Revisiting "the myth of the vaginal orgasm": The female orgasm in American sexual thought and second wave feminism

Feminist Studies

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 449-476

  Gerhard, Jane ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0040213197     PISSN: 00463663     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3178545     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Anne Koedt, "The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm," Notes from the First Year (New York: New York Radical Feminists, 1968), 11.
2. Anne Koedt, "The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm," Notes from the Second Year (New York: New York Radical Feminists, 1970), 37-41. Koedt's article also appeared in Radical Feminism, ed. Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1973), 198-207. All citations that follow come from the version in Radical Feminism.
3. Anne Koedt, "The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm," Notes from the Second Year (New York: New York Radical Feminists, 1970), 37-41. Koedt's article also appeared in Radical Feminism, ed. Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1973), 198-207. All citations that follow come from the version in Radical Feminism.
4. Histories of the Second Wave of feminism include Flora Davis, Moving the Mountain: The Women's Movement in America since 1960 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991); Judith Grant, Fundamental Feminism: Contesting the Core Concepts of Feminist Theory (New York: Routledge, 1993); Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1968-1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988); Sara Evans, Personal Politics: The Roots of the Women's Liberation Movement in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left (New York: Vintage, 1979); Barbara Ryan, Feminism and the Women's Movement: Dynamics of Change in Social Movement Ideology and Activism (New York: Routledge, 1992); Lauri Umansky, Motherhood Reconceived: Feminism and the Legacy of the Sixties (New York: New York University Press, 1996); and Winifred Wandersee, On the Move: American Women in the 1970s (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1988).
5. Histories of the Second Wave of feminism include Flora Davis, Moving the Mountain: The Women's Movement in America since 1960 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991); Judith Grant, Fundamental Feminism: Contesting the Core Concepts of Feminist Theory (New York: Routledge, 1993); Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1968-1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988); Sara Evans, Personal Politics: The Roots of the Women's Liberation Movement in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left (New York: Vintage, 1979); Barbara Ryan, Feminism and the Women's Movement: Dynamics of Change in Social Movement Ideology and Activism (New York: Routledge, 1992); Lauri Umansky, Motherhood Reconceived: Feminism and the Legacy of the Sixties (New York: New York University Press, 1996); and Winifred Wandersee, On the Move: American Women in the 1970s (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1988).
6. Histories of the Second Wave of feminism include Flora Davis, Moving the Mountain: The Women's Movement in America since 1960 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991); Judith Grant, Fundamental Feminism: Contesting the Core Concepts of Feminist Theory (New York: Routledge, 1993); Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1968-1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988); Sara Evans, Personal Politics: The Roots of the Women's Liberation Movement in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left (New York: Vintage, 1979); Barbara Ryan, Feminism and the Women's Movement: Dynamics of Change in Social Movement Ideology and Activism (New York: Routledge, 1992); Lauri Umansky, Motherhood Reconceived: Feminism and the Legacy of the Sixties (New York: New York University Press, 1996); and Winifred Wandersee, On the Move: American Women in the 1970s (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1988).
7. Histories of the Second Wave of feminism include Flora Davis, Moving the Mountain: The Women's Movement in America since 1960 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991); Judith Grant, Fundamental Feminism: Contesting the Core Concepts of Feminist Theory (New York: Routledge, 1993); Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1968-1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988); Sara Evans, Personal Politics: The Roots of the Women's Liberation Movement in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left (New York: Vintage, 1979); Barbara Ryan, Feminism and the Women's Movement: Dynamics of Change in Social Movement Ideology and Activism (New York: Routledge, 1992); Lauri Umansky, Motherhood Reconceived: Feminism and the Legacy of the Sixties (New York: New York University Press, 1996); and Winifred Wandersee, On the Move: American Women in the 1970s (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1988).
8. Histories of the Second Wave of feminism include Flora Davis, Moving the Mountain: The Women's Movement in America since 1960 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991); Judith Grant, Fundamental Feminism: Contesting the Core Concepts of Feminist Theory (New York: Routledge, 1993); Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1968-1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988); Sara Evans, Personal Politics: The Roots of the Women's Liberation Movement in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left (New York: Vintage, 1979); Barbara Ryan, Feminism and the Women's Movement: Dynamics of Change in Social Movement Ideology and Activism (New York: Routledge, 1992); Lauri Umansky, Motherhood Reconceived: Feminism and the Legacy of the Sixties (New York: New York University Press, 1996); and Winifred Wandersee, On the Move: American Women in the 1970s (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1988).
