Canadian Economic History Meetings in Kananaskis, Alberta, April 23-25, 1999), and Consumption Stories: Customer Purchases of Alcohol at an Upper Canadian Country Store in 1808-1809 and 1828-1829 (Quebec: Centre interuniversitaire d'études québécoises, 1999). Bouchard has begun to address the issue of power and hierarchy more fully in his "Economic Inequalities in Saguenay Society, 1879-1949: A Descriptive Analysis", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 79 (1998), pp. 660-690. Yet he himself suggests that the patriarchal nature of property law in Quebec makes his hypothesis (and, one might add, the evidence produced by this gendered legal system) somewhat unsatisfactory at this point in his research (p. 666). Two excellent examples of how to incorporate power into studies of rural community life are Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990), especially pp. 21-58; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991).
74. See, for example, Rusty Bitterman, Robert A. Mackinnon, and Graeme Wynn, "Of Inequality and Interdependence in the Nova Scotian Countryside, 1850-70", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 74 (1993), pp. 1-43. See also, however, the suggestive and modifying research presented in Douglas McCalla, "Village Stores and Rural Consumption in Upper Canada, 1808-1854" (paper presented at the Canadian Economic History Meetings in Kananaskis, Alberta, April 23-25, 1999), and Consumption Stories: Customer Purchases of Alcohol at an Upper Canadian Country Store in 1808-1809 and 1828-1829 (Quebec: Centre interuniversitaire d'études québécoises, 1999). Bouchard has begun to address the issue of power and hierarchy more fully in his "Economic Inequalities in Saguenay Society, 1879-1949: A Descriptive Analysis", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 79 (1998), pp. 660-690. Yet he himself suggests that the patriarchal nature of property law in Quebec makes his hypothesis (and, one might add, the evidence produced by this gendered legal system) somewhat unsatisfactory at this point in his research (p. 666). Two excellent examples of how to incorporate power into studies of rural community life are Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990), especially pp. 21-58; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991).
75. See, for example, Rusty Bitterman, Robert A. Mackinnon, and Graeme Wynn, "Of Inequality and Interdependence in the Nova Scotian Countryside, 1850-70", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 74 (1993), pp. 1-43. See also, however, the suggestive and modifying research presented in Douglas McCalla, "Village Stores and Rural Consumption in Upper Canada, 1808-1854" (paper presented at the Canadian Economic History Meetings in Kananaskis, Alberta, April 23-25, 1999), and Consumption Stories: Customer Purchases of Alcohol at an Upper Canadian Country Store in 1808-1809 and 1828-1829 (Quebec: Centre interuniversitaire d'études québécoises, 1999). Bouchard has begun to address the issue of power and hierarchy more fully in his "Economic Inequalities in Saguenay Society, 1879-1949: A Descriptive Analysis", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 79 (1998), pp. 660-690. Yet he himself suggests that the patriarchal nature of property law in Quebec makes his hypothesis (and, one might add, the evidence produced by this gendered legal system) somewhat unsatisfactory at this point in his research (p. 666). Two excellent examples of how to incorporate power into studies of rural community life are Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990), especially pp. 21-58; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991).
76. See, for example, Rusty Bitterman, Robert A. Mackinnon, and Graeme Wynn, "Of Inequality and Interdependence in the Nova Scotian Countryside, 1850-70", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 74 (1993), pp. 1-43. See also, however, the suggestive and modifying research presented in Douglas McCalla, "Village Stores and Rural Consumption in Upper Canada, 1808-1854" (paper presented at the Canadian Economic History Meetings in Kananaskis, Alberta, April 23-25, 1999), and Consumption Stories: Customer Purchases of Alcohol at an Upper Canadian Country Store in 1808-1809 and 1828-1829 (Quebec: Centre interuniversitaire d'études québécoises, 1999). Bouchard has begun to address the issue of power and hierarchy more fully in his "Economic Inequalities in Saguenay Society, 1879-1949: A Descriptive Analysis", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 79 (1998), pp. 660-690. Yet he himself suggests that the patriarchal nature of property law in Quebec makes his hypothesis (and, one might add, the evidence produced by this gendered legal system) somewhat unsatisfactory at this point in his research (p. 666). Two excellent examples of how to incorporate power into studies of rural community life are Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990), especially pp. 21-58; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991).
