Silences broken, silences kept: Gender and sexuality in African-American history

Gender and History

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 433-444

  Mitchell, Michele ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040213359     PISSN: 09535233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-0424.00154     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, 'Beyond the Sound of Silence: Afro-American Women in History', Gender & History, 1 (1989), pp. 50-67, esp. pp. 50, 52, 60.
2. Deborah Gray White, Ar'n't I A Woman?: Female Slaves in the Plantation South (W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1985); Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family from Slavery to the Present (Basic Books, Inc., New York, 1985); Dolores Janiewski, Sisterhood Denied: Race, Gender, and Class in a New South Community (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1986).
3. Deborah Gray White, Ar'n't I A Woman?: Female Slaves in the Plantation South (W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1985); Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family from Slavery to the Present (Basic Books, Inc., New York, 1985); Dolores Janiewski, Sisterhood Denied: Race, Gender, and Class in a New South Community (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1986).
4. Deborah Gray White, Ar'n't I A Woman?: Female Slaves in the Plantation South (W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1985); Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family from Slavery to the Present (Basic Books, Inc., New York, 1985); Dolores Janiewski, Sisterhood Denied: Race, Gender, and Class in a New South Community (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1986).
5. Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, 'Discontented Black Feminists: Prelude and Postscript to the Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment', in Decades of Discontent: The Women's Movement, ed. Lois Sharf and Joan M. Jensen (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1983); Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, Sharon Harley, and Andrea Benton Rushing (eds), Women in Africa and the African Diaspora (Howard University Press, Washington, DC, 1987); Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (Morrow, New York, 1984); Dorothy Sterling, We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century (W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1984); Hazel V. Carby, '"On the Threshold of Woman's Era": Lynching, Empire, and Sexuality in Black Feminist Theory', Critical Inquiry, 12 (1985), pp. 262-77; Hazel V. Carby, '"It Jus Be's Dat Way Sometime": The Sexual Politics of Women's Blues', Radical America, 20 (1986), pp. 9-22; Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Womanist Consciousness: Maggie Lena Walker and the Independent Order of Saint Luke', Signs, 14 (1989), pp. 610-33; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance', Signs, 14 (1989), pp. 912-20.
6. Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, 'Discontented Black Feminists: Prelude and Postscript to the Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment', in Decades of Discontent: The Women's Movement, ed. Lois Sharf and Joan M. Jensen (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1983); Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, Sharon Harley, and Andrea Benton Rushing (eds), Women in Africa and the African Diaspora (Howard University Press, Washington, DC, 1987); Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (Morrow, New York, 1984); Dorothy Sterling, We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century (W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1984); Hazel V. Carby, '"On the Threshold of Woman's Era": Lynching, Empire, and Sexuality in Black Feminist Theory', Critical Inquiry, 12 (1985), pp. 262-77; Hazel V. Carby, '"It Jus Be's Dat Way Sometime": The Sexual Politics of Women's Blues', Radical America, 20 (1986), pp. 9-22; Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Womanist Consciousness: Maggie Lena Walker and the Independent Order of Saint Luke', Signs, 14 (1989), pp. 610-33; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance', Signs, 14 (1989), pp. 912-20.
7. Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, 'Discontented Black Feminists: Prelude and Postscript to the Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment', in Decades of Discontent: The Women's Movement, ed. Lois Sharf and Joan M. Jensen (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1983); Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, Sharon Harley, and Andrea Benton Rushing (eds), Women in Africa and the African Diaspora (Howard University Press, Washington, DC, 1987); Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (Morrow, New York, 1984); Dorothy Sterling, We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century (W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1984); Hazel V. Carby, '"On the Threshold of Woman's Era": Lynching, Empire, and Sexuality in Black Feminist Theory', Critical Inquiry, 12 (1985), pp. 262-77; Hazel V. Carby, '"It Jus Be's Dat Way Sometime": The Sexual Politics of Women's Blues', Radical America, 20 (1986), pp. 9-22; Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Womanist Consciousness: Maggie Lena Walker and the Independent Order of Saint Luke', Signs, 14 (1989), pp. 610-33; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance', Signs, 14 (1989), pp. 912-20.
8. Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, 'Discontented Black Feminists: Prelude and Postscript to the Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment', in Decades of Discontent: The Women's Movement, ed. Lois Sharf and Joan M. Jensen (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1983); Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, Sharon Harley, and Andrea Benton Rushing (eds), Women in Africa and the African Diaspora (Howard University Press, Washington, DC, 1987); Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (Morrow, New York, 1984); Dorothy Sterling, We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century (W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1984); Hazel V. Carby, '"On the Threshold of Woman's Era": Lynching, Empire, and Sexuality in Black Feminist Theory', Critical Inquiry, 12 (1985), pp. 262-77; Hazel V. Carby, '"It Jus Be's Dat Way Sometime": The Sexual Politics of Women's Blues', Radical America, 20 (1986), pp. 9-22; Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Womanist Consciousness: Maggie Lena Walker and the Independent Order of Saint Luke', Signs, 14 (1989), pp. 610-33; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance', Signs, 14 (1989), pp. 912-20.
9. Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, 'Discontented Black Feminists: Prelude and Postscript to the Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment', in Decades of Discontent: The Women's Movement, ed. Lois Sharf and Joan M. Jensen (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1983); Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, Sharon Harley, and Andrea Benton Rushing (eds), Women in Africa and the African Diaspora (Howard University Press, Washington, DC, 1987); Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (Morrow, New York, 1984); Dorothy Sterling, We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century (W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1984); Hazel V. Carby, '"On the Threshold of Woman's Era": Lynching, Empire, and Sexuality in Black Feminist Theory', Critical Inquiry, 12 (1985), pp. 262-77; Hazel V. Carby, '"It Jus Be's Dat Way Sometime": The Sexual Politics of Women's Blues', Radical America, 20 (1986), pp. 9-22; Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Womanist Consciousness: Maggie Lena Walker and the Independent Order of Saint Luke', Signs, 14 (1989), pp. 610-33; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance', Signs, 14 (1989), pp. 912-20.
10. Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, 'Discontented Black Feminists: Prelude and Postscript to the Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment', in Decades of Discontent: The Women's Movement, ed. Lois Sharf and Joan M. Jensen (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1983); Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, Sharon Harley, and Andrea Benton Rushing (eds), Women in Africa and the African Diaspora (Howard University Press, Washington, DC, 1987); Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (Morrow, New York, 1984); Dorothy Sterling, We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century (W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1984); Hazel V. Carby, '"On the Threshold of Woman's Era": Lynching, Empire, and Sexuality in Black Feminist Theory', Critical Inquiry, 12 (1985), pp. 262-77; Hazel V. Carby, '"It Jus Be's Dat Way Sometime": The Sexual Politics of Women's Blues', Radical America, 20 (1986), pp. 9-22; Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Womanist Consciousness: Maggie Lena Walker and the Independent Order of Saint Luke', Signs, 14 (1989), pp. 610-33; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance', Signs, 14 (1989), pp. 912-20.
11. Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, 'Discontented Black Feminists: Prelude and Postscript to the Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment', in Decades of Discontent: The Women's Movement, ed. Lois Sharf and Joan M. Jensen (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1983); Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, Sharon Harley, and Andrea Benton Rushing (eds), Women in Africa and the African Diaspora (Howard University Press, Washington, DC, 1987); Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (Morrow, New York, 1984); Dorothy Sterling, We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century (W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1984); Hazel V. Carby, '"On the Threshold of Woman's Era": Lynching, Empire, and Sexuality in Black Feminist Theory', Critical Inquiry, 12 (1985), pp. 262-77; Hazel V. Carby, '"It Jus Be's Dat Way Sometime": The Sexual Politics of Women's Blues', Radical America, 20 (1986), pp. 9-22; Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Womanist Consciousness: Maggie Lena Walker and the Independent Order of Saint Luke', Signs, 14 (1989), pp. 610-33; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance', Signs, 14 (1989), pp. 912-20.
12. Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, 'Discontented Black Feminists: Prelude and Postscript to the Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment', in Decades of Discontent: The Women's Movement, ed. Lois Sharf and Joan M. Jensen (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1983); Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, Sharon Harley, and Andrea Benton Rushing (eds), Women in Africa and the African Diaspora (Howard University Press, Washington, DC, 1987); Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (Morrow, New York, 1984); Dorothy Sterling, We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century (W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1984); Hazel V. Carby, '"On the Threshold of Woman's Era": Lynching, Empire, and Sexuality in Black Feminist Theory', Critical Inquiry, 12 (1985), pp. 262-77; Hazel V. Carby, '"It Jus Be's Dat Way Sometime": The Sexual Politics of Women's Blues', Radical America, 20 (1986), pp. 9-22; Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Womanist Consciousness: Maggie Lena Walker and the Independent Order of Saint Luke', Signs, 14 (1989), pp. 610-33; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance', Signs, 14 (1989), pp. 912-20.
13. Higginbotham, 'Beyond the Sound of Silence', p. 63.
14. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
15. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
16. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
17. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
18. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
19. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
20. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
21. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
22. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
23. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
24. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
25. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
26. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
27. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
28. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
29. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also
30. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
31. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996); Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1997); Beryl Satter, 'Marcus Garvey, Father Divine, and the Gender Politics of Race Difference and Race Neutrality', American Quarterly, 48 (1996), pp. 43-76; Susan L. Smith, Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women's Health Activism in America, 1890-1950 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1995); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995); Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory', in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1995), pp. 100-124; Darlene Clark Hine, 'Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915-1945', in The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, & Gender (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991), pp. 127-46; Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996); Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1997); Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (Routledge, New York, 1993); Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth Century South (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1997). See also Martin Anthony Summers, 'Nationalism, Race Consciousness, and the Constructions of Black Middle Class Masculinity During the New Negro Era, 1915-1930' (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1997); Premilla Nadasen, 'The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States, 1960-1975' (Columbia University, PhD diss., 1999); M. Elaine Roland, 'A Land Where You Can Be Free: Gender, Black Nationalism, and the All-Black Towns of Oklahoma' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, forthcoming). As testimony to developments in US historiography, not all of the above works deal exclusively with African Americans.