9. Histories of the Second Wave of feminism include Flora Davis, Moving the Mountain: The Women's Movement in America since 1960 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991); Judith Grant, Fundamental Feminism: Contesting the Core Concepts of Feminist Theory (New York: Routledge, 1993); Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1968-1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988); Sara Evans, Personal Politics: The Roots of the Women's Liberation Movement in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left (New York: Vintage, 1979); Barbara Ryan, Feminism and the Women's Movement: Dynamics of Change in Social Movement Ideology and Activism (New York: Routledge, 1992); Lauri Umansky, Motherhood Reconceived: Feminism and the Legacy of the Sixties (New York: New York University Press, 1996); and Winifred Wandersee, On the Move: American Women in the 1970s (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1988).
10. Histories of the Second Wave of feminism include Flora Davis, Moving the Mountain: The Women's Movement in America since 1960 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991); Judith Grant, Fundamental Feminism: Contesting the Core Concepts of Feminist Theory (New York: Routledge, 1993); Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1968-1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988); Sara Evans, Personal Politics: The Roots of the Women's Liberation Movement in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left (New York: Vintage, 1979); Barbara Ryan, Feminism and the Women's Movement: Dynamics of Change in Social Movement Ideology and Activism (New York: Routledge, 1992); Lauri Umansky, Motherhood Reconceived: Feminism and the Legacy of the Sixties (New York: New York University Press, 1996); and Winifred Wandersee, On the Move: American Women in the 1970s (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1988).
11. The pro-and anti-sex divide in feminism can be traced to the 1982 Barnard Conference, "The Scholar and the Feminist." Papers from that conference are collected in Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, ed. Carole S. Vance (London: Pandora, 1984).
12. Nancy Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987); Johnathan Ned Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York: Dutton, 1995); Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); Christina Simmons, "Companionate Marriage and the Lesbian Threat," Frontiers 4, no. 3 (1979): 54-59; June Sochen, The New Woman in Greenwich Village, 1910-1920 (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1972); Ellen Kay Trimberger, "Feminism, Men, and Modern Love: Greenwich Village, 1900-1925," in The Powers of Desire, ed. Anne Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 131-15; and Kevin White, The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America (New York: New York University Press, 1993).
13. Nancy Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987); Johnathan Ned Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York: Dutton, 1995); Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); Christina Simmons, "Companionate Marriage and the Lesbian Threat," Frontiers 4, no. 3 (1979): 54-59; June Sochen, The New Woman in Greenwich Village, 1910-1920 (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1972); Ellen Kay Trimberger, "Feminism, Men, and Modern Love: Greenwich Village, 1900-1925," in The Powers of Desire, ed. Anne Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 131-15; and Kevin White, The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America (New York: New York University Press, 1993).
14. Nancy Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987); Johnathan Ned Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York: Dutton, 1995); Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); Christina Simmons, "Companionate Marriage and the Lesbian Threat," Frontiers 4, no. 3 (1979): 54-59; June Sochen, The New Woman in Greenwich Village, 1910-1920 (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1972); Ellen Kay Trimberger, "Feminism, Men, and Modern Love: Greenwich Village, 1900-1925," in The Powers of Desire, ed. Anne Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 131-15; and Kevin White, The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America (New York: New York University Press, 1993).
15. Nancy Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987); Johnathan Ned Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York: Dutton, 1995); Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); Christina Simmons, "Companionate Marriage and the Lesbian Threat," Frontiers 4, no. 3 (1979): 54-59; June Sochen, The New Woman in Greenwich Village, 1910-1920 (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1972); Ellen Kay Trimberger, "Feminism, Men, and Modern Love: Greenwich Village, 1900-1925," in The Powers of Desire, ed. Anne Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 131-15; and Kevin White, The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America (New York: New York University Press, 1993).