77. See, for example, Rusty Bitterman, Robert A. Mackinnon, and Graeme Wynn, "Of Inequality and Interdependence in the Nova Scotian Countryside, 1850-70", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 74 (1993), pp. 1-43. See also, however, the suggestive and modifying research presented in Douglas McCalla, "Village Stores and Rural Consumption in Upper Canada, 1808-1854" (paper presented at the Canadian Economic History Meetings in Kananaskis, Alberta, April 23-25, 1999), and Consumption Stories: Customer Purchases of Alcohol at an Upper Canadian Country Store in 1808-1809 and 1828-1829 (Quebec: Centre interuniversitaire d'études québécoises, 1999). Bouchard has begun to address the issue of power and hierarchy more fully in his "Economic Inequalities in Saguenay Society, 1879-1949: A Descriptive Analysis", Canadian Historical Review, vol. 79 (1998), pp. 660-690. Yet he himself suggests that the patriarchal nature of property law in Quebec makes his hypothesis (and, one might add, the evidence produced by this gendered legal system) somewhat unsatisfactory at this point in his research (p. 666). Two excellent examples of how to incorporate power into studies of rural community life are Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990), especially pp. 21-58; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991).
78. "Communitarianism" is a term that, for political philosophers such as Canadian Charles Taylor, reflects a fundamental belief in the importance and good of community, especially with regard to questions of social justice and rights and liberties. By contrast, "liberalism" in this context refers to the primacy of the individual and individual rights and freedoms. However, feminists are wary of such positions because, they argue, both communitarianism and liberalism seem to ignore or want to ignore some deeper and more fundamental power relationships tied to gender and age and race. While somewhat dated, Iris Young, "The Ideal of Community and the Politics of Difference", Social Theory and Practice, vol. 12 (1986), pp. 1-26, is a clear and powerful statement. See also E. Frazer and N. Lacey, The Politics of Community: A Feminist Critique of the Liberal-Communitariam Agenda (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993).
79. "Communitarianism" is a term that, for political philosophers such as Canadian Charles Taylor, reflects a fundamental belief in the importance and good of community, especially with regard to questions of social justice and rights and liberties. By contrast, "liberalism" in this context refers to the primacy of the individual and individual rights and freedoms. However, feminists are wary of such positions because, they argue, both communitarianism and liberalism seem to ignore or want to ignore some deeper and more fundamental power relationships tied to gender and age and race. While somewhat dated, Iris Young, "The Ideal of Community and the Politics of Difference", Social Theory and Practice, vol. 12 (1986), pp. 1-26, is a clear and powerful statement. See also E. Frazer and N. Lacey, The Politics of Community: A Feminist Critique of the Liberal-Communitariam Agenda (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993).
80. "Communitarianism" is a term that, for political philosophers such as Canadian Charles Taylor, reflects a fundamental belief in the importance and good of community, especially with regard to questions of social justice and rights and liberties. By contrast, "liberalism" in this context refers to the primacy of the individual and individual rights and freedoms. However, feminists are wary of such positions because, they argue, both communitarianism and liberalism seem to ignore or want to ignore some deeper and more fundamental power relationships tied to gender and age and race. While somewhat dated, Iris Young, "The Ideal of Community and the Politics of Difference", Social Theory and Practice, vol. 12 (1986), pp. 1-26, is a clear and powerful statement. See also E. Frazer and N. Lacey, The Politics of Community: A Feminist Critique of the Liberal-Communitariam Agenda (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993).
81. Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, translated by Donald Nicolson-Smith (1974; Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), p. 77. The translation of this text, a unique blend of Marxist and what one might call postmodern approaches, has been pivotal in the rise in spatial thinking (and metaphors) in social theory, yet it is not without its critics. See, among others, Lynn Stewart, "Bodies, Visions, and Spatial Politics: A Review Essay of Henri Lefebvre's The Production of Space", Environment and Planning D: Societies and Space, vol. 13 (1995), pp. 609-618.
82. Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, translated by Donald Nicolson-Smith (1974; Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), p. 77. The translation of this text, a unique blend of Marxist and what one might call postmodern approaches, has been pivotal in the rise in spatial thinking (and metaphors) in social theory, yet it is not without its critics. See, among others, Lynn Stewart, "Bodies, Visions, and Spatial Politics: A Review Essay of Henri Lefebvre's The Production of Space", Environment and Planning D: Societies and Space, vol. 13 (1995), pp. 609-618.
83. These issues are discussed in David Harvey, Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), pp. 291-326, in a chapter entitled "From Space to Place and Back Again". On the role of place, see also Steven High, "Planting the Municipal Ownership Idea in Port Arthur, 1890-1914", Urban History Review, vol. 24 (1997), pp 3-17.
84. These issues are discussed in David Harvey, Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), pp. 291-326, in a chapter entitled "From Space to Place and Back Again". On the role of place, see also Steven High, "Planting the Municipal Ownership Idea in Port Arthur, 1890-1914", Urban History Review, vol. 24 (1997), pp 3-17.
85. Doreen Massey, "Power-Geometry and a Progressive Sense of Place", in Jon Bird et al., eds., Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change (New York: Routledge, 1993), p. 68.
86. Chad Gaffield, "The New Regional History: Rethinking the History of the Outaouais", Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 26 (1991), pp. 64-81.
87. Perhaps it is not surprising that William Cronon's outstanding study of Chicago, Nature's Metropolis (New York: Norton, 1991), is both urban and environmental history and benefits from theoretical and empirical literature in human and cultural geography.
88. Lynne Marks, Revivals and Roller Rinks: Religion, Leisure, and Identity in Late-Nineteenth-Century Small-Town Ontario (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996).
89. See the ideas in Pierre Bourdieu, "Social Space and Symbolic Power", Sociological Theory, vol. 7 (1989), pp. 14-25. See also Anthony P. Cohen, The Symbolic Structure of Community (New York: Routledge, 1985).
90. See the ideas in Pierre Bourdieu, "Social Space and Symbolic Power", Sociological Theory, vol. 7 (1989), pp. 14-25. See also Anthony P. Cohen, The Symbolic Structure of Community (New York: Routledge, 1985).
91. The essays in James Clifford and George E. Marcus, Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), are a good starting point to the debate.
92. Clifford Geertz, "Thick Description: Towards an Interpretive Theory of Culture", in Geertz, ed., The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (New York: Basic Books, 1973), p. 10. Two different critiques of Geertz by historians appear in Christopher Lloyd, The Structures of History (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993), pp. 103-117, especially the schematic diagram in Table 3.1, p. 107; and Aletta Biersack, "Local Knowledge, Local History: Geertz and Beyond", in Hunt, ed., The New Cultural History, pp. 72-96.
93. Clifford Geertz, "Thick Description: Towards an Interpretive Theory of Culture", in Geertz, ed., The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (New York: Basic Books, 1973), p. 10. Two different critiques of Geertz by historians appear in Christopher Lloyd, The Structures of History (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993), pp. 103-117, especially the schematic diagram in Table 3.1, p. 107; and Aletta Biersack, "Local Knowledge, Local History: Geertz and Beyond", in Hunt, ed., The New Cultural History, pp. 72-96.