32. See, for example, James Oliver Horton, Free People of Color: Inside the African American Community (Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1993); Harry Stecopoulos and Michael Uebel (eds), Race and the Subject of Masculinities (Duke University Press, Durham and London, 1997); and Darlene Clark Hine and Earnestine Jenkins (eds), A Question of Manhood: A Reader in US Black Men's History and Masculinity (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1999).
33. See, for example, James Oliver Horton, Free People of Color: Inside the African American Community (Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1993); Harry Stecopoulos and Michael Uebel (eds), Race and the Subject of Masculinities (Duke University Press, Durham and London, 1997); and Darlene Clark Hine and Earnestine Jenkins (eds), A Question of Manhood: A Reader in US Black Men's History and Masculinity (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1999).
34. See, for example, James Oliver Horton, Free People of Color: Inside the African American Community (Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1993); Harry Stecopoulos and Michael Uebel (eds), Race and the Subject of Masculinities (Duke University Press, Durham and London, 1997); and Darlene Clark Hine and Earnestine Jenkins (eds), A Question of Manhood: A Reader in US Black Men's History and Masculinity (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1999).
35. Higginbotham, 'Beyond the Sound of Silence', p. 63; Elsa Barkley Brown, '"What Has Happened Here": The Politics of Difference in Women's History and Feminist Politics', Feminist Studies, 18 (1992), pp. 295-312.
36. Higginbotham, 'Beyond the Sound of Silence', p. 63; Elsa Barkley Brown, '"What Has Happened Here": The Politics of Difference in Women's History and Feminist Politics', Feminist Studies, 18 (1992), pp. 295-312.
37. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, 'African-American Women's History and the Metalanguage of Race', Signs, 17 (1992), pp. 251-74.
38. James Oliver Horton, 'Freedom's Yoke: Gender Conventions Among Antebellum Free Blacks', Feminist Studies, 12 (1986), pp. 51-76, esp. p. 74. A contemporary analysis of African-American manhood is David Leverenz's discussion of Frederick Douglass in Leverenz, Manhood and the American Renaissance (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1989), pp. 108-34.
39. James Oliver Horton, 'Freedom's Yoke: Gender Conventions Among Antebellum Free Blacks', Feminist Studies, 12 (1986), pp. 51-76, esp. p. 74. A contemporary analysis of African-American manhood is David Leverenz's discussion of Frederick Douglass in Leverenz, Manhood and the American Renaissance (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1989), pp. 108-34.
40. Sharon Harley, 'For the Good of Family and Race: Gender, Work, and Domestic Roles in the Black Community, 1880-1930', Signs, 15 (1990), pp. 336-49, esp. p. 337, n. 1.
41. Brown, '"What Has Happened Here"'; Higginbotham, 'African-American Women's History and the Metalanguage of Race'.
42. Brown, '"What Has Happened Here"'; Higginbotham, 'African-American Women's History and the Metalanguage of Race'.
43. E. Frances White, 'Africa on My Mind: Gender, Counter Discourse and African-American Nationalism', Journal of Women's History, 2 (1990), pp. 73-97, esp. pp. 76-7, 93-4.
44. Hazel V. Carby, 'Policing the Black Woman's Body in an Urban Context', Critical Inquiry, 18 (1992), pp. 738-55; Barbara Bair, 'True Women, Real Men: Gender, Ideology, and Social Roles in the Garvey Movement', in Gendered Domains: Rethinking Public and Private in Women's History, ed. Dorothy O. Helly and Susan Reverby (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1992), pp. 154-66; Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Negotiating and Transforming the Public Sphere: African American Political Life in the Transition from Slavery to Freedom', Public Culture, 7 (1994), pp. 107-46.
45. Hazel V. Carby, 'Policing the Black Woman's Body in an Urban Context', Critical Inquiry, 18 (1992), pp. 738-55; Barbara Bair, 'True Women, Real Men: Gender, Ideology, and Social Roles in the Garvey Movement', in Gendered Domains: Rethinking Public and Private in Women's History, ed. Dorothy O. Helly and Susan Reverby (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1992), pp. 154-66; Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Negotiating and Transforming the Public Sphere: African American Political Life in the Transition from Slavery to Freedom', Public Culture, 7 (1994), pp. 107-46.
46. Hazel V. Carby, 'Policing the Black Woman's Body in an Urban Context', Critical Inquiry, 18 (1992), pp. 738-55; Barbara Bair, 'True Women, Real Men: Gender, Ideology, and Social Roles in the Garvey Movement', in Gendered Domains: Rethinking Public and Private in Women's History, ed. Dorothy O. Helly and Susan Reverby (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1992), pp. 154-66; Elsa Barkley Brown, 'Negotiating and Transforming the Public Sphere: African American Political Life in the Transition from Slavery to Freedom', Public Culture, 7 (1994), pp. 107-46.