16. Nancy Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987); Johnathan Ned Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York: Dutton, 1995); Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); Christina Simmons, "Companionate Marriage and the Lesbian Threat," Frontiers 4, no. 3 (1979): 54-59; June Sochen, The New Woman in Greenwich Village, 1910-1920 (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1972); Ellen Kay Trimberger, "Feminism, Men, and Modern Love: Greenwich Village, 1900-1925," in The Powers of Desire, ed. Anne Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 131-15; and Kevin White, The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America (New York: New York University Press, 1993).
17. Nancy Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987); Johnathan Ned Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York: Dutton, 1995); Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); Christina Simmons, "Companionate Marriage and the Lesbian Threat," Frontiers 4, no. 3 (1979): 54-59; June Sochen, The New Woman in Greenwich Village, 1910-1920 (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1972); Ellen Kay Trimberger, "Feminism, Men, and Modern Love: Greenwich Village, 1900-1925," in The Powers of Desire, ed. Anne Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 131-15; and Kevin White, The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America (New York: New York University Press, 1993).
18. Nancy Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987); Johnathan Ned Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York: Dutton, 1995); Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); Christina Simmons, "Companionate Marriage and the Lesbian Threat," Frontiers 4, no. 3 (1979): 54-59; June Sochen, The New Woman in Greenwich Village, 1910-1920 (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1972); Ellen Kay Trimberger, "Feminism, Men, and Modern Love: Greenwich Village, 1900-1925," in The Powers of Desire, ed. Anne Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 131-15; and Kevin White, The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America (New York: New York University Press, 1993).
19. Rachel P. Maines, The Technology of Orgasm: "Hysteria," the Vibrator, and Women's Sexual Satisfaction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 50-53. For a discussion of nymphomania, see Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
20. Rachel P. Maines, The Technology of Orgasm: "Hysteria," the Vibrator, and Women's Sexual Satisfaction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 50-53. For a discussion of nymphomania, see Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
21. Maines, 53.
22. Lisa Jean Moore and Adele E. Clarke, "Clitoral Conventions and Transgressions: Graphic Representations in Anatomy Texts, c. 1900-1991," Feminist Studies 21 (summer 1995): 255-301.
23. Sigmund Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press, 1953-1974): 7, 73-109.
24. Sigmund Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press, 1953-1974): 7, 73-109.
25. Ibid., 87.
26. Nancy Chodorow proposes that this pre-Oedipal moment of psychological and libidinal focus on the mother, which both girls and boys experience, is best called "gyne-sexuality" or "matrisexuality" for its exclusive focus on the mother, specifically, not on a classification of persons. See The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 95.
27. Karl Abraham, "Manifestations of the Female Castration Complex," The Selected Papers on Psycho-Analysis (London: The Hogarth Press Ltd., 1927); Marie Bonaparte, Female Sexuality (New York: Grove Press, 1953); Helene Deutsch, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, vols. 1 and 2 (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1944 and 1945); Karen Horney, "The Flight from Womanhood: The Masculinity Complex in Women as Viewed by Men and by Women," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 7 (1926): 324-39, and "The Problem of Feminine Masochism," Psychoanalytic Review 12, no. 3 (1935): 241-57; Eduard Hitschmann and Edmund Bergler, Frigidity in Women: Its Characteristics and Treatment (New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Monographs, 1936, trans. 1948); Clara Thompson, "'Penis Envy' in Women," Psychiatry 6 (1943): 123-25, and "Some Effects of the Derogatory Attitude toward Female Sexuality," Psychiatry 13 (1950): 349-54.
28. Karl Abraham, "Manifestations of the Female Castration Complex," The Selected Papers on Psycho-Analysis (London: The Hogarth Press Ltd., 1927); Marie Bonaparte, Female Sexuality (New York: Grove Press, 1953); Helene Deutsch, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, vols. 1 and 2 (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1944 and 1945); Karen Horney, "The Flight from Womanhood: The Masculinity Complex in Women as Viewed by Men and by Women," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 7 (1926): 324-39, and "The Problem of Feminine Masochism," Psychoanalytic Review 12, no. 3 (1935): 241-57; Eduard Hitschmann and Edmund Bergler, Frigidity in Women: Its Characteristics and Treatment (New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Monographs, 1936, trans. 1948); Clara Thompson, "'Penis Envy' in Women," Psychiatry 6 (1943): 123-25, and "Some Effects of the Derogatory Attitude toward Female Sexuality," Psychiatry 13 (1950): 349-54.