94. Clifford Geertz, "Thick Description: Towards an Interpretive Theory of Culture", in Geertz, ed., The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (New York: Basic Books, 1973), p. 10. Two different critiques of Geertz by historians appear in Christopher Lloyd, The Structures of History (Oxford:
95. Such a perspective was certainly encouraged by Loewen's reading of Frederick Barth, ed., Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Cultural Difference (Oslo: Universites Forlaget, 1969).
96. Royden Loewen, Family, Church, and Market: A Mennonite Community in the Old and New Worlds, 1850-1930 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993). p. 233.
97. Williams, Keywords, p. 87.
98. See the concise hut useful discussion of culture in Peter Burke, History and Social Theory (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992), pp. 118-126.
99. See the detailed discussion of "culture" in Ian McKay, "Historians, Anthropology, and the Concept of Culture", Labour/ Le Travail, vols. 8-9 (1981-1982), pp. 185-241.
100. See, for example, Harris, The Resettlement of British Columbia; Nicholas Dirks, The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Bernard Cohn, "Representing Authority in Victorian India", in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 165-209; Anna Laura Stoler, "Rethinking Colonial Categories: European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule", Comparative Studies in Saciety and History, vol. 31 (1989), pp. 134-161; Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Context (New York: Routledge, 1995); Paul Rabinow, French Modern: Norms and forms of the Social Environment (Cambodge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989) . All of these scholars are influenced heavily by Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).
101. See, for example, Harris, The Resettlement of British Columbia; Nicholas Dirks, The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Bernard Cohn, "Representing Authority in Victorian India", in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 165-209; Anna Laura Stoler, "Rethinking Colonial Categories: European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule", Comparative Studies in Saciety and History, vol. 31 (1989), pp. 134-161; Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Context (New York: Routledge, 1995); Paul Rabinow, French Modern: Norms and forms of the Social Environment (Cambodge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989) . All of these scholars are influenced heavily by Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).
102. See, for example, Harris, The Resettlement of British Columbia; Nicholas Dirks, The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Bernard Cohn, "Representing Authority in Victorian India", in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 165-209; Anna Laura Stoler, "Rethinking Colonial Categories: European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule", Comparative Studies in Saciety and History, vol. 31 (1989), pp. 134-161; Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Context (New York: Routledge, 1995); Paul Rabinow, French Modern: Norms and forms of the Social Environment (Cambodge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989) . All of these scholars are influenced heavily by Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).
103. See, for example, Harris, The Resettlement of British Columbia; Nicholas Dirks, The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Bernard Cohn, "Representing Authority in Victorian India", in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 165-209; Anna Laura Stoler, "Rethinking Colonial Categories: European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule", Comparative Studies in Saciety and History, vol. 31 (1989), pp. 134-161; Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Context (New York: Routledge, 1995); Paul Rabinow, French Modern: Norms and forms of the Social Environment (Cambodge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989) . All of these scholars are influenced heavily by Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).
104. See, for example, Harris, The Resettlement of British Columbia; Nicholas Dirks, The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Bernard Cohn, "Representing Authority in Victorian India", in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 165-209; Anna Laura Stoler, "Rethinking Colonial Categories: European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule", Comparative Studies in Saciety and History, vol. 31 (1989), pp. 134-161; Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Context (New York: Routledge, 1995); Paul Rabinow, French Modern: Norms and forms of the Social Environment (Cambodge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989) . All of these scholars are influenced heavily by Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).
105. See, for example, Harris, The Resettlement of British Columbia; Nicholas Dirks, The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Bernard Cohn, "Representing Authority in Victorian India", in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 165-209; Anna Laura Stoler, "Rethinking Colonial Categories: European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule", Comparative Studies in Saciety and History, vol. 31 (1989), pp. 134-161; Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Context (New York: Routledge, 1995); Paul Rabinow, French Modern: Norms and forms of the Social Environment (Cambodge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989) . All of these scholars are influenced heavily by Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).