47. Bair, 'True Women, Real Men', p. 156; White, 'Africa on My Mind', pp. 86-90.
48. Bair, 'True Women, Real Men', p. 156; White, 'Africa on My Mind', pp. 86-90.
49. Jim Cullen, '"I's a Man Now": Gender and African American Men', in Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, ed. Catherine Clinton and Nina Silber (Oxford University Press, New York, 1992), pp. 76-91, esp. pp. 77, 90; Gail Bederman, '"Civilization," the Decline of Middle-Class Manliness, and Ida B. Wells's Antilynching Campaign (1892-94)', Radical History Review, 52 (1992), pp. 5-30, esp. pp. 5-6, 11-14, 22.
50. Jim Cullen, '"I's a Man Now": Gender and African American Men', in Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, ed. Catherine Clinton and Nina Silber (Oxford University Press, New York, 1992), pp. 76-91, esp. pp. 77, 90; Gail Bederman, '"Civilization," the Decline of Middle-Class Manliness, and Ida B. Wells's Antilynching Campaign (1892-94)', Radical History Review, 52 (1992), pp. 5-30, esp. pp. 5-6, 11-14, 22.
51. Hine, 'Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women'.
52. Hine, 'Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women', pp. 912, 915.
53. Hine, 'Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women'; Christina Simmons, 'African Americans and Sexual Victorianism in the Social Hygiene Movement, 1910-1940', Journal of the History of Sexuality, 4 (1993), pp. 51-75; Deborah Gray White, Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894-1994 (W. W. Norton & Company, New York and London, 1999), pp. 87-141, esp. 87-8, 124-30; Stephanie Shaw, What a Woman Ought to Be and to Do: Black Professional Women Workers During the Jim Crow Era (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1996), pp. 13-40, esp. pp. 23-4; Kevin K. Gaines, Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996), pp. 5-9, esp. p. 5. Here, I use 'aspiring class' because I find 'middle class' to be a particularly unsatisfactory term to describe post-Reconstruction era African-Americans. 'Aspiring class' refers to folk - many were self-educated, had a normal school education, or attended college - who worked for a living and were able to save a portion of their earnings and perhaps acquire property. What distinguishes these African Americans from industrial age bourgeoisie is that the socio-economic standing of aspiring-class people was somewhat more tenuous: economic downturn or personal calamity was likely to move an aspiring-class person into poverty, not the working class.
54. Hine, 'Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women'; Christina Simmons, 'African Americans and Sexual Victorianism in the Social Hygiene Movement, 1910-1940', Journal of the History of Sexuality, 4 (1993), pp. 51-75; Deborah Gray White, Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894-1994 (W. W. Norton & Company, New York and London, 1999), pp. 87-141, esp. 87-8, 124-30; Stephanie Shaw, What a Woman Ought to Be and to Do: Black Professional Women Workers During the Jim Crow Era (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1996), pp. 13-40, esp. pp. 23-4; Kevin K. Gaines, Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996), pp. 5-9, esp. p. 5. Here, I use 'aspiring class' because I find 'middle class' to be a particularly unsatisfactory term to describe post-Reconstruction era African-Americans. 'Aspiring class' refers to folk - many were self-educated, had a normal school education, or attended college - who worked for a living and were able to save a portion of their earnings and perhaps acquire property. What distinguishes these African Americans from industrial age bourgeoisie is that the socio-economic standing of aspiring-class people was somewhat more tenuous: economic downturn or personal calamity was likely to move an aspiring-class person into poverty, not the working class.
55. Hine, 'Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women'; Christina Simmons, 'African Americans and Sexual Victorianism in the Social Hygiene Movement, 1910-1940', Journal of the History of Sexuality, 4 (1993), pp. 51-75; Deborah Gray White, Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894-1994 (W. W. Norton & Company, New York and London, 1999), pp. 87-141, esp. 87-8, 124-30; Stephanie Shaw, What a Woman Ought to Be and to Do: Black Professional Women Workers During the Jim Crow Era (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1996), pp. 13-40, esp. pp. 23-4; Kevin K. Gaines, Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996), pp. 5-9, esp. p. 5. Here, I use 'aspiring class' because I find 'middle class' to be a particularly unsatisfactory term to describe post-Reconstruction era African-Americans. 'Aspiring class' refers to folk - many were self-educated, had a normal school education, or attended college - who worked for a living and were able to save a portion of their earnings and perhaps acquire property. What distinguishes these African Americans from industrial age bourgeoisie is that the socio-economic standing of aspiring-class people was somewhat more tenuous: economic downturn or personal calamity was likely to move an aspiring-class person into poverty, not the working class.