29. Karl Abraham, "Manifestations of the Female Castration Complex," The Selected Papers on Psycho-Analysis (London: The Hogarth Press Ltd., 1927); Marie Bonaparte, Female Sexuality (New York: Grove Press, 1953); Helene Deutsch, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, vols. 1 and 2 (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1944 and 1945); Karen Horney, "The Flight from Womanhood: The Masculinity Complex in Women as Viewed by Men and by Women," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 7 (1926): 324-39, and "The Problem of Feminine Masochism," Psychoanalytic Review 12, no. 3 (1935): 241-57; Eduard Hitschmann and Edmund Bergler, Frigidity in Women: Its Characteristics and Treatment (New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Monographs, 1936, trans. 1948); Clara Thompson, "'Penis Envy' in Women," Psychiatry 6 (1943): 123-25, and "Some Effects of the Derogatory Attitude toward Female Sexuality," Psychiatry 13 (1950): 349-54.
30. Karl Abraham, "Manifestations of the Female Castration Complex," The Selected Papers on Psycho-Analysis (London: The Hogarth Press Ltd., 1927); Marie Bonaparte, Female Sexuality (New York: Grove Press, 1953); Helene Deutsch, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, vols. 1 and 2 (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1944 and 1945); Karen Horney, "The Flight from Womanhood: The Masculinity Complex in Women as Viewed by Men and by Women," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 7 (1926): 324-39, and "The Problem of Feminine Masochism," Psychoanalytic Review 12, no. 3 (1935): 241-57; Eduard Hitschmann and Edmund Bergler, Frigidity in Women: Its Characteristics and Treatment (New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Monographs, 1936, trans. 1948); Clara Thompson, "'Penis Envy' in Women," Psychiatry 6 (1943): 123-25, and "Some Effects of the Derogatory Attitude toward Female Sexuality," Psychiatry 13 (1950): 349-54.
31. Karl Abraham, "Manifestations of the Female Castration Complex," The Selected Papers on Psycho-Analysis (London: The Hogarth Press Ltd., 1927); Marie Bonaparte, Female Sexuality (New York: Grove Press, 1953); Helene Deutsch, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, vols. 1 and 2 (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1944 and 1945); Karen Horney, "The Flight from Womanhood: The Masculinity Complex in Women as Viewed by Men and by Women," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 7 (1926): 324-39, and "The Problem of Feminine Masochism," Psychoanalytic Review 12, no. 3 (1935): 241-57; Eduard Hitschmann and Edmund Bergler, Frigidity in Women: Its Characteristics and Treatment (New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Monographs, 1936, trans. 1948); Clara Thompson, "'Penis Envy' in Women," Psychiatry 6 (1943): 123-25, and "Some Effects of the Derogatory Attitude toward Female Sexuality," Psychiatry 13 (1950): 349-54.
32. Karl Abraham, "Manifestations of the Female Castration Complex," The Selected Papers on Psycho-Analysis (London: The Hogarth Press Ltd., 1927); Marie Bonaparte, Female Sexuality (New York: Grove Press, 1953); Helene Deutsch, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, vols. 1 and 2 (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1944 and 1945); Karen Horney, "The Flight from Womanhood: The Masculinity Complex in Women as Viewed by Men and by Women," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 7 (1926): 324-39, and "The Problem of Feminine Masochism," Psychoanalytic Review 12, no. 3 (1935): 241-57; Eduard Hitschmann and Edmund Bergler, Frigidity in Women: Its Characteristics and Treatment (New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Monographs, 1936, trans. 1948); Clara Thompson, "'Penis Envy' in Women," Psychiatry 6 (1943): 123-25, and "Some Effects of the Derogatory Attitude toward Female Sexuality," Psychiatry 13 (1950): 349-54.