106. See, for example, Harris, The Resettlement of British Columbia; Nicholas Dirks, The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Bernard Cohn, "Representing Authority in Victorian India", in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 165-209; Anna Laura Stoler, "Rethinking Colonial Categories: European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule", Comparative Studies in Saciety and History, vol. 31 (1989), pp. 134-161; Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Context (New York: Routledge, 1995); Paul Rabinow, French Modern: Norms and forms of the Social Environment (Cambodge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989) . All of these scholars are influenced heavily by Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).
107. Kay Anderson, Vancouver's Chinatown: Racial Discourse in Canada, 1875-1980 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991); Christine Stansell, "Women, Children, and the Uses of the Streets: Class and Gender Conflict in New York City, 1850-1860", Feminist Studies, vol. 8 (1982), pp. 308-335; Sarah Deutsch, "Reconceiving the City: Women, Space, and Power in Boston, 1870-1910", Gender and History, vol. 6 (1994), pp. 202-223. To this list, one would have to add Carolyn Strange, Toronto's Girl Problem: The Perils and Pleasures of the City, 1880-1930 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995).
108. Kay Anderson, Vancouver's Chinatown: Racial Discourse in Canada, 1875-1980 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991); Christine Stansell, "Women, Children, and the Uses of the Streets: Class and Gender Conflict in New York City, 1850-1860", Feminist Studies, vol. 8 (1982), pp. 308-335; Sarah Deutsch, "Reconceiving the City: Women, Space, and Power in Boston, 1870-1910", Gender and History, vol. 6 (1994), pp. 202-223. To this list, one would have to add Carolyn Strange, Toronto's Girl Problem: The Perils and Pleasures of the City, 1880-1930 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995).
109. Kay Anderson, Vancouver's Chinatown: Racial Discourse in Canada, 1875-1980 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991); Christine Stansell, "Women, Children, and the Uses of the Streets: Class and Gender Conflict in New York City, 1850-1860", Feminist Studies, vol. 8 (1982), pp. 308-335; Sarah Deutsch, "Reconceiving the City: Women, Space, and Power in Boston, 1870-1910", Gender and History, vol. 6 (1994), pp. 202-223. To this list, one would have to add Carolyn Strange, Toronto's Girl Problem: The Perils and Pleasures of the City, 1880-1930 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995).
110. Kay Anderson, Vancouver's Chinatown: Racial Discourse in Canada, 1875-1980 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991); Christine Stansell, "Women, Children, and the Uses of the Streets: Class and Gender Conflict in New York City, 1850-1860", Feminist Studies, vol. 8 (1982), pp. 308-335; Sarah Deutsch, "Reconceiving the City: Women, Space, and Power in Boston, 1870-1910", Gender and History, vol. 6 (1994), pp. 202-223. To this list, one would have to add Carolyn Strange, Toronto's Girl Problem: The Perils and Pleasures of the City, 1880-1930 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995).
111. Anderson, Vancouver's Chinatown, p. 20.
112. See Said, Orientalism, p. 13.
113. In a similar vein, the essays in Roxanna Ng, Gillian Walker, and Jacob Muller, eds., Community Organization and the Canadian State (Toronto: Garamond Press, 1990), illuminate how social and cultural constructions of "community" often undermine effective communal organizations. Not surprisingly, the editors use the introduction to argue that "the search for one universal meaning is fruitless and we may need to accept many meanings of community" (p. 16).
114. Michel Foucault has suggested that charting changes that "affect the discursive formations themselves" provides a glimpse into "a new form of localization and circulation of discourse within society". See his "Politics and the Study of Discourse", in Graham Burcell et al., eds., The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (London: Harvester Wheasheaf, 1991), pp. 56-57. Also useful is Beth Singer, "Dewey's Concept of Community: A Critique", Journal of the History of Philosophy. vol. 23 (1985), in which she talks about the necessity of a shared framework of reference, which she defines as shared signs with the same meanings "within which (community members] can judge." 9. 568).