56. Hine, 'Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women'; Christina Simmons, 'African Americans and Sexual Victorianism in the Social Hygiene Movement, 1910-1940', Journal of the History of Sexuality, 4 (1993), pp. 51-75; Deborah Gray White, Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894-1994 (W. W. Norton & Company, New York and London, 1999), pp. 87-141, esp. 87-8, 124-30; Stephanie Shaw, What a Woman Ought to Be and to Do: Black Professional Women Workers During the Jim Crow Era (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1996), pp. 13-40, esp. pp. 23-4; Kevin K. Gaines, Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996), pp. 5-9, esp. p. 5. Here, I use 'aspiring class' because I find 'middle class' to be a particularly unsatisfactory term to describe post-Reconstruction era African-Americans. 'Aspiring class' refers to folk - many were self-educated, had a normal school education, or attended college - who worked for a living and were able to save a portion of their earnings and perhaps acquire property. What distinguishes these African Americans from industrial age bourgeoisie is that the socio-economic standing of aspiring-class people was somewhat more tenuous: economic downturn or personal calamity was likely to move an aspiring-class person into poverty, not the working class.
57. Hine, 'Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women'; Christina Simmons, 'African Americans and Sexual Victorianism in the Social Hygiene Movement, 1910-1940', Journal of the History of Sexuality, 4 (1993), pp. 51-75; Deborah Gray White, Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894-1994 (W. W. Norton & Company, New York and London, 1999), pp. 87-141, esp. 87-8, 124-30; Stephanie Shaw, What a Woman Ought to Be and to Do: Black Professional Women Workers During the Jim Crow Era (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1996), pp. 13-40, esp. pp. 23-4; Kevin K. Gaines, Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1996), pp. 5-9, esp. p. 5. Here, I use 'aspiring class' because I find 'middle class' to be a particularly unsatisfactory term to describe post-Reconstruction era African-Americans. 'Aspiring class' refers to folk - many were self-educated, had a normal school education, or attended college - who worked for a living and were able to save a portion of their earnings and perhaps acquire property. What distinguishes these African Americans from industrial age bourgeoisie is that the socio-economic standing of aspiring-class people was somewhat more tenuous: economic downturn or personal calamity was likely to move an aspiring-class person into poverty, not the working class.
58. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent: The Women's Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880-1920 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1993), pp. 185-229, esp. pp. 193-4.
59. Willard Gatewood, Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 1880-1920 (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1990), pp. 182-209; Wilson Jeremiah Moses, 'Sexual Anxieties of the Black Bourgeoisie in Victorian America: The Cultural Context of W. E. B. Du Bois' First Novel', Western Journal of Black Studies, 4 (1982), pp. 202-11; White, 'Africa on My Mind', pp. 76-7.
60. Willard Gatewood, Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 1880-1920 (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1990), pp. 182-209; Wilson Jeremiah Moses, 'Sexual Anxieties of the Black Bourgeoisie in Victorian America: The Cultural Context of W. E. B. Du Bois' First Novel', Western Journal of Black Studies, 4 (1982), pp. 202-11; White, 'Africa on My Mind', pp. 76-7.
61. Willard Gatewood, Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 1880-1920 (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1990), pp. 182-209; Wilson Jeremiah Moses, 'Sexual Anxieties of the Black Bourgeoisie in Victorian America: The Cultural Context of W. E. B. Du Bois' First Novel', Western Journal of Black Studies, 4 (1982), pp. 202-11; White, 'Africa on My Mind', pp. 76-7.
62. Cynthia Neverdon-Morton, Afro-American Women of the South and the Advancement of the Race, 1895-1925 (University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 1989); Dorothy Salem, To Better Our World: Black Women in Organized Reform, 1890-1920 (Carlson Publishing, Brooklyn, 1990); Beverly Guy-Sheftall, Daughters of Sorrow: Attitudes Toward Black Women, 1880-1920 (Carlson Publishing, Brooklyn, 1990).
63. Cynthia Neverdon-Morton, Afro-American Women of the South and the Advancement of the Race, 1895-1925 (University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 1989); Dorothy Salem, To Better Our World: Black Women in Organized Reform, 1890-1920 (Carlson Publishing, Brooklyn, 1990); Beverly Guy-Sheftall, Daughters of Sorrow: Attitudes Toward Black Women, 1880-1920 (Carlson Publishing, Brooklyn, 1990).
64. Cynthia Neverdon-Morton, Afro-American Women of the South and the Advancement of the Race, 1895-1925 (University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 1989); Dorothy Salem, To Better Our World: Black Women in Organized Reform, 1890-1920 (Carlson Publishing, Brooklyn, 1990); Beverly Guy-Sheftall, Daughters of Sorrow: Attitudes Toward Black Women, 1880-1920 (Carlson Publishing, Brooklyn, 1990).
65. Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent, pp. 187, 198-204, 227. For insightful commentary on uplift politics and its gendered components, see Gaines, Uplifting the Race.
66. Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent, pp. 187, 198-204, 227. For insightful commentary on uplift politics and its gendered components, see Gaines, Uplifting the Race.