33. Karl Abraham, "Manifestations of the Female Castration Complex," The Selected Papers on Psycho-Analysis (London: The Hogarth Press Ltd., 1927); Marie Bonaparte, Female Sexuality (New York: Grove Press, 1953); Helene Deutsch, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, vols. 1 and 2 (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1944 and 1945); Karen Horney, "The Flight from Womanhood: The Masculinity Complex in Women as Viewed by Men and by Women," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 7 (1926): 324-39, and "The Problem of Feminine Masochism," Psychoanalytic Review 12, no. 3 (1935): 241-57; Eduard Hitschmann and Edmund Bergler, Frigidity in Women: Its Characteristics and Treatment (New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Monographs, 1936, trans. 1948); Clara Thompson, "'Penis Envy' in Women," Psychiatry 6 (1943): 123-25, and "Some Effects of the Derogatory Attitude toward Female Sexuality," Psychiatry 13 (1950): 349-54.
34. Karl Abraham, "Manifestations of the Female Castration Complex," The Selected Papers on Psycho-Analysis (London: The Hogarth Press Ltd., 1927); Marie Bonaparte, Female Sexuality (New York: Grove Press, 1953); Helene Deutsch, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, vols. 1 and 2 (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1944 and 1945); Karen Horney, "The Flight from Womanhood: The Masculinity Complex in Women as Viewed by Men and by Women," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 7 (1926): 324-39, and "The Problem of Feminine Masochism," Psychoanalytic Review 12, no. 3 (1935): 241-57; Eduard Hitschmann and Edmund Bergler, Frigidity in Women: Its Characteristics and Treatment (New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Monographs, 1936, trans. 1948); Clara Thompson, "'Penis Envy' in Women," Psychiatry 6 (1943): 123-25, and "Some Effects of the Derogatory Attitude toward Female Sexuality," Psychiatry 13 (1950): 349-54.
35. Thomas Laqueur similarly views Freud as the inventor of the "cultural myth of the vaginal orgasm," in Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), 243.
36. Paul Roazen, Helene Deutsch: A Psychoanalyst's Life (New York: Doubleday, 1985), chap. 10; Edith Kurzweil, Freudians and Feminists (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995), 26-29, 40-44.
37. Paul Roazen, Helene Deutsch: A Psychoanalyst's Life (New York: Doubleday, 1985), chap. 10; Edith Kurzweil, Freudians and Feminists (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995), 26-29, 40-44.
38. Mari Jo Buhle, Feminism and Its Discontents: A Century of Struggle with Psychoanalysis (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), 80-81.
39. Helene Deutsch, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, vols. 1 and 2 (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1944 and 1945). Earlier writings by Deutsch include Psychoanalysis of the Sexual Functions of Women (Vienna, 1925); "The Psychology of Women in Relation to the Functions of Reproduction," International Journal of PsychoAnalysis 6 (1926); and "The Significance of Masochism in the Mental Life of Women," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 11 (1930).
40. Helene Deutsch, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, vols. 1 and 2 (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1944 and 1945). Earlier writings by Deutsch include Psychoanalysis of the Sexual Functions of Women (Vienna, 1925); "The Psychology of Women in Relation to the Functions of Reproduction," International Journal of PsychoAnalysis 6 (1926); and "The Significance of Masochism in the Mental Life of Women," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 11 (1930).
41. Helene Deutsch, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, vols. 1 and 2 (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1944 and 1945). Earlier writings by Deutsch include Psychoanalysis of the Sexual Functions of Women (Vienna, 1925); "The Psychology of Women in Relation to the Functions of Reproduction," International Journal of PsychoAnalysis 6 (1926); and "The Significance of Masochism in the Mental Life of Women," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 11 (1930).
42. Helene Deutsch, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, vols. 1 and 2 (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1944 and 1945). Earlier writings by Deutsch include Psychoanalysis of the Sexual Functions of Women (Vienna, 1925); "The Psychology of Women in Relation to the Functions of Reproduction," International Journal of PsychoAnalysis 6 (1926); and "The Significance of Masochism in the Mental Life of Women," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 11 (1930).
43. Laqueur and Emily Martin, The Woman in the Body: A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987), explain, in very different ways, the fallacies of reading the vagina as passive.