115. Michel Foucault has suggested that charting changes that "affect the discursive formations themselves" provides a glimpse into "a new form of localization and circulation of discourse within society". See his "Politics and the Study of Discourse", in Graham Burcell et al., eds., The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (London: Harvester Wheasheaf, 1991), pp. 56-57. Also useful is Beth Singer, "Dewey's Concept of Community: A Critique", Journal of the History of Philosophy. vol. 23 (1985), in which she talks about the necessity of a shared framework of reference, which she defines as shared signs with the same meanings "within which (community members] can judge." 9. 568).
116. James D. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Ferms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985). See also Stuart Hall, Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Postwar Britain (London: Hutchinson, 1976).
117. James D. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Ferms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985). See also Stuart Hall, Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Postwar Britain (London: Hutchinson, 1976).
118. Similarly, Cohen in The Symbolic Construction of Community suggests that scholars follow the advice of Ludwig Wittgenstein and "seek not [community's] lexical meaning, but use" (p. 12).
119. Keith Walden, Becoming Modern in Toronto: The Industrial Exhibition and the Shaping of a Late Victorian Culture (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), pp. 335-336.
120. John S. Lutz, "Work, Wages and Welfare in Aboriginal-Non-Aboriginal Relations, British Columbia, 1849-1970" (PhD thesis, University of Ottawa, 1994), discusses and utilizes to great effect the metaphor of exchange in both material and cultural relations.
121. In this regard, the production of so-called "routinely gendered"sources from institutions such as schools, churches, shops, and fraternal organizations has much to offer. As well, diaries, correspondence, and newspapers can provide tremendous insight into the extension of networks across space and time. Historians looking for ideas about sources to study networks will also find inspiration in Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community; Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism; Loewen, Family, Church, and Market; McCalla, "Village Stores and Rural Consumption"; Bouchard, Quelques arpents d' Amérique.
122. In this regard, the production of so-called "routinely gendered"sources from institutions such as schools, churches, shops, and fraternal organizations has much to offer. As well, diaries, correspondence, and newspapers can provide tremendous insight into the extension of networks across space and time. Historians looking for ideas about sources to study networks will also find inspiration in Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community; Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism; Loewen, Family, Church, and Market; McCalla, "Village Stores and Rural Consumption"; Bouchard, Quelques arpents d' Amérique.
123. In this regard, the production of so-called "routinely gendered"sources from institutions such as schools, churches, shops, and fraternal organizations has much to offer. As well, diaries, correspondence, and newspapers can provide tremendous insight into the extension of networks across space and time. Historians looking for ideas about sources to study networks will also find inspiration in Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community; Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism; Loewen, Family, Church, and Market; McCalla, "Village Stores and Rural Consumption"; Bouchard, Quelques arpents d' Amérique.
124. In this regard, the production of so-called "routinely gendered"sources from institutions such as schools, churches, shops, and fraternal organizations has much to offer. As well, diaries, correspondence, and newspapers can provide tremendous insight into the extension of networks across space and time. Historians looking for ideas about sources to study networks will also find inspiration in Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community; Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism; Loewen, Family, Church, and Market; McCalla, "Village Stores and Rural Consumption"; Bouchard, Quelques arpents d' Amérique.
125. In this regard, the production of so-called "routinely gendered"sources from institutions such as schools, churches, shops, and fraternal organizations has much to offer. As well, diaries, correspondence, and newspapers can provide tremendous insight into the extension of networks across space and time. Historians looking for ideas about sources to study networks will also find inspiration in Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community; Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism; Loewen, Family, Church, and Market; McCalla, "Village Stores and Rural Consumption"; Bouchard, Quelques arpents d' Amérique.
126. Joan Scott, "The Evidence of Experience", Critical Inquiry, vol. 17 (1991), p. 777.