67. Carby, 'Policing the Black Woman's Body'; Simmons, 'African Americans and Sexual Victorianism'.
68. Carby, 'Policing the Black Woman's Body'; Simmons, 'African Americans and Sexual Victorianism'.
69. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom, esp. pp. 168-86; Victoria W. Wolcott, '"Bible, Bath and Broom": Nannie Helen Burrough's National Training School and African-American Racial Uplift', Journal of Women's History, 9 (1997), pp. 88-110; Victoria W. Wolcott, 'Remaking Respectability: African-American Women and the Politics of Identity in Interwar Detroit' (University of Michigan, PhD diss., 1995). For yet another take on respectability, see Amy Jordan, 'Extending the Organizing Tradition: Welfare Rights and the Politics of Respectability' (University of Michigan, PhD diss., 1999).
70. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom, esp. pp. 168-86; Victoria W. Wolcott, '"Bible, Bath and Broom": Nannie Helen Burrough's National Training School and African-American Racial Uplift', Journal of Women's History, 9 (1997), pp. 88-110; Victoria W. Wolcott, 'Remaking Respectability: African-American Women and the Politics of Identity in Interwar Detroit' (University of Michigan, PhD diss., 1995). For yet another take on respectability, see Amy Jordan, 'Extending the Organizing Tradition: Welfare Rights and the Politics of Respectability' (University of Michigan, PhD diss., 1999).
71. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom, esp. pp. 168-86; Victoria W. Wolcott, '"Bible, Bath and Broom": Nannie Helen Burrough's National Training School and African-American Racial Uplift', Journal of Women's History, 9 (1997), pp. 88-110; Victoria W. Wolcott, 'Remaking Respectability: African-American Women and the Politics of Identity in Interwar Detroit' (University of Michigan, PhD diss., 1995). For yet another take on respectability, see Amy Jordan, 'Extending the Organizing Tradition: Welfare Rights and the Politics of Respectability' (University of Michigan, PhD diss., 1999).
72. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom, esp. pp. 168-86; Victoria W. Wolcott, '"Bible, Bath and Broom": Nannie Helen Burrough's National Training School and African-American Racial Uplift', Journal of Women's History, 9 (1997), pp. 88-110; Victoria W. Wolcott, 'Remaking Respectability: African-American Women and the Politics of Identity in Interwar Detroit' (University of Michigan, PhD diss., 1995). For yet another take on respectability, see Amy Jordan, 'Extending the Organizing Tradition: Welfare Rights and the Politics of Respectability' (University of Michigan, PhD diss., 1999).
73. Nell Irvin Painter, '"Social Equality," Miscegenation, Labor, and Power', in The Evolution of Southern Culture, ed. Numan V. Bartley (University of Georgia Press, Athens, 1988), pp. 47-67; Eric Garber, 'A Spectacle in Color: The Lesbian and Gay Subculture of Jazz Age Harlem', in Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past, ed. Martin Bauml Duberman, Martha Vicinus and George Chauncey, Jr (New American Library, New York, 1989), pp. 318-31.
74. Nell Irvin Painter, '"Social Equality," Miscegenation, Labor, and Power', in The Evolution of Southern Culture, ed. Numan V. Bartley (University of Georgia Press, Athens, 1988), pp. 47-67; Eric Garber, 'A Spectacle in Color: The Lesbian and Gay Subculture of Jazz Age Harlem', in Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past, ed. Martin Bauml Duberman, Martha Vicinus and George Chauncey, Jr (New American Library, New York, 1989), pp. 318-31.
75. John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1988); Ann du Cille, '"Othered" Matters: Reconceptualizing Dominance and Difference in the History of Sexuality in America', Journal of the History of Sexuality, 1 (1990), pp. 102-27.
76. John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1988); Ann du Cille, '"Othered" Matters: Reconceptualizing Dominance and Difference in the History of Sexuality in America', Journal of the History of Sexuality, 1 (1990), pp. 102-27.
77. Anthony S. Parent, Jr, and Susan Brown Wallace, 'Childhood and Sexual Identity under Slavery', Journal of the History of Sexuality, 3 (1993), pp. 363-401; Martha Hodes, 'The Sexualization of Reconstruction Politics: White Women and Black Men in the South after the Civil War', Journal of the History of Sexuality, 3 (1993), pp. 402-17; Kevin J. Mumford, Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century (Columbia University Press, New York, 1997).
78. Anthony S. Parent, Jr, and Susan Brown Wallace, 'Childhood and Sexual Identity under Slavery', Journal of the History of Sexuality, 3 (1993), pp. 363-401; Martha Hodes, 'The Sexualization of Reconstruction Politics: White Women and Black Men in the South after the Civil War', Journal of the History of Sexuality, 3 (1993), pp. 402-17; Kevin J. Mumford, Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century (Columbia University Press, New York, 1997).