44. Deutsch, Psychology of Women, 195, 79-80, 92.
45. Ibid., 192.
46. Roazen, 158.
47. Hitschmann and Bergler. Other writings include Edmund Bergler, "Frigidity in the Female-Misconceptions and Facts," Marriage Hygiene 1 (August 1947): 16-21; Hitschmann and Bergler, "Frigidity in Women: Restatement and Renewed Experiences," Psychoanalytic Review 36 (1949): 51-55.
48. Hitschmann and Bergler. Other writings include Edmund Bergler, "Frigidity in the Female-Misconceptions and Facts," Marriage Hygiene 1 (August 1947): 16-21; Hitschmann and Bergler, "Frigidity in Women: Restatement and Renewed Experiences," Psychoanalytic Review 36 (1949): 51-55.
49. Hitschmann and Bergler, "Frigidity in Women," 20.
50. Ibid., 5.
51. Elaine May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988).
52. Marynia Farnham and Ferdinand Lundberg, Modern Woman: The Lost Sex (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1947).
53. Buhle, 171.
54. Farnham and Lundberg, 173, 265, 275.
55. Koedt, 201, 204.
56. Buhle; Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Basic Books, 1963); Nathan Hale, The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Lunbeck; Janet Walker, Couching Resistance: Women, Film, and Psychoanalytic Psychiatry (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
57. Buhle; Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Basic Books, 1963); Nathan Hale, The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Lunbeck; Janet Walker, Couching Resistance: Women, Film, and Psychoanalytic Psychiatry (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
58. Buhle; Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Basic Books, 1963); Nathan Hale, The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Lunbeck; Janet Walker, Couching Resistance: Women, Film, and Psychoanalytic Psychiatry (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
59. Buhle; Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Basic Books, 1963); Nathan Hale, The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Lunbeck; Janet Walker, Couching Resistance: Women, Film, and Psychoanalytic Psychiatry (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
60. Alfred C. Kinsey et al., Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1953); William Masters and Virginia Johnson, Human Sexual Response (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1966).
61. Alfred C. Kinsey et al., Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1953); William Masters and Virginia Johnson, Human Sexual Response (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1966).
62. Kinsey et al., 373, 374.
63. Ibid., 592.
64. Ibid., 286, 65.
65. The first printing (15,000) of Human Sexual Response sold out the day it went on sale and it spent six months on the New York Times best-seller list. More than 300,000 copies of the book sold in hardback and 500,000 in paperback. Self-help books popularized their techniques to mainstream readers and helped to extend Masters and Johnson's influence on American understandings of sexuality and sex. See David Rubin, M.D., Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Sex, but Were Afraid to Ask (New York: Bantam, 1969); Helen Singer Kaplan, The New Sex Therapy (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1972); and Seymour Fisher, The Female Orgasm: Psychology, Physiology, Fantasy (New York: Basic Books, 1973). See also the Committee on Human Sexuality, Human Sexuality (American Medical Association, 1972) for an example of the acceptance of Human Sexual Response by mainstream American medicine.
66. The first printing (15,000) of Human Sexual Response sold out the day it went on sale and it spent six months on the New York Times best-seller list. More than 300,000 copies of the book sold in hardback and 500,000 in paperback. Self-help books popularized their techniques to mainstream readers and helped to extend Masters and Johnson's influence on American understandings of sexuality and sex. See David Rubin, M.D., Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Sex, but Were Afraid to Ask (New York: Bantam, 1969); Helen Singer Kaplan, The New Sex Therapy (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1972); and Seymour Fisher, The Female Orgasm: Psychology, Physiology, Fantasy (New York: Basic Books, 1973). See also the Committee on Human Sexuality, Human Sexuality (American Medical Association, 1972) for an example of the acceptance of Human Sexual Response by mainstream American medicine.
67. The first printing (15,000) of Human Sexual Response sold out the day it went on sale and it spent six months on the New York Times best-seller list. More than 300,000 copies of the book sold in hardback and 500,000 in paperback. Self-help books popularized their techniques to mainstream readers and helped to extend Masters and Johnson's influence on American understandings of sexuality and sex. See David Rubin, M.D., Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Sex, but Were Afraid to Ask (New York: Bantam, 1969); Helen Singer Kaplan, The New Sex Therapy (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1972); and Seymour Fisher, The Female Orgasm: Psychology, Physiology, Fantasy (New York: Basic Books, 1973). See also the Committee on Human Sexuality, Human Sexuality (American Medical Association, 1972) for an example of the acceptance of Human Sexual Response by mainstream American medicine.
68. The first printing (15,000) of Human Sexual Response sold out the day it went on sale and it spent six months on the New York Times best-seller list. More than 300,000 copies of the book sold in hardback and 500,000 in paperback. Self-help books popularized their techniques to mainstream readers and helped to extend Masters and Johnson's influence on American understandings of sexuality and sex. See David Rubin, M.D., Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Sex, but Were Afraid to Ask (New York: Bantam, 1969); Helen Singer Kaplan, The New Sex Therapy (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1972); and Seymour Fisher, The Female Orgasm: Psychology, Physiology, Fantasy (New York: Basic Books, 1973). See also the Committee on Human Sexuality, Human Sexuality (American Medical Association, 1972) for an example of the acceptance of Human Sexual Response by mainstream American medicine.
69. May.
70. John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 301-26.
71. Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud (Boston: Beacon Press, 1955, 1966); Norman O. Brown, Life against Death: The Psychoanalytic Meaning of History (Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan University Press, 1959).
72. Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud (Boston: Beacon Press, 1955, 1966); Norman O. Brown, Life against Death: The Psychoanalytic Meaning of History (Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan University Press, 1959).
73. Umansky, 16-52.
74. Abraham Maslow, Towards a Psychology of Being (New York: Van Nostrand, 1968); Carl Rogers, On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1961). For the human potential movement's place in American psychology, see Herman, 264-80. For the new psychology's impact on ideas of masculinity, see Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment (New York: Anchor, 1983), 88-99.
75. Abraham Maslow, Towards a Psychology of Being (New York: Van Nostrand, 1968); Carl Rogers, On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1961). For the human potential movement's place in American psychology, see Herman, 264-80. For the new psychology's impact on ideas of masculinity, see Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment (New York: Anchor, 1983), 88-99.
76. Abraham Maslow, Towards a Psychology of Being (New York: Van Nostrand, 1968); Carl Rogers, On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1961). For the human potential movement's place in American psychology, see Herman, 264-80. For the new psychology's impact on ideas of masculinity, see Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment (New York: Anchor, 1983), 88-99.
77. Ehrenreich, 89-91.
78. Evans, Echols.
79. Friedan; Kate Millett, Sexual Politics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970); Sulamith Firestone, The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (New York: Bantam, 1970).
80. Friedan; Kate Millett, Sexual Politics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970); Sulamith Firestone, The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (New York: Bantam, 1970).
81. Koedt, 38
82. Ti-Grace Atkinson, "The Institution of Sexual Intercourse," in Notes from the Second Year, 42. This article can also be found in Atkinson's collected essays, Amazon Odyssey (New York: Links Books, 1974). See Echols, 167-69.
83. Ti-Grace Atkinson, "The Institution of Sexual Intercourse," in Notes from the Second Year, 42. This article can also be found in Atkinson's collected essays, Amazon Odyssey (New York: Links Books, 1974). See Echols, 167-69.
84. Koedt, 41.
85. Mary Jane Sherfey, "A Theory on Female Sexuality," in Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement, ed. Robin Morgan (New York: Vintage, 1970), 249. Sherfey published a longer version of this article in 1966 in the Journal of American Psychoanalytic Association, entitled "The Evolution and Nature of Female Sexuality in Relation to Psychoanalytic Theory." She subsequently published it as a book, The Nature and Evolution of Female Sexuality (New York: Vintage Press, 1972).
86. Mary Jane Sherfey, "A Theory on Female Sexuality," in Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement, ed. Robin Morgan (New York: Vintage, 1970), 249. Sherfey published a longer version of this article in 1966 in the Journal of American Psychoanalytic Association, entitled "The Evolution and Nature of Female Sexuality in Relation to Psychoanalytic Theory." She subsequently published it as a book, The Nature and Evolution of Female Sexuality (New York: Vintage Press, 1972).
87. Martha Shelley, "Notes of a Radical Lesbian," originally appeared in Come Out (1969) and was reprinted in Sisterhood Is Powerful, 306-11.