79. Anthony S. Parent, Jr, and Susan Brown Wallace, 'Childhood and Sexual Identity under Slavery', Journal of the History of Sexuality, 3 (1993), pp. 363-401; Martha Hodes, 'The Sexualization of Reconstruction Politics: White Women and Black Men in the South after the Civil War', Journal of the History of Sexuality, 3 (1993), pp. 402-17; Kevin J. Mumford, Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century (Columbia University Press, New York, 1997).
80. The following articles are representative of new work in the field: Graham Russell Hodges, 'The Pastor and the Prostitute: Sexual Power among African Americans and Germans in Colonial New York', in Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History, ed. Martha Hodes (New York University Press, New York, 1999); Leslie M. Harris, 'From Abolitionist Amalgamators to "Rulers of the Five Points": The Discourse of Interracial Sex and Reform in Antebellum New York City', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 191-212; Daniel R. Mandell, 'The Saga of Sarah Muckamugg: Indian and African American Intermarriage in Colonial New England', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 72-90; Jonathan Zimmerman, 'Crossing Oceans, Crossing Colors: Black Peace Corps Volunteers and Interracial Love in Africa, 1961-1971', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 514-30.
81. The following articles are representative of new work in the field: Graham Russell Hodges, 'The Pastor and the Prostitute: Sexual Power among African Americans and Germans in Colonial New York', in Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History, ed. Martha Hodes (New York University Press, New York, 1999); Leslie M. Harris, 'From Abolitionist Amalgamators to "Rulers of the Five Points": The Discourse of Interracial Sex and Reform in Antebellum New York City', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 191-212; Daniel R. Mandell, 'The Saga of Sarah Muckamugg: Indian and African American Intermarriage in Colonial New England', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 72-90; Jonathan Zimmerman, 'Crossing Oceans, Crossing Colors: Black Peace Corps Volunteers and Interracial Love in Africa, 1961-1971', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 514-30.
82. The following articles are representative of new work in the field: Graham Russell Hodges, 'The Pastor and the Prostitute: Sexual Power among African Americans and Germans in Colonial New York', in Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History, ed. Martha Hodes (New York University Press, New York, 1999); Leslie M. Harris, 'From Abolitionist Amalgamators to "Rulers of the Five Points": The Discourse of Interracial Sex and Reform in Antebellum New York City', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 191-212; Daniel R. Mandell, 'The Saga of Sarah Muckamugg: Indian and African American Intermarriage in Colonial New England', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 72-90; Jonathan Zimmerman, 'Crossing Oceans, Crossing Colors: Black Peace Corps Volunteers and Interracial Love in Africa, 1961-1971', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 514-30.
83. The following articles are representative of new work in the field: Graham Russell Hodges, 'The Pastor and the Prostitute: Sexual Power among African Americans and Germans in Colonial New York', in Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History, ed. Martha Hodes (New York University Press, New York, 1999); Leslie M. Harris, 'From Abolitionist Amalgamators to "Rulers of the Five Points": The Discourse of Interracial Sex and Reform in Antebellum New York City', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 191-212; Daniel R. Mandell, 'The Saga of Sarah Muckamugg: Indian and African American Intermarriage in Colonial New England', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 72-90; Jonathan Zimmerman, 'Crossing Oceans, Crossing Colors: Black Peace Corps Volunteers and Interracial Love in Africa, 1961-1971', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 514-30.
84. Hannah Rosen is writing a history of postbellum sexual violence (University of Chicago, PhD diss., forthcoming) while Cynthia Blair is writing on black women sex workers in Chicago (Harvard University, PhD diss., forthcoming). The recent dissertations referred to in the text are: Jennifer Lyle Morgan, 'Laboring Women: Enslaved Women, Reproduction, and Slavery in Barbados and South Carolina, 1650-1750' (Duke University, PhD diss., 1995); Michele Mitchell, 'Adjusting the Race: Gender, Sexuality, and the Question of African-American Destiny, 1877-1930' (Northwestern University, PhD diss., 1998); Tracye Ann Matthews, '"No One Ever Asks What a Man's Place in the Revolution Is": Gender and Sexual Politics in the Black Panther Party, 1966-1971' (University of Michigan, PhD diss., 1998). See also Jennifer L. Morgan, '"Some Could Suckle over Their Shoulder": Male Travelers, Female Bodies, and the Gendering of Racial Ideology, 1500-1770', William and Mary Quarterly, 54 (1997), pp. 167-92; Hannah Rosen, '"Not That Sort of Women": Race, Gender, and Sexual Violence during the Memphis Riot of 1866', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 267-93.
85. Hannah Rosen is writing a history of postbellum sexual violence (University of Chicago, PhD diss., forthcoming) while Cynthia Blair is writing on black women sex workers in Chicago (Harvard University, PhD diss., forthcoming). The recent dissertations referred to in the text are: Jennifer Lyle Morgan, 'Laboring Women: Enslaved Women, Reproduction, and Slavery in Barbados and South Carolina, 1650-1750' (Duke University, PhD diss., 1995); Michele Mitchell, 'Adjusting the Race: Gender, Sexuality, and the Question of African-American Destiny, 1877-1930' (Northwestern University, PhD diss., 1998); Tracye Ann Matthews, '"No One Ever Asks What a Man's Place in the Revolution Is": Gender and Sexual Politics in the Black Panther Party, 1966-1971' (University of Michigan, PhD diss., 1998). See also Jennifer L. Morgan, '"Some Could Suckle over Their Shoulder": Male Travelers, Female Bodies, and the Gendering of Racial Ideology, 1500-1770', William and Mary Quarterly, 54 (1997), pp. 167-92; Hannah Rosen, '"Not That Sort of Women": Race, Gender, and Sexual Violence during the Memphis Riot of 1866', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 267-93.
86. Hannah Rosen is writing a history of postbellum sexual violence (University of Chicago, PhD diss., forthcoming) while Cynthia Blair is writing on black women sex workers in Chicago (Harvard University, PhD diss., forthcoming). The recent dissertations referred to in the text are: Jennifer Lyle Morgan, 'Laboring Women: Enslaved Women, Reproduction, and Slavery in Barbados and South Carolina, 1650-1750' (Duke University, PhD diss., 1995); Michele Mitchell, 'Adjusting the Race: Gender, Sexuality, and the Question of African-American Destiny, 1877-1930' (Northwestern University, PhD diss., 1998); Tracye Ann Matthews, '"No One Ever Asks What a Man's Place in the Revolution Is": Gender and Sexual Politics in the Black Panther Party, 1966-1971' (University of Michigan, PhD diss., 1998). See also Jennifer L. Morgan, '"Some Could Suckle over Their Shoulder": Male Travelers, Female Bodies, and the Gendering of Racial Ideology, 1500-1770', William and Mary Quarterly, 54 (1997), pp. 167-92; Hannah Rosen, '"Not That Sort of Women": Race, Gender, and Sexual Violence during the Memphis Riot of 1866', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 267-93.
87. Hannah Rosen is writing a history of postbellum sexual violence (University of Chicago, PhD diss., forthcoming) while Cynthia Blair is writing on black women sex workers in Chicago (Harvard University, PhD diss., forthcoming). The recent dissertations referred to in the text are: Jennifer Lyle Morgan, 'Laboring Women: Enslaved Women, Reproduction, and Slavery in Barbados and South Carolina, 1650-1750' (Duke University, PhD diss., 1995); Michele Mitchell, 'Adjusting the Race: Gender, Sexuality, and the Question of African-American Destiny, 1877-1930' (Northwestern University, PhD diss., 1998); Tracye Ann Matthews, '"No One Ever Asks What a Man's Place in the Revolution Is": Gender and Sexual Politics in the Black Panther Party, 1966-1971' (University of Michigan, PhD diss., 1998). See also Jennifer L. Morgan, '"Some Could Suckle over Their Shoulder": Male Travelers, Female Bodies, and the Gendering of Racial Ideology, 1500-1770', William and Mary Quarterly, 54 (1997), pp. 167-92; Hannah Rosen, '"Not That Sort of Women": Race, Gender, and Sexual Violence during the Memphis Riot of 1866', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 267-93.
88. Hannah Rosen is writing a history of postbellum sexual violence (University of Chicago, PhD diss., forthcoming) while Cynthia Blair is writing on black women sex workers in Chicago (Harvard University, PhD diss., forthcoming). The recent dissertations referred to in the text are: Jennifer Lyle Morgan, 'Laboring Women: Enslaved Women, Reproduction, and Slavery in Barbados and South Carolina, 1650-1750' (Duke University, PhD diss., 1995); Michele Mitchell, 'Adjusting the Race: Gender, Sexuality, and the Question of African-American Destiny, 1877-1930' (Northwestern University, PhD diss., 1998); Tracye Ann Matthews, '"No One Ever Asks What a Man's Place in the Revolution Is": Gender and Sexual Politics in the Black Panther Party, 1966-1971' (University of Michigan, PhD diss., 1998). See also Jennifer L. Morgan, '"Some Could Suckle over Their Shoulder": Male Travelers, Female Bodies, and the Gendering of Racial Ideology, 1500-1770', William and Mary Quarterly, 54 (1997), pp. 167-92; Hannah Rosen, '"Not That Sort of Women": Race, Gender, and Sexual Violence during the Memphis Riot of 1866', Sex, Love, Race, pp. 267-93.
89. Brown, 'Imaging Lynching', pp. 100-2. For an example of the promise of such reconceptualisation, see Marilynn S. Johnson, 'Gender, Race, and Rumours: Re-examining the 1943 Race Riots', Gender & History, 10 (1998), pp. 252-77.
90. Brown, 'Imaging Lynching', pp. 100-2. For an example of the promise of such reconceptualisation, see Marilynn S. Johnson, 'Gender, Race, and Rumours: Re-examining the 1943 Race Riots', Gender & History, 10 (1998), pp. 252-77.