88. Germaine Greer, The Female Eunuch (New York: Bantam, 1970), 97.
89. For feminist critiques of the sexual revolution, see Dana Densmore, "Independence from the Sexual Revolution," in No More Fun and Games: A Journal of Female Liberation, reprinted in Radical Feminism, 107-18; Barbara Seaman, "The Liberated Orgasm," Ms. 1 (August 1972): 55-59; Anselma Dell'Olio, "The Sexual Revolution Wasn't Our War," Ms. 1 (spring 1972): 104-9.
90. For feminist critiques of the sexual revolution, see Dana Densmore, "Independence from the Sexual Revolution," in No More Fun and Games: A Journal of Female Liberation, reprinted in Radical Feminism, 107-18; Barbara Seaman, "The Liberated Orgasm," Ms. 1 (August 1972): 55-59; Anselma Dell'Olio, "The Sexual Revolution Wasn't Our War," Ms. 1 (spring 1972): 104-9.
91. For feminist critiques of the sexual revolution, see Dana Densmore, "Independence from the Sexual Revolution," in No More Fun and Games: A Journal of Female Liberation, reprinted in Radical Feminism, 107-18; Barbara Seaman, "The Liberated Orgasm," Ms. 1 (August 1972): 55-59; Anselma Dell'Olio, "The Sexual Revolution Wasn't Our War," Ms. 1 (spring 1972): 104-9.
92. Densmore, 110.
93. "Brainwashing and Women," in Radical Therapist 1 (August-September 1970): 5.
94. Roxanne Dunbar, "'Sexual Liberation': More of the Same Thing," No More Fun and Games 3 (November 1969): 49-56, quotation on 49, 56.
95. Densmore, 114.
96. Radicalesbians, "The Woman-Identified Woman," in Notes from the Third Year: Women's Liberation (New York: New York Radical Feminists, 1971), reprinted in Radical Feminism, 243. See Echols, 214-15.
97. Radicalesbians, 224.
98. Francis M. Beal, "Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female," in Sisterhood Is Powerful, 351.
99. Gloria Hull, Patricia Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith, eds., All the Men Are Black, All the Women Are White, but Some of Us Are Brave: Black Women's Studies (New York: Feminist Press, 1982).
100. See, for example, bell hooks, "Feminism: A Movement to End Sexist Oppression," and "Ending Female Sexual Oppression," in her Feminist Thought: From Margin to Center (Boston: South End Press, 1984).
101. Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1975); Susan Griffin, Rape: The Politics of Consciousness (New York: Harper & Row, 1979); Andrea Dworkin, "Pornography and Grief," in Take Back the Night: Women on Pornography, ed. Laura Lederer (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1980), 286-91.
102. Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1975); Susan Griffin, Rape: The Politics of Consciousness (New York: Harper & Row, 1979); Andrea Dworkin, "Pornography and Grief," in Take Back the Night: Women on Pornography, ed. Laura Lederer (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1980), 286-91.
103. Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1975); Susan Griffin, Rape: The Politics of Consciousness (New York: Harper & Row, 1979); Andrea Dworkin, "Pornography and Grief," in Take Back the Night: Women on Pornography, ed. Laura Lederer (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1980), 286-91.
104. Carole S. Vance, "Pleasures and Dangers: Towards a Politics of Sexuality," in Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, 1-28. For histories of this period, see Lisa Duggan and Nan Hunter, Sex Wars: Sexual Dissent and Political Culture (New York: Routledge, 1995); and Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Penguin, 1991), 249-74.
105. Carole S. Vance, "Pleasures and Dangers: Towards a Politics of Sexuality," in Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, 1-28. For histories of this period, see Lisa Duggan and Nan Hunter, Sex Wars: Sexual Dissent and Political Culture (New York: Routledge, 1995); and Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Penguin, 1991), 249-74.
106. Carole S. Vance, "Pleasures and Dangers: Towards a Politics of Sexuality," in Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, 1-28. For histories of this period, see Lisa Duggan and Nan Hunter, Sex Wars: Sexual Dissent and Political Culture (New York: Routledge, 1995); and Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Penguin, 1991), 249-